RESUMO
Bacteria form biofilms for their protection against environmental stress and produce virulence factors within the biofilm. Biofilm formation in acidified environments is regulated by a two-component system, as shown by studies on isogenic mutants of the sensor protein of the two-component regulatory system in Streptococcus pyogenes. In this study, we found that the LiaS histidine kinase sensor mediates biofilm production and pilus expression in an acidified environment through glucose fermentation. The liaS isogenic mutant produced biofilms in a culture acidified by hydrochloric acid but not glucose, suggesting that the acidified environment is sensed by another protein. In addition, the trxS isogenic mutant could not produce biofilms or activate the mga promoter in an acidified environment. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that TrxS regulates M protein, consistent with the transcriptional regulation of emm, which encodes M protein. Our results demonstrate that biofilm production during environmental acidification is directly under the control of TrxS.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/fisiologia , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus pyogenes/fisiologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/biossíntese , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/biossíntese , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/biossíntese , Exotoxinas/fisiologia , Histidina Quinase/fisiologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Fosforilação , Regiões Promotoras GenéticasRESUMO
Type I IFNs are a range of host-derived molecules with adjuvant potential; they have been used for many years in the treatment of cancer and viral hepatitis. Therefore, the safety of IFNs for human use has been established. In this study, we evaluated the mucosal adjuvanticity of IFN-ß administered intranasally to mice with diphtheria toxoid, and suggested a method to improve its adjuvanticity. When IFN-ß alone was used as a mucosal adjuvant, no clear results were obtained. However, simultaneous administration of IFN-ß and chitosan resulted in an enhancement of the specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody responses, the mucosal IgA antibody response, and antitoxin titers. Furthermore, the intranasal administration of IFN-α alone resulted in a greater increase in antibody titer than IFN-ß, and a synergistic effect with chitosan was also observed. These findings suggest that intranasal administration of chitosan and Type I IFNs may display an effective synergistic mucosal adjuvant activity.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Formação de Anticorpos , Quitosana/administração & dosagem , Toxoide Diftérico/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/administração & dosagem , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Quitosana/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Difteria/imunologia , Difteria/prevenção & controle , Antitoxina Diftérica/sangue , Antitoxina Diftérica/imunologia , Toxoide Diftérico/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Baço/imunologiaRESUMO
Tuberculosis remains a large health threat, despite the availability of the tuberculosis vaccine, BCG. As BCG efficacy gradually decreases from adolescence, BCG-Prime and antigen-booster may be an efficient strategy to confer vaccine efficacy. Mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1, namely Rv2986c, hupB or HU) is a major Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein that induces vaccine-efficacy by co-administration with CpG DNA. To produce MDP1 for booster-vaccine use, we have created recombinant MDP1 produced in both Escherichia coli (eMDP1) and Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (mMDP1), an avirulent rapid-growing mycobacteria. We tested their immunogenicity by checking interferon (IFN)-gamma production by stimulated peripheral blood cells derived from BCG-vaccinated individuals. Similar to native M. tuberculosis MDP1, we observed that most lysin resides in the C-terminal half of mMDP1 are highly methylated. In contrast, eMDP1 had less post-translational modifications and IFN-gamma stimulation. mMDP1 stimulated the highest amount of IFN-gamma production among the examined native M. tuberculosis proteins including immunodominant MPT32 and Antigen 85 complex. MDP1-mediated IFN-gamma production was more strongly enhanced when combined with a new type of CpG DNA G9.1 than any other tested CpG DNAs. Taken together, these results suggest that the combination of mMDP1 and G9.1 possess high potential use for human booster vaccine against tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG , Proteínas de Bactérias , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Interferon gama , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Vacina BCG/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Tuberculose/imunologia , Ilhas de CpG , Mycobacterium smegmatis/imunologia , Mycobacterium smegmatis/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , FemininoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which has been inoculated to more than one billion people world-wide, has significant effect in preventing tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis (TB) in neonate and early childhood. However, BCG fails to adequately protect against pulmonary TB and reactivation of latent infections in adults. To overcome this problem, adequate booster is urgently desired in adult who received prior BCG vaccination, and appropriate animal models that substitute human cases would be highly valuable for further experimentation. FINDINGS: The booster effect of the synthesized CpG oligomer (Oligo-B) on aged mice which had been primarily vaccinated with BCG at the age of 4-week old. The specific Th1 type reaction, production of interferon-γ, in response to TB antigens, purified protein derivatives (PPD) and protection against challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv decreased with increasing age and were not observed in 89-week old mice. In order to rejuvenate the Th1 type response against PPD and protection activity against MTB infection, Oligo-B, which is known to augment Th1 responses, was administered as a booster to 81-90-week old mice (late 50's in human equivalent) vaccinated with BCG at 4-week old. The boosting with Oligo-B increased the number of CD4+ CD44high CD62Lhigh, central memory type T cell. Furthermore, the Oligo-B boosting rejuvenated the ability of mice to protect against infection with MTB H37Rv. CONCLUSIONS: Th1-adjuvant CpG oligo DNA, such as Oligo-B, may be a promising booster when coupled with BCG priming.
RESUMO
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over transdermal vaccines, including the ability to acquire systemic and mucosal immunities. Smoking is a huge public health threat and major risk factor for various diseases that exacerbate or prolong respiratory symptoms and conditions. However, its impact on the efficacy of mucosal vaccines remains partially explored. Thus, this study investigates the effects of smoking on mucosal vaccine reactivity by assessing the induction of Th1 immunity, a vital response in infection defense. Cigarette smoke condensate was prepared as a substitute for mainstream smoke. We intranasally administered diphtheria toxoid as an antigen and natural CpG oligonucleotide G9.1, which enhances the Th1-type antibody (Ab) response in a plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) dependent manner, as an adjuvant to mice to assess the effect of cigarette smoke condensate on Ab responses. The mechanism of its effect was evaluated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their pDC-rich fraction cultured with or without G9.1. In mice, cigarette smoke condensate tended to decrease diphtheria toxoid-specific Ab response, with a higher reduction in Th1-type IgG2 Ab response than in Th2-type IgG1 Ab response. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cigarette smoke condensate significantly reduced the induction of IFN-α production by G9.1. Moreover, G9.1-induced increases in the CD83 expression in pDCs and the CD80 expression in DCs were suppressed via treatment with cigarette smoke condensate. Among the mechanisms suggested were decreased expression of toll-like receptor 9 mRNA, decreased expression of mRNA for IFN regulatory factor 7, and increased CpG methylation of its promoter region. The analysis of Tbet and GATA3 expressions revealed that cigarette smoke condensate exhibits Th1-directed immunostimulatory activity at a steady state but becomes more Th2-directed under G9.1 stimulation. In conclusion, smoking could reduce mucosal vaccine responses by decreasing pDC activation and, consequently, Th1-dominant immunity.
Assuntos
Fumar Cigarros , Interferon-alfa , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Células Dendríticas , Toxoide Diftérico , Leucócitos Mononucleares , RNA Mensageiro/genética , FumarRESUMO
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Tokyo 172 is a predominant World Health Organization Reference Reagent for the BCG vaccine. Recently, the BCG Tokyo 172 substrain was reported to consist of two subpopulations with different colony morphologies, smooth and rough. Smooth colonies had a characteristic 22-bp deletion in Rv3405c of the region of difference (RD) 16 (type I), and rough colonies were complete in this region (type II). We hypothesized that the morphological difference is related to lipid phenotype and affects their antigenicity. We determined the lipid compositions and biosynthesis of types I and II. Scanning electron microscopy showed that type I was 1.5 times longer than type II. Phenolic glycolipid (PGL) and phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) were found only in type I. Although it has been reported that the RD16 is involved in the expression of PGL, type II did not possess PGL/PDIM. We examined the ppsA-E gene responsible for PGL/PDIM biosynthesis and found that the existence of PGL/PDIM in types I and II is caused by a ppsA gene mutation not regulated by the RD16. PGL suppressed the host recognition of total lipids via Toll-like receptor 2, and this suggests that PGL is antigenic and involved in host responses, acting as a cell wall component. This is the first report to show the difference between lipid phenotypes of types I and II. It is important to clarify the heterogeneity of BCG vaccine substrains to discuss and evaluate the quality, safety, and efficacy of the BCG vaccine.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG/metabolismo , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Animais , Carboidratos/química , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Genótipo , Glicolipídeos/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Genéticos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Ácidos Micólicos/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Piruvato Sintase/genéticaRESUMO
Tuberculosis is a major threat to global health and its increased incidence in adolescents as well as onset in the elderly presents a serious problem. One strategy to control tuberculosis involves taking advantage of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin's (BCG) superior effects on childhood tuberculosis. Accordingly, here we aimed to develop a booster vaccine for adults who received the BCG vaccine during early childhood. Therefore, we first devised a system to assess the efficacy of a candidate booster vaccine. Specifically, variant strain BCG-II, a minor component of BCG-Tokyo strain, which elicits weak immunity, was administered to guinea pigs. Vaccine-induced immunity and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection were evaluated using skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and Mtb colony forming unit counts in organs, respectively. Candidate booster vaccine containing the mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1) as antigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide G9.1 as adjuvant increased T-bet expression and IFN-γ production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Intradermal administration of MDP1 or MDP1 and G9.1 to unimmunized guinea pigs produced DTH on MDP1-inoculated skin. Boosting BCG-II-primed guinea pigs with this protocol effectively enhanced DTH against MDP1 and protection against Mtb infection, particularly when combined with G9.1. The candidate vaccine may contribute to efforts to prevent tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/imunologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/imunologia , Vacinas contra a Tuberculose/imunologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Vacina BCG/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Feminino , Cobaias , Humanos , Imunização Secundária , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mycobacterium bovisRESUMO
Genomic analysis revealed that the vaccine seed lot of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Tokyo 172 contains two subclones (types I and II), but their phenotypic differences have not been elucidated. In this study, we compared the susceptibility of bacilli types I and II to oxidative stress in vitro and within host cells. Notably, the subclones displayed similar superoxide dismutase activity; however, foam height in the catalase test and lysate catalase/peroxidase activity were higher for type I bacilli than for type II bacilli. Additionally, type I bacilli were less susceptible to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than type II bacilli. After exposure to H2O2, antioxidative stress response genes katG, ahpC, sodA, and trxA were more strongly induced in type I bacilli than in type II bacilli. Further, we investigated cell survival in macrophages. Fewer type II bacilli were recovered than type I bacilli. However, in the presence of apocynin, a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, type II recovery was greater than that of type I. The production of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-12 p40, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was higher in type I bacillus-infected macrophages than in type II bacillus-infected macrophages. The proportions of type I and type II bacilli in vaccine lots over 3 years (100 lots) were 97.6% ± 1.5% and 2.4% ± 1.5%, respectively. The study results illustrated that type I bacilli are more resistant to oxidative stress than type II bacilli. Overall, these findings provide important information in terms of the quality control and safety of BCG Tokyo 172 vaccine.IMPORTANCE This study revealed the difference of in vivo and in vitro antioxidative stress properties of BCG Tokyo 172 types I and II as one of the bacteriological characteristics. In particular, the bacilli exhibited differences in catalase/peroxidase activity, which could explain their different protective effects against infection. The differences correlated with survival in the host cell and the production of proinflammatory cytokines to protect against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis The proportion of bacilli types I and II in all commercial lots of BCG Tokyo 172 over 3 years (100 lots) was constant. The findings also highlighted the importance of analyzing their content for quality control during vaccine production.
Assuntos
Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Mycobacterium bovis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Vacina BCG/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Genoma Bacteriano , Humanos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Camundongos , Mycobacterium bovis/classificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Células THP-1 , Tóquio , Tuberculose/imunologia , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The identification of a safe and effective adjuvant that is able to enhance mucosal immune responses is necessary for the development of an efficient inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine. The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of extracts of mycelia derived from edible mushrooms as adjuvants for intranasal influenza vaccine. The adjuvant effect of extracts of mycelia was examined by intranasal co-administration of the extracts and inactivated A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine in BALB/c mice. The inactivated vaccine in combination with mycelial extracts induced a high anti-A/PR8 HA-specific IgA and IgG response in nasal washings and serum, respectively. Virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were also induced by administration of the vaccine with extract of mycelia, resulting in protection against lethal lung infection with influenza virus A/PR8. In addition, intranasal administration of NIBRG14 vaccine derived from the influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus strain administered in conjunction with mycelial extracts from Phellinus linteus conferred cross-protection against heterologous influenza A/Indonesia/6/2005 virus challenge in the nasal infection model. In addition, mycelial extracts induced proinflammatory cytokines and CD40 expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. These results suggest that mycelial extract-adjuvanted vaccines can confer cross-protection against variant H5N1 influenza viruses. The use of extracts of mycelia derived from edible mushrooms is proposed as a new safe and effective mucosal adjuvant for use for nasal vaccination against influenza virus infection.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Agaricales , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/patogenicidade , Vacinas contra Influenza , Micélio , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Administração Intranasal , Agaricales/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agaricales/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Reações Cruzadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/administração & dosagem , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/metabolismo , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Micélio/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/mortalidade , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologiaRESUMO
Endotoxin contamination is a serious threat to the safety of parenteral drugs, and the rabbit pyrogen test has played a crucial role in controlling this contamination. Although the highly sensitive endotoxin test has replaced the pyrogen test for various pharmaceuticals, the pyrogen test is still implemented as the control test for most blood products in Japan. We examined the applicability of the endotoxin test to blood products for reliable detection and quantification of endotoxin. Nineteen types of blood products were tested for interfering factors based on spike/recovery of endotoxin by using 2 types of endotoxin-specific lysate reagents for photometric techniques. Interfering effects on the endotoxin test by the products could be eliminated by diluting from 1/2 to 1/16, with the exception of antithrombin III. However, conventional lysate reagents that also react with non-pyrogenic substances, such as (1-3)-ß-D-glucan, produced results that were not relevant to endotoxin content or pyrogenicity. Our results showed that the endotoxin test would be applicable to most blood products if used with appropriate endotoxin-specific lysate reagents.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos/química , Sangue , Lipopolissacarídeos/sangue , Animais , Fatores de Coagulação Sanguínea/química , Feminino , Imunoglobulinas/química , Indicadores e Reagentes , Coelhos , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Vaccines differ from other pharmaceutical products. The quality and safety of batches are regulated to high standards by national regulatory authorities. Various quality control and safety tests have been developed, including the abnormal toxicity test (ATT), which is described in the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and in each country's pharmacopoeia. However, the criteria for abnormal results are not well defined in these guidelines. In addition, the animal grade to be used in ATT, classified on the basis of microbial colonization, was not designated in either guideline. In this study, we report a new and improved method of performing ATT, including statistical, histopathological analysis and hematological findings. It is based on the observation that there are body weight changes characteristic to each vaccine, and such standardized changes can be used as references for evaluating test vaccines. In addition, histopathological data are useful for determining vaccine quality and safety. Combined with histopathological examination, the improved ATT will be of great use for evaluating the consistency, quality and safety of different batches of vaccine. The results of these analyses were similar using either 'clean' or specific pathogen-free guinea pigs.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor/normas , Vigilância de Produtos Comercializados/métodos , Testes de Toxicidade/normas , Vacinas Atenuadas/normas , Animais , Peso Corporal/imunologia , Doença/etiologia , Feminino , Cobaias , Japão , Modelos Biológicos , Vigilância de Produtos Comercializados/normas , Controle de Qualidade , Distribuição Aleatória , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Vacinação/efeitos adversosRESUMO
This study examined the protective efficacy of and immune response to a nasal influenza vaccine combined with a novel mucosal oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) adjuvant, CpG ODN G9.1 (G9.1), in a model of infection limited to the upper respiratory tract (URT) and a model of infection in the lower respiratory tract (LRT). Mice were nasally primed with an A/California/7/2009 (Cal7) split vaccine (X179A) plus G9.1 and were then nasally given a booster with X179A alone. When mice were challenged with either a large (infection of the LRT) or small (infection limited to the URT) volume of live Cal7 influenza virus, mice nasally given G9.1 combined with X179A had a markedly higher rate of protection against infection limited to the URT. Moreover, this group of mice promptly recovered from an infection of the LRT. When mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) given X179A as a current form of vaccination, they had no protection from an infection limited to the URT but they did recover from an infection of the LRT. The patterns of protection were closely correlated with influenza virus-specific mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) or serum IgG antibody (Ab) responses. Thus, SIgA Abs responses play an important role in protection from an infection limited to the URT while influenza virus-specific serum IgG Ab responses help to protect from an infection of the LRT. A finding of note is that lungs from mice nasally given G9.1 had low levels of type I IFN-associated protein- and transcription factor-specific mRNA expression. These results suggest that nasal G9.1 can be used as an effective and safe mucosal adjuvant for influenza vaccines since this nasal vaccine system elicits both mucosal SIgA and serum IgG Ab responses that provide complete protection without inducing potent inflammatory responses.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/uso terapêutico , Cinética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Orthomyxoviridae/patogenicidade , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In Streptococcus pyogenes, proteins involved in determining virulence are controlled by stand-alone response regulators and by two-component regulatory systems. Previous studies reported that, compared to the parental strain, the yvqE sensor knockout strain showed significantly reduced growth and lower virulence. To determine the function of YvqE, we performed biofilm analysis and pH assays on yvqE mutants, and site-directed mutagenesis of YvqE. The yvqE deletion mutant showed a slower acid production rate, indicating that YvqE regulates acid production from sugar fermentation. The mutant strain, in which the Asp(26) residue in YvqE was replaced with Asn, affected biofilm formation, suggesting that this amino acid senses hydrogen ions produced by fermentative sugar metabolism. Signals received by YvqE were directly or indirectly responsible for inducing pilus expression. This study shows that at low environmental pH, biofilm formation in S. pyogenes is mediated by YvqE and suggests that regulation of pilus expression by environmental acidification could be directly under the control of YvqE.
Assuntos
Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ácidos Carboxílicos/metabolismo , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Histidina Quinase/metabolismo , Streptococcus pyogenes/genética , Streptococcus pyogenes/fisiologia , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Citosol/química , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Fímbrias Bacterianas/metabolismo , Deleção de Genes , Histidina Quinase/genética , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Proteínas Mutantes/genética , Proteínas Mutantes/metabolismo , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Bacterial DNA comprising palindromic sequences and containing unmethylated CpG is recognized by toll-like receptor 9 of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and induces the production of interferon-α and chemokines, leading to the activation of a Th1 immune response. Therefore, synthetic equivalents of bacterial DNA (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) have been developed for clinical applications. They are usually phosphorothioated for in vivo use; this approach also leads to adverse effects as reported in mouse models.Mucosal vaccines that induce both mucosal and systemic immunity received substantial attention in recent years. For their development, phosphodiester-linked oligodeoxynucleotides, including the sequence of a palindromic CpG DNA may be advantageous as adjuvants because their target pDCs are present right there, in the mucosa of the vaccination site. In addition, the probability of adverse effects is believed to be low. Here, we review the discovery of such CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their possible use as mucosal adjuvants.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Administração através da Mucosa , Animais , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), resembling bacterial DNA, are currently tested in clinical trials as vaccine adjuvants. They have the nuclease-resistant phosphorothioate bond; the immune responses elicited differ according to the CpG ODN sequence and vaccination method. To develop a CpG ODN that can induce plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC)-mediated T(H)1 immunity through the mucosa, we constructed phosphodiester G9.1 comprising one palindromic CpG motif with unique polyguanosine-runs that allows degradation similar to naturally occurring bacterial DNA. METHODS: T(H)1 and T(H)2 immunity activation was evaluated by cytokine production pattern and T-bet/GATA-3 ratio in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mouse bone marrow cells. Adjuvanticity was evaluated in mice administered G9.1 with diphtheria toxoid (DT) through nasal vaccination. RESULTS: G9.1 exhibited stronger IFN-α-inducing activity than A-class CpG ODN2216 and increased T-bet/GATA-3 ratio by enhancing T-bet expression. Nasally administered G9.1 plus DT induced DT-specific mucosal IgA and serum IgG, but not IgE, responses with antitoxin activity in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, possibly due to IFN/BAFF production. Induction of T(H)1, but not T(H)2-type Abs depended completely on pDCs, the first in vivo demonstration by CpG ODNs. CONCLUSIONS: G9.1 is a promising mucosal adjuvant for induction of pDC-mediated T(H)1 immunity.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Farmacêuticos/farmacologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Mucosa/imunologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Células da Medula Óssea/imunologia , DNA Bacteriano/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Toxoide Diftérico/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Interferon-alfa/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Transcriptomics is an objective index that reflects the overall condition of cells or tissues, and transcriptome technology, such as DNA microarray analysis, is now being introduced for the quality control of medical products. In this study, we applied DNA microarray analysis to evaluate the character of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines. When administered into rat peritoneum, Vero cell-derived and mouse brain-derived JE vaccines induced similar gene expression patterns in liver and brain. Body weights and blood biochemical findings were also similar after administration of the two vaccines. Our results suggest that the two JE vaccines are likely to have equivalent characteristics with regard to reactivity in rats.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/virologia , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Subgrupo)/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Subgrupo)/imunologia , Encefalite Japonesa/prevenção & controle , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/imunologia , Animais , Análise Química do Sangue , Peso Corporal , Encéfalo/imunologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Encefalite Japonesa/imunologia , Fígado/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Células VeroRESUMO
CpG-DNA is currently attracting attention as an effective and safe vaccine adjuvant to prevent from microbial infections. In this report, we examined the effects of oligo B, which is a synthetic CpG-DNA, in mucosal administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and diphtheria toxoid (DT). Co-administration with oligo B enhanced BCG-induced delayed type hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) in guinea pigs. The titers of anti-DT serum IgG, IgA and mucosal IgA antibodies induced by intranasal administration with DT plus oligo B were significantly higher than that with DT alone. In both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, intranasal administration of DT with oligo B induced enough level of antibodies to prevent onset of diphtheria. The analysis of antibody subclasses showed that intranasal administration of oligo B induced not only IgG1 but also IgG2a, IgG2c and IgA anti-DT antibodies. In contrast, there was no or little production of the anti-DT serum IgE. Taken together our data suggest that oligo B is a powerful adjuvant in mucosal immunization.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Toxoide Diftérico/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Citocinas/metabolismo , Toxoide Diftérico/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Cobaias , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucosa/imunologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/administração & dosagem , Baço/imunologia , Teste TuberculínicoRESUMO
We propose that DNA microarray analysis can be used in the quality control of pandemic and endemic influenza vaccine. Based on the expression profiles of 76 genes in the rat lung one day after inoculation of influenza vaccine, we can distinguish whole-virion influenza vaccine (PDv: pandemic influenza vaccine and WPv: whole virion-particle vaccine) and sub-virion vaccine (HA vaccine) from saline. Among these 76 genes, we found genes up-regulated by influenza infection, as well as genes involved in the immune response, and interferon. Hierarchical clustering of each influenza vaccine by the expression profiles of these 76 genes matched data from current quality control tests in Japan, such as the abnormal toxicity test (ATT) and the leukopenic toxicity test (LTT). Thus, it can be concluded that DNA microarray technology is an informative, rapid and highly sensitive method with which to evaluate the quality of influenza vaccines. Using DNA microarray system, consistent with the results of the ATT and LTT, it was clarified that there was no difference in vaccine quality between PDv and WPv.
Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/efeitos adversos , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos/métodos , Animais , Peso Corporal , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Japão , Contagem de Leucócitos , Pulmão/imunologia , Masculino , Controle de Qualidade , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologiaRESUMO
To develop an efficient nasal influenza vaccine, influenza A and B virus HA with rCTB as a mucosal adjuvant were administered to mice intranasally. Serum anti-HA IgG and IgA antibody responses for both HA vaccines were significantly increased in the presence of rCTB. Higher HI and neutralizing antibody titers and higher mucosal IgA antibody responses in the respiratory tract were detected when rCTB was added than without rCTB. When mice were immunized with HA vaccine with or without rCTB and challenged by intranasal administration of mouse-adapted pathogenic influenza A virus, all mice immunized with HA plus rCTB survived for seven days without any inflammatory changes in the lungs, while not all the mice immunized with HA without rCTB survived, and all of them had lung consolidations. These results demonstrate that intranasal co-administration of rCTB as a mucosal adjuvant with influenza virus HA is necessary not only for the induction of systemic and mucosal HA antibodies, but also for the protection of mice from morbidity and mortality resulting from virus infection.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Administração Intranasal , Toxina da Cólera/farmacologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Toxina da Cólera/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/administração & dosagem , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Pulmão/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Testes de Neutralização , Sistema Respiratório/imunologia , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Although vaccines are routinely used to prevent infectious diseases, little is known about the comprehensive influences caused by vaccines. In this study, we showed, using comprehensive gene expression analysis, that pertussis vaccine affected many genes in multiple organs of vaccine-treated animals. In particular, lung was revealed to be the most suitable target to evaluate pertussis vaccine toxicity. The 13 genes identified from the analysis of vaccine-treated lung at day 1 showed a clear dendrogram corresponding to pertussis vaccine toxicity. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of these genes revealed a positive correlation between their respective expression levels and the degree of toxic effects observed in samples that had been treated with various doses of reference pertussis vaccines. The quantification of this 13 gene-set is an indicator of the vaccine toxicity-related reaction.