Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on Chrysoperla carnea larvae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and the influence of rainfastness in their degradation pattern over time.

The predator Chrysoperla carnea is a model species for the study of non-target effects of pesticides under different scenarios: registration of plant protection products under the European Union and effects of the Bt toxin. Laboratory and persistence studies were carried out with six pesticides currently used in corn crops in Spain that were applied at their maximum field recommended concentrations. The assessed end-points were larval mortality, survivorship until adult stage, duration of the larval and pupal periods, fecundity, fertility and sex ratio of the emerged adults. Based on the total effect (lethal and sublethal) caused to L3 larvae in contact with fresh residues in the laboratory, pendimethalin was harmless (IOBC 1), lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and hexythiazox were slightly harmful (IOBC 2), deltamethrin was moderately harmful (IOBC 3) and chlorpyrifos was harmful (IOBC 4). Afterwards, the residues of the two most toxic pesticides in the lab (deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos) were aged under greenhouse conditions (22 ± 2 °C, 40 ± 10 % R.H., 16.9 µmol m(-2) s(-1) UV radiation) in the presence and absence of artificial rainfall (10 l m(-2) h(-1), applied 24 h after pesticide application). Deltamethrin was classified as short lived (IOBC A) in both cases. However, degradation of chlorpyrifos residues was accelerated in the presence of rainfall, leading to the classification as slightly persistent (IOBC B), while in absence of rainfall it behaved as persistent (IOBC D). Every pesticide can be recommended for inclusion in corn IPM programs where the predator is present except chlorpyrifos that exhibited high direct toxicity in the lab and prolonged residual action even in the presence of rainfall.

Differential susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to single versus pyramided Bt traits in Brazilian soybean: what doesn't kill you makes you stronger?

BACKGROUND: Lepidopteran pest control in agriculture has become heavily dependent on cultivars that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins as 'plant-incorporated protectants'. However, populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in Brazil appear resistant to the Bt traits currently available in commercial soybean cultivars. RESULTS: This study evaluated S. frugiperda life history when feeding on three different Bt soybean cultivars. Cultivars expressing Cry1Ac + Cry1F and Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 + Cry1Ac Bt toxins caused 100% larval mortality in S. frugiperda. Both non-Bt and Cry1Ac-expressing soybean induced transgenerational effects that increased the survival of subsequent generations. A Cry1Ac soybean diet reduced the generation time (T) of S. frugiperda relative to non-Bt soybean, resulting in shorter generation time and more rapid population growth. CONCLUSION: The implications of these results revealed how diet can alter aspects of insect life history and biology, and have important implications for sustainable management of S. frugiperda on soybean. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Toxicity and sublethal effects of seven insecticides to eggs of the flower bug Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae).

The predatory bug Orius insidiosus is an important biological control agent of several insect pests, and is one of the most commonly used species in biological control programs worldwide. This study assessed the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on this species through life table, and classified the insecticides according to the definitions of toxicity given by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). A bioassay was carried out using a completely randomized design with eight treatments and 40 replicates. Eggs of O. insidiosus laid naturally in plant stems were immersed in aqueous solutions of the chemical products. Egg viability, duration of the embryonic period, survival of nymphs, and duration of the nymphal period were assessed daily. Insects that reached adulthood were paired and their reproduction assessed. The number of eggs produced and the survival of adults were assessed daily. The insecticides abamectin, cartap hydrochloride, spirotetramat+imidacloprid, and flubendiamid were classified as harmful. Pyriproxyfen and rynaxypyr were categorized as harmless and pymetrozine was classified as slightly harmful. Pyriproxyfen affected the population parameters rm, GT, DT, and λ, whereas other insecticides did not.

Comportamento de isolados de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculados em mudas micropropagadas de café / Behavior of isolated of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculated micropropagated in seedlings of coffee

Muitos são os danos ocasionados por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em plantas de cafeeiro, porém pouco são os conhecimentos sobre o estabelecimento do processo infectivo e sobre a evolução dos sintomas apresentados pelas plantas hospedeiras. Deste modo, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de isolados de C. gloeosporioides obtidos de Cafeeiro em mudas produzidas a partir de sementes de plantas com sintomas de mancha manteigosa e sem sintomas de mancha manteigosa, estimar a agressividade do patógeno através da incidência e severidade da doença, comparando-os com um isolado oriundo de outra espécie vegetal. A partir da estimativa da incidência e severidade, observou-se que mudas oriundas de plantas com sintomas de mancha manteigosa são mais suscetíveis ao ataque de C. gloeosporioides. O isolado IS-II mostrou-se totalmente agressivo, apresentando um potencial crescente de doença em relação ao tempo.

Many are the damages caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in coffee plants, but little is knowledge about the establishment of the infective process and the evolution of the symptoms presented by host plants. This study evaluated the behavior of isolates of C. gloeosporioides obtained from Coffee on seedlings grown from seeds with buttery spot symptoms and without symptoms of blister spot, estimate the aggressiveness of the pathogen through the incidence and severity of disease, comparing them with one isolate from other plant species. The estimation of the incidence and severity was observed that seedlings from plants with symptoms of blister spot are more susceptible to attack by C. gloeosporioides. The isolated IS-II shown to be fully aggressive, presenting a high potential for disease.

Efeito da temperatura no crescimento micelial, produção e germinação de conídios de Colletotrichum spp. isolados de mangueira com sintomas de antracnose / Effect of temperature on mycelial growth, production and germination Colletotrichum spp. isolated from mango with symptoms of anthracnose

Muitos são os problemas fitossanitários encontrados na cultura da mangueira (Mangifera indica L), dentre eles destaca-se o fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causador da antracnose, doença que atinge todos os órgãos da planta. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência da temperatura no desenvolvimento das colônias de três isolados de Colletotrichum spp. obtidos de diferentes órgãos da mangueira. Os três isolados apresentaram melhor crescimento micelial na faixa de temperatura de 20 a 25 °C. A faixa de temperatura de 25 a 30 °C demonstrou se mais eficiente em relação à germinação de conídios e esporulação para os isolados de Colletotrichum spp.

Many disease problems are found in the culture of mango (Mangifera indica L), among them stands out Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose disease, which affects all plant organs. This study aimed to analyze the influence of temperature on the development of colonies of three isolates of Colletotrichum spp. obtained from different organs of the hose. The three isolates showed better mycelial growth in the temperature range 20-25 ° C. The track temperature 25-30 ° C showed more efficient in relation to the germination of conidia and sporulation for Colletotrichum spp.