Chemerin Stimulates the Secretory Activity of BME-UV1 Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine gland, synthesizing and secreting multiple signaling molecules termed adipokines. Following the detection of adipokines and their receptors in the mammary tissue of various species, it is indicated that adipokines play a role in the development of the mammary gland. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration-dependent influence of three adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin, on the viability, apoptosis, and secretory activity of BME-UV1 bovine mammary epithelial cells. The study confirmed that BME-UV1 cells contain the leptin receptor (Ob-R) protein, and express transcripts of adiponectin (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) and chemerin (CMLKR1 and GPR1) receptors. Regardless of the administered dose, none of the three tested adipokines had an effect on the viability of BME-UV1 cells, and the number of apoptotic cells remained unchanged. However, chemerin (100 ng/mL) stimulated BME-UV1 cells to synthesize and secrete αS1-casein, the major protein component of milk. These results indicate that chemerin may be a potent regulator of the bovine mammary epithelial cells' functional differentiation, contributing, along with the major systemic hormones and local growth factors, to the development of the bovine mammary gland.

Effect of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy on Transcriptomic Changes in Canine Atopic Dermatitis.

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a genetic, chronic, and recurrent inflammatory and pruritic skin disorder. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is presently recognized as the only clinically effective disease-modifying treatment for allergies. The aim of our study was to analyze the changes in gene expression observed in the peripheral blood nuclear cells of cAD patients subjected to ASIT. Blood samples designated for transcriptomic analyses were collected from AD dogs twice, before and six months after ASIT, and also from healthy dogs. Statistical analysis revealed 521 differentially expressed transcripts, among which 241 transcripts represented genes with well-described functions. Based on the available literature, we chose nine differentially expressed genes (RARRES2, DPP10, SLPI, PLSCR4, MMP9, NTSR1, CBD103, DEFB122, and IL36G) which may be important in the context of the dysregulated immune response observed in cAD patients. The expressions of five out of the nine described genes (DPP10, PLSCR4, NTSR1, DEFB122, and IL36G) changed after the application of ASIT. The expressions of three of these genes returned to the level observed in the healthy control group. The genes listed above need further investigation to determine details of their role in the molecular mechanism of immune tolerance induction in response to allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Adipocyte-Derived Paracrine Factors Regulate the In Vitro Development of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

The mammary gland is composed of epithelial tissue forming ducts and lobules, and the stroma, composed of adipocytes, connective tissue, and other cell types. The stromal microenvironment regulates mammary gland development by paracrine and cell-cell interactions. In the present study, primary cultures of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) and bovine adipose-derived stem cells (bASC) subjected to adipogenic differentiation were used to investigate the influence of paracrine factors secreted by preadipocytes and adipocytes on bMEC development. Four types of conditioned media (CM) were collected from undifferentiated preadipocytes (preA) and adipocytes on days: 8, 12, 14 of differentiation. Next, bMEC were cultured for 24 h in CM and cell viability, apoptosis, migratory activity, ability to form spheroids on Matrigel, and secretory activity (alpha S1-casein concentration) were evaluated. CM derived from fully differentiated adipocytes (12 d and 14 d) significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells in bMEC population and increased the size of spheroids formed by bMEC on Matrigel. CM collected from preadipocytes significantly enhanced bMEC's migration, and stimulated bMEC to produce alpha S1-casein, but only in the presence of prolactin. These results confirm that preadipocytes and adipocytes are important components of the stroma, providing paracrine factors that actively regulate the development of bovine mammary epithelium.

Overnight Corticosterone and Gene Expression in Mouse Hippocampus: Time Course during Resting Period.

The aim of the experiment was to test the effect of an elevated level of glucocorticoids on the mouse hippocampal transcriptome after 12 h of treatment with corticosterone that was administered during an active phase of the circadian cycle. Additionally, we also tested the circadian changes in gene expression and the decay time of transcriptomic response to corticosterone. Gene expression was analyzed using microarrays. Obtained results show that transcriptomic responses to glucocorticoids are heterogeneous in terms of the decay time with some genes displaying persistent changes in expression during 9 h of rest. We have also found a considerable overlap between genes regulated by corticosterone and genes implicated previously in stress response. The examples of such genes are Acer2, Agt, Apod, Aqp4, Etnppl, Fabp7, Fam107a, Fjx1, Fmo2, Galnt15, Gjc2, Heph, Hes5, Htra1, Jdp2, Kif5a, Lfng, Lrg1, Mgp, Mt1, Pglyrp1, Pla2g3, Plin4, Pllp, Ptgds, Ptn, Slc2a1, Slco1c1, Sult1a1, Thbd and Txnip. This indicates that the applied model is a useful tool for the investigation of mechanisms underlying the stress response.

Interleukin-6 mimics insulin-dependent cellular distribution of some cytoskeletal proteins and Glut4 transporter without effect on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Interleukin (IL)-6, a known proinflammatory cytokine, is released in both visceral adipose tissue and contracting skeletal muscle. In this study, we used microRNA profiling as a screening method to identify miRNA species modified by IL-6 treatment in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. miRNA microarray analysis and qRT-PCR revealed increased expression of miR-146b-3p in adipocytes exposed to IL-6 (1 ng/ml) during 8-day differentiation. On the basis of ontological analysis of potential targets, selected proteins associated with cytoskeleton and transport were examined in the context of adipocyte response to insulin, using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. We concluded that IL-6: (i) does not affect insulin action on actin cellular distribution; (ii) modulates the effect of insulin on myosin light chain kinase (Mylk) distribution by preventing its shift toward cytoplasm; (iii) mimics the effect of insulin on dynein distribution by increasing its near-nuclear accumulation; (iv) mimics the effect of insulin on glucose transporter Glut4 distribution, especially by increasing its near-nuclear accumulation; (v) supports insulin action on early endosome marker Rab4A near-nuclear accumulation. Moreover, as IL-6 did not disturb insulin-dependent glucose uptake, our results do not confirm the IL-6-induced impairment of insulin action observed in some in vitro studies, suggesting that the effect of IL-6 is dose dependent.

Interleukin-6 affects pacsin3, ephrinA4 expression and cytoskeletal proteins in differentiating primary skeletal myoblasts through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.

Interleukin (IL)-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine released in injured and contracting skeletal muscles. In this study, we examined cellular expression of proteins associated with cytoskeleton organization and cell migration, chosen on the basis of microRNA profiling, in rat primary skeletal muscle cells (RSkMC) treated with IL-6 (1 ng/ml) for 11 days. MiRNA microarray analysis and qRT-PCR revealed increased expression of miR-154-3p and miR-338-3p in muscle cells treated with IL-6. Pacsin3 was downregulated post-transcriptionally by IL-6, but not by IGF-I. Ephrin4A protein was increased both in IL-6- and IGF-I-treated myocytes. IL-6, but not IGF-I, stimulated migratory ability of RSkMC, examined in wound healing assay. Alpha-actinin protein was slightly augmented in RSKMC treated with IL-6, similarly to IGF-I. IL-6, but not IGF-I, upregulated desmin in differentiating RSkMC. IL-6 supplementation caused accumulation of alpha-actinin and desmin in near-nuclear area of muscle cells, which was manifested by increased ratio: mean near-nuclear fluorescence/mean peripheral cytoplasm fluorescence of these proteins. We concluded that IL-6, a known proinflammatory cytokine and a physical activity-associated myokine, acting during differentiation of primary skeletal muscle cells, alters expression of nonmuscle-specific miRNAs. This cytokine causes differential effects on pacsin-3 and ephrinA4, through post-transcriptional inhibition and stimulation, respectively. IL-6-exerted modifications of cytoskeletal proteins in muscle cells include both transcriptional (desmin and dynein heavy chain 5) and post-transcriptional activation (alpha-actinin). Moreover, IL-6 augments near-nuclear distribution of cytoskeletal proteins, alpha-actinin and desmin and promotes migration of myocytes. Such effects suggest that IL-6 plays a role during skeletal muscle regeneration, acting through mechanisms independent of regulation of myogenic program.

Interleukin-8 enhances myocilin expression, Akt-FoxO3 signaling and myogenic differentiation in rat skeletal muscle cells.

Interleukin (IL)-8 is released both in visceral adipose tissue and in contracting skeletal muscles. In this study, we examined cellular pathways associated with muscle hypertrophy, chosen on the basis of microRNA profiling, in differentiating rat primary skeletal muscle cells (RSkMC) treated with IL-8 (1 ng/ml) for 11 days. IL-8 increased myocilin expression, Akt phosphorylation, FoxO3 dispersion throughout the cytoplasm, and reduced FoxO3 level. IL-8 decreased the expression of atrogin and MuRF1 and increased myotube length and diameter. We concluded that IL-8 present in extracellular environment of myoblasts induced to differentiation stimulates expression of myocilin, a protein important for skeletal muscle hypertrophy. This phenomenon was associated with: (a) activation of myogenic transcription, (b) increased phosphorylation and activation of PKB/Akt, leading to (c) cytoplasm distribution and degradation of a transcription factor FoxO3, (d) decreased expression of gene markers of proteolysis, atrogin and Murf1, and (e) increased myotube length and diameter. In this regard, IL-8 affects skeletal muscle cells similarly to IGF-I and can be considered as a potent anticatabolic factor for skeletal muscle.

Oral administration of oat beta-glucan preparations of different molecular weight results in regulation of genes connected with immune response in peripheral blood of rats with LPS-induced enteritis.

PURPOSE: Beta-glucans are biologically active polysaccharides having antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiinflammatory properties. This study investigated the transcriptomic profile in peripheral blood of rats with LPS-induced enteritis, which were fed a diet supplemented with high- (G1) and low- (G2) molecular-weight oat beta-glucans. METHODS: Two-color rat gene expression microarrays were applied and the analysis was performed using a common reference design to provide easy means of comparing samples from various experimental conditions against one another. Common reference sample was labeled with cyanine 3 (Cy3) and investigated samples from each experimental group: C-G0 (control group fed semi-synthetic diet), LPS-G0 (LPS-challenged group fed semi-synthetic diet), LPS-G1 (LPS-challenged group fed G1 beta-glucan enriched diet), and LPS-G2 (LPS-challenged group fed G2 beta-glucan enriched diet) were labeled with cyanine 5 (Cy5). Each microarray was performed in quadruplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (p < 0.05). A multiple testing correction was performed using Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate < 5%. A quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed to verify the expression of chosen transcripts. RESULTS: The microarray analyses revealed differentially expressed transcripts between: the LPS-G0 and the control groups: C-G0 (138 genes), the LPS-G1 and LPS-G0 groups (533 genes), and the LPS-G2 and LPS-G0 groups (97 genes). Several differentially expressed genes in the beta-glucan-supplemented groups encoded proteins belonging to TLR and NLR signaling pathways, as well as prostaglandin synthesis and regulation pathways. Both beta-glucans up-regulated the expression of Atg10, which belongs to the family of autophagy-related genes, suggesting a possible link between autophagy induction and beta-glucan supplementation. CONCLUSION: The changes in gene expression observed in the peripheral blood indicate that oat beta-glucans exerted a protective effect in rats with an induced inflammatory state caused by LPS challenge. The greater number of differentially expressed genes was observed in group supplemented with G1 beta-glucan, pointing at the differences in the mode of action of high- and low-molecular-weight beta-glucans in the organism.

Transcriptome profiling of Staphylococci-infected cow mammary gland parenchyma.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide gene expression profiling allows for identification of genes involved in the defense response of the host against pathogens. As presented here, transcriptomic analysis and bioinformatics tools were applied in order to identify genes expressed in the mammary gland parenchyma of cows naturally infected with coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative Staphylococci. RESULTS: In cows infected with coagulase-positive Staphylococci, being in 1st or 2nd lactation, 1700 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. However, examination of the 3rd or 4th lactations revealed 2200 DEGs. Gene ontology functional classification showed the molecular functions of the DEGs overrepresented the activity of cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. In cows infected with coagulase-negative Staphylococci, in the 1st or 2nd lactations 418 DEGs, while in the 3rd or 4th lactations, 1200 DEGs were identified that involved in molecular functions such as protein, calcium ion and lipid binding, chemokine activity, and protein homodimerization. Gene network analysis showed DEGs associated with inflammation, cell migration, and immune response to infection, development of cells and tissues, and humoral responses to infections caused by both types of Staphylococci. CONCLUSION: A coagulase-positive Staphylococci infection caused a markedly stronger host response than that of coagulase-negative, resulting in vastly increased DEGs. A significant increase in the expression of the FOS, TNF, and genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) was observed. It suggests these genes play a key role in the synchronization of the immune response of the cow's parenchyma against mastitis-causing bacteria. Moreover, the following genes that belong to several physiological pathways (KEGG pathways) were selected for further studies as candidate genes of mammary gland immune response for use in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS): chemokine signaling pathway (CCL2, CXCL5, HCK, CCR1), cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) pathway (BOLA-DQA2, BOLA-DQA1, F11R, ITGAL, CD86), antigen processing and presentation pathway (CD8A, PDIA3, LGMN, IFI30, HSPA1A), and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway (TNF, IL8, IL18, NFKBIA).

Lymphocytic, cytokine and transcriptomic profiles in peripheral blood of dogs with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common chronic and pruritic skin disease in dogs. The development of cAD involves complex interactions between environmental antigens, genetic predisposition and a number of disparate cell types. The aim of the present study was to perform comprehensive analyses of peripheral blood of AD dogs in relation to healthy subjects in order to determine the changes which would be characteristic for cAD. RESULTS: The number of cells in specific subpopulations of lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry, concentration of chosen pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, TGF-ß1) was determined by ELISA; and microarray analysis was performed on RNA samples isolated from peripheral blood nuclear cells of AD and healthy dogs. The number of Th cells (CD3(+)CD4(+)) in AD and healthy dogs was similar, whereas the percentage of Tc (CD3(+)CD8(+)) and Treg (CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+)) cells increased significantly in AD dogs. Increased concentrations of IL-13 and TNF-α, and decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß1 was observed in AD dogs. The level of IL-4 was similar in both groups of animals. Results of the microarray experiment revealed differentially expressed genes involved in transcriptional regulation (e.g., transcription factors: SMAD2, RORA) or signal transduction pathways (e.g., VEGF, SHB21, PROC) taking part in T lymphocytes lineages differentiation and cytokines synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained indicate that CD8(+) T cells, beside CD4(+) T lymphocytes, contribute to the development of the allergic response. Increased IL-13 concentration in AD dogs suggests that this cytokine may play more important role than IL-4 in mediating changes induced by allergic inflammation. Furthermore, observed increase in Treg cells in parallel with high concentrations of TNF-α and low levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß1 in the peripheral blood of AD dogs point at the functional insufficiency of Treg cells in patients with AD.

Social stress increases expression of hemoglobin genes in mouse prefrontal cortex.

BACKGROUND: In order to better understand the effects of social stress on the prefrontal cortex, we investigated gene expression in mice subjected to acute and repeated social encounters of different duration using microarrays. RESULTS: The most important finding was identification of hemoglobin genes (Hbb-b1, Hbb-b2, Hba-a1, Hba-a2, Beta-S) as potential markers of chronic social stress in mice. Expression of these genes was progressively increased in animals subjected to 8 and 13 days of repeated stress and was correlated with altered expression of Mgp (Mglap), Fbln1, 1500015O10Rik (Ecrg4), SLC16A10, and Mndal. Chronic stress increased also expression of Timp1 and Ppbp that are involved in reaction to vascular injury. Acute stress did not affect expression of hemoglobin genes but it altered expression of Fam107a (Drr1) and Agxt2l1 (Etnppl) that have been implicated in psychiatric diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The observed up-regulation of genes associated with vascular system and brain injury suggests that stressful social encounters may affect brain function through the stress-induced dysfunction of the vascular system.

Global gene expression profiles of canine macrophages and canine mammary cancer cells grown as a co-culture in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Solid tumours comprise various cells, including cancer cells, resident stromal cells, migratory haemopoietic cells and other. These cells regulate tumour growth and metastasis. Macrophages constitute probably the most important element of all interactions within the tumour microenvironment. However, the molecular mechanism, that guides tumour environment, still remains unknown. Exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms that orchestrate these phenomena has been the aim of our study.A co-culture of canine mammary cancer cells and macrophages was established and maintained for 72 hrs. Having sorted the cells, gene expression in cancer cells and macrophages, using DNA microarrays, was examined. The results were confirmed using real-time qPCR and confocal microscopy. Moreover, their ability for migration and invasion has been assessed. RESULTS: Microarray analysis showed that the up-regulated genes in the cancer cell lines are involved in 15 highly over-manifested pathways. The pathways that drew our diligent attention included: the inflammation pathway mediated by chemokine and cytokine, the Toll receptor signalling pathway and the B cell activation. The up-regulated genes in the macrophages were involved in only 18 significantly over-manifested pathways: the angiogenesis, the p53 pathway feedback loops2 and the Wnt signalling pathway. The microarray analysis revealed that co-culturing of cancer cells with macrophages initiated the myeloid-specific antigen expression in cancer cells, as well as cytokine/chemokine genes expression. This finding was confirmed at mRNA and protein level. Moreover, we showed that macrophages increase cancer migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of macrophages in the cancer environment induces acquisition of the macrophage phenotype (specific antigens and chemokines/cytokines expression) in cancer cells. We presumed that cancer cells also acquire other myeloid features, such as: capabilities of cell rolling, spreading, migration and matrix invasion (what has also been confirmed by our results). It may, perhaps, be the result of myeloid-cancer cell hybrid formation, or cancer cells mimicking macrophages phenotype, owing to various proteins secreted by macrophages.

White blood cell transcriptome correlates with renal function in acute heart failure.

It is notoriously difficult to classify patients with acute heart failure (AHF) because of variations in clinical presentation, different etiologies, the impact of comorbidities, and variable prognoses. In this study, we used DNA whole-genome microarrays to classify 24 patients with AHF based on the transcriptome of their peripheral blood nuclear cells. The main purpose was to verify whether any transcriptomic sub-clusters had clinical correlations. We identified two distinct groups of transcriptomic profiles that correlated with normal (1.125 mg/dL) and increased (1.783 mg/dL) mean blood creatinine concentrations. These two subgroups of patients (n = 12) differed in the expression of more than 6000 genes and 108 signaling pathways. The most significant regulated signaling pathway was the aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption pathway and the most significant regulated genes included the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene. This suggests that kidney impairment in patients with AHF is related to dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The interesting findings of our study were the significant differences in expression of genes belonging to the aldosterone-regulated signaling pathway: Na+/K+ transporting ATPase and NEDD4L (neuronal precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-like) between patients with and without renal dysfunction. Future studies of blood-cell transcriptomic profiles in patients with AHF will provide further insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this cardiorenal disorder.

Cytokine and Lymphocyte Profiles in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis after Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy.

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory and pruritic skin disease in dogs. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the only identified disease-modifying intervention for allergic diseases. It decreases the symptoms triggered by allergens and prevents recurrence of the disease in the long-term. The aim of our research was to determine how immunotherapy changes the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in dog peripheral blood and the levels of cytokines secreted by these cells during therapy. ASIT was applied for 6 months. Blood samples for further analyses were collected from patients in the third and sixth month of immunotherapy. Six out of seven dogs receiving ASIT showed a positive effect. A reduction in cytokine levels (IL-13, TNF-α) in peripheral blood of cAD patients and changes in the number of specific T cell subpopulations-reduction of Tc cells (CD8+) and increase of activated T cells (CD3+CD25+)-confirmed the beneficial effect of the applied ASIT. In addition, a significantly higher percentage of Treg cells (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) was noted in cAD patients before treatment compared to healthy dogs. After 3 months of therapy, the percentage of Tregs significantly decreased, and after 6 months, it increased significantly again.

Gene Expression Profile in Peripheral Blood Nuclear Cells of Small Ruminant Lentivirus-Seropositive and Seronegative Dairy Goats in Their First Lactation.

The immune response to a viral antigen causes inflammatory cell infiltration to the tissue, which creates a suitable environment for the replication of the virus in macrophages, and the recruitment of more monocytes to the site of infection, or latently infected monocytes. The aim of the study was to analyze the transcriptomic profile of peripheral blood nuclear cells isolated from SRLV-seropositive and SRLV-negative goats at the peak of their first lactation. SRLV-seropositive goats were probably infected via colostrum. Custom transcriptomic microarrays for goats were designed and developed, namely the Capra hircus gene expression array, which features ~50,000 unique transcripts per microarray. Only four genes were differentially expressed, with up-regulated expression of the GIMAP2, SSC5D and SETX genes, and down-regulated expression of the GPR37 gene in SRLV-seropositive vs. SRLV-seronegative goats. However, in an RT-qPCR analysis, the result for the SETX gene was not confirmed. The differences in the expressions of the studied genes indicate an active inflammatory process in the SRLV-seropositive goats at the early stage of infection.

Transcriptomic Profiling During Myogenesis.

Microarray-based transcriptomic profiling enables simultaneous measurement of expression of multiple genes from one biological sample. Here we describe a detailed protocol, which serves to examine global gene expression using whole genome oligonucleotide microarrays. We also provide examples of bioinformatics tools, which are helpful in analyses and interpretation of microarray data, and propose further biological assays, to warrant conclusions drawn from transcriptomic signature.

Small intestinal development in suckling rats after enteral obestatin administration.

This study investigated the effect of enteral administration of obestatin on the development of small intestine, as well as oxidative stress markers and trancriptomic profile of gastrointestinal genes. Suckling rats were assigned to 3 groups treated with: C-saline solution; OL-obestatin (125 nmol/kg BW); OH-obestatin (250 nmol/kg BW) administered twice daily, from the 14th to the 21st day of life. Enteral administration of obestatin in both studied doses had no effect neither on the body weight of animals nor the BMI calculated in the day of euthanasia. Compared to the control group (C), treatment with obestatin resulted in significant changes in the histometry of the small intestinal wall as well as intestinal epithelial cell remodeling. The observed changes and their possible implications for intestinal development were dependent on the dosage of peptide. The enteral administration of high dose (OH) of obestatin significantly decreased its expression in the stomach and increased markers of oxidative stress. The gene profile revealed MAPK3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase-3) as the key regulator gene for obestatin action in the gastrointestinal track. In conclusion, we have showed that enteral administration of obestatin influences the gut mucosa remodeling. It is also suggested that the administration of high dose (OH) has inhibitory effect on the intestinal maturation of suckling rats.

The Effect of Acute and Chronic Social Stress on the Hippocampal Transcriptome in Mice.

Psychogenic stress contributes to the formation of brain pathology. Using gene expression microarrays, we analyzed the hippocampal transcriptome of mice subjected to acute and chronic social stress of different duration. The longest period of social stress altered the expression of the highest number of genes and most of the stress-induced changes in transcription were reversible after 5 days of rest. Chronic stress affected genes involved in the functioning of the vascular system (Alas2, Hbb-b1, Hba-a2, Hba-a1), injury response (Vwf, Mgp, Cfh, Fbln5, Col3a1, Ctgf) and inflammation (S100a8, S100a9, Ctla2a, Ctla2b, Lcn2, Lrg1, Rsad2, Isg20). The results suggest that stress may affect brain functions through the stress-induced dysfunction of the vascular system. An important issue raised in our work is also the risk of the contamination of brain tissue samples with choroid plexus. Such contamination would result in a consistent up- or down-regulation of genes, such as Ttr, Igf2, Igfbp2, Prlr, Enpp2, Sostdc1, 1500015O10RIK (Ecrg4), Kl, Clic6, Kcne2, F5, Slc4a5, and Aqp1. Our study suggests that some of the previously reported, supposedly specific changes in hippocampal gene expression, may be a result of the inclusion of choroid plexus in the hippocampal samples.

Transcriptional regulation of important cellular processes in skeletal myogenesis through interferon-γ.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of interferon (IFN)-γ on the transcriptomic profile of differentiating mouse C2C12 myogenic cells. Global gene expression was evaluated using whole mouse genome oligonucleotide microarrays, and the results were validated through real-time PCR. IFN-γ (1 ng/mL) increased myoblast proliferation but decreased cell respiration and myosin heavy chain content and slightly decreased the fusion index in differentiating C2C12 cell cultures. The genes upregulated through IFN-γ were involved in cell cycle; regulation of cell proliferation; programmed cell death; chemotaxis; and cytokine, growth factor, and peptidase activity, whereas the genes downregulated through IFN-γ primarily contributed to the regulation of transcription, cell-cell signaling, nitrogen compound biosynthesis, ser/thr protein kinase signaling, and regulation of the Wnt pathway. In conclusion, IFN-γ affects the expression of numerous genes associated with the regulation of several processes in myogenesis. The effects of IFN-γ on cellular transcription include (1) alteration of cytokine/growth factor expression, promoting cell proliferation and migration but inhibiting differentiation, (2) impairment of pro-myogenic transcription, (3) disruption of cell adhesion and sarcolemma/cytoskeleton organization, and (4) increased peptidase activity leading to enhanced proteolysis and apoptosis.

Comparison of stem/progenitor cell number and transcriptomic profile in the mammary tissue of dairy and beef breed heifers.

Bovine mammary stem cells (MaSC) are a source of ductal and lobulo-alveolar tissue during the development of the mammary gland and its remodeling in repeating lactation cycles. We hypothesize that the number of MaSC, their molecular properties, and interactions with their niche may be essential in order to determine the mammogenic potential in heifers. To verify this hypothesis, we compared the number of MaSC and the transcriptomic profile in the mammary tissue of 20-month-old, non-pregnant dairy (Holstein-Friesian, HF) and beef (Limousin, LM) heifers. For the identification and quantification of putative stem/progenitor cells in mammary tissue sections, scanning cytometry was used with a combination of MaSC molecular markers: stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) and fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B) protein. Cytometric analysis revealed a significantly higher number of Sca-1(pos)FNDC3B(pos) cells in HF (2.94 ± 0.35%) than in LM (1.72 ± 0.20%) heifers. In HF heifers, a higher expression of intramammary hormones, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and transcription regulators was observed. The model of mammary microenvironment favorable for MaSC was associated with the regulation of genes involved in MaSC maintenance, self-renewal, proliferation, migration, differentiation, mammary tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and steroid and insulin signaling. In conclusion, the mammogenic potential in postpubertal dairy heifers is facilitated by a higher number of MaSC and up-regulation of mammary auto- and paracrine factors representing the MaSC niche.