Differences between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with community-acquired pneumonia in primary care in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the underlying risk factors for developing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The high prevalence of diabetes among population and the rising incidence of this illness, converts it as an important disease to better control and manage, to prevent its secondary consequences as CAP. The objective of this research is to describe the characteristics of the patients with diabetes and the differences with the no diabetes who have had an episode of CAP in the context of the primary care field. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study in adult patients (> 18 years-old) who suffer from CAP and attended at primary care in Spain between 2009 and 2013 was developed using the Computerized Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies in Primary Care (BIFAP). We carried out a descriptive analysis of the first episodes of CAP, in patients with or without diabetes as comorbidity. Other morbidity (CVA, Anaemia, Arthritis, Asthma, Heart disease, Dementia, Depression, Dysphagia, Multiple sclerosis, Epilepsy, COPD, Liver disease, Arthrosis, Parkinson's disease, Kidney disease, HIV) and life-style factors were also included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 51,185 patients were included in the study as they suffer from the first episode of CAP. Of these, 8012 had diabetes as comorbidity. There were differences between sex and age in patients with diabetes. Patients without diabetes were younger, and had less comorbidities including those related to lifestyles such as smoking, alcoholism, social and dental problems than patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who developed an episode of CAP with diabetes have more risk factors which could be reduced with an appropriate intervention, including vaccination to prevent successive CAP episodes and hospitalization. The burden of associated factors in these patients can produce an accumulation of risk. Health care professional should know this for treating and control these patients in order to avoid complications. Diabetes and those other risk factors associated could be reduced with an appropriate intervention, including vaccination to prevent the first and successive CAP episodes and the subsequent hospitalization in severe cases.

Optimization of Ni (II) biosorption from aqueous solution on modified lemon peel.

The valorization of agricultural waste peels as a low-cost biosorbent is a promising approach to water treatment. In this work, the improvement of the adsorption capacity of lemon peel to remove Ni (II) from aqueous effluents was explored using several chemical modifiers: HNO3, HCl, H3PO4, CaCl2, NH3 and NaOH. The surface pretreatment using NaOH was selected as the best option because of the improvement of the maximum adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacity was of 36.74 mg g-1 according to the Langmuir model at optimum conditions (pH = 5, S/L = 5 g L-1, 25 °C). The pseudo-first order model of biosorption kinetics provides the best fit for experimental data. From thermodynamic studies, it was concluded that Ni (II) biosorption by modified lemon peel was endothermic and spontaneous. After five consecutives adsorption-desorption cycles using 0.1 M of HNO3 and H2SO4, a recovery of 90% of Ni (II) was obtained. Regarding characterization of the biosorbent, the surface morphology was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy while the functional groups responsible for Ni (II) adsorption were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Incidence and risk factor prevalence of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in primary care in Spain (NEUMO-ES-RISK project).

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults even in developed countries. Several lifestyle factors and comorbidities have been linked to an increased risk, although their prevalence has not been well documented in the primary care setting. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence, risk factor and comorbid conditions distribution of CAP in adults in primary care in Spain. METHODS: Retrospective observational study in adults (>18 years-old) with CAP diagnosed and attended at primary care in Spain between 2009 and 2013, using the Computerized Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Studies in Primary Care (BIFAP). RESULTS: Twenty-eight thousand four hundred thirteen patient records were retrieved and analyzed. Mean age (standard deviation): 60.5 (20.3) years, 51.7 % males. Global incidence of CAP in adults was estimated at 4.63 per 1000 persons/year. CAP incidence increased progressively with age, ranging from a 1.98 at 18-20 years of age to 23.74 in patients over 90 years of age. According to sex, global CAP incidence was slightly higher in males (5.04) than females (4.26); CAP incidence from 18 to 65 year-olds up was comparable between males (range: 2.18-5.75) and females (range: 1.47-5.21), whereas from 65 years of age, CAP incidence was noticeable higher in males (range: 7.06-36.93) than in females (range: 5.43-19.62). Average prevalence of risk factors was 71.3 %, which increased with age, doubling the risk in males by the age of 75 (females 20 % vs males 40 %). From 55 years of age, at least one risk factor was identified in 85.7 % of cases: one risk factor (23.8 %), two risk factors (23.4 %), three or more risk factors (38.5 %). Major risk factors were: metabolic disease (27.4 %), cardiovascular disease (17.8 %) and diabetes (15.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence of CAP in primary care adults in Spain is high, comparable between males and females up to 65 years of age, but clearly increasing in males from that age. CAP risk increases with age and doubles in males older than 75 years. The majority of CAP cases in patients over 55 years of age is associated to at least one risk factor. The main risk factors associated were metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Prognostic and predictive value of plasma testosterone levels in patients receiving first-line chemotherapy for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers for metastatic castration-resistant prostatic cancer (mCRPC) are an unmet medical need. METHODS: The prognostic and predictive value for survival and response to salvage hormonal therapy (SHT) of baseline testosterone level (TL) was analysed in a cohort of 101 mCRPC patients participating in 9 non-hormonal first-line chemotherapy phase II-III trials. Inclusion criteria in all trials required a TL of <50 ng dl(-1). RESULTS: Median age: 70 years; visceral metastases: 19.8%; median prostate-specific antigen (PSA): 50.7 ng ml(-1); median TL: 11.5 ng dl(-1). Median overall survival (OS; 24.5 months) was significantly longer if baseline TL was above (High TL; n=52) than under (Low TL; n=49) the TL median value (32.7 vs 22.4 months, respectively; P=0.0162, hazard ratio (HR)=0.6). The presence of anaemia was an unfavourable prognostic factor (median OS: 20.6 vs 28.4 months; P=0.0025, HR=1.88 (CI95%: 1.01-3.48)). Patients presenting both anaemia and low testosterone had a worse outcome compared to those with one or none of them (median OS: 17.9 vs 22.4 vs 38.1 months; P=0.0024). High vs Low TL was associated with PSA response rate (55.6% vs 21.7%) in 41 patients receiving SHT. CONCLUSION: Testosterone level under castration range was a prognostic factor for survival mCRPC patients. The PSA response to SHT differed depending on TLs. Testosterone levels might help in treatment decision.

The chronology of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic in northern Iberia: New insights from L'Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña.

Since the late 1980s, northern Iberia has yielded some of the earliest radiocarbon dated Aurignacian assemblages in Western Europe, probably produced by anatomically modern humans (AMHs). This is at odds with its location furthest from the likely eastern entry point of AMHs, and has also suggested to some that the Châtelperronian resulted from cultural transfer from AMHs to Neanderthals. However, the accuracy of the early chronology has been extensively disputed, primarily because of the poor association between the dated samples and human activity. Here, we test the chronology of three sites in northern Iberia, L'Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña, by radiocarbon dating ultrafiltered collagen from anthropogenically modified bones. The published dates from Labeko Koba are shown to be significant underestimates due to the insufficient removal of young contaminants. The early (c.44 ka cal BP [thousands of calibrated years before present]) Aurignacian chronology at L'Arbreda cannot be reproduced, but the reason for this is difficult to ascertain. The existing chronology of La Viña is found to be approximately correct. Together, the evidence suggests that major changes in technocomplexes occurred contemporaneously between the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of northern Iberia, with the Aurignacian appearing around 42 ka cal BP, a date broadly consistent with the appearance of this industry elsewhere in Western Europe.

Characterization of PAHs bound to ambient ultrafine particles around runways at an international airport.

The impact of airport activities on air quality, is not sufficiently documented. In order to better understand the magnitude and properly assess the sources of emissions in the sector, it is necessary to establish databases with real data on those pollutants that could have the greatest impact on both health and the environment. Particulate matter (PM), especially ultrafine particles, are a research priority, not only because of its physical properties, but also because of its ability to bind highly toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Samples of PM were collected in the ambient air around the runways at Barajas International Airport (Madrid, Spain) during October, November and December 2021. Samples were gathered using three different sampling systems and analysed to determine the concentration of PAHs bound to PM. A high-volume air sampler, a Berner low-pressure impactor, and an automated off-line sampler developed in-house were used. The agreement between the samplers was statistically verified from the PM and PAH results. The highest concentration of PM measured was 31 µg m-3, while the concentration of total PAH was 3 ng m-3, both comparable to those recorded in a semi-urban area of Madrid. The PAHs showed a similar profile to the particle size distribution, with a maximum in the 0.27-0.54 µm size range, being preferentially found in the submicron size fractions, with more than 84% and around 15-20% associated to UFPs. It was found that the ratio [PAHs(m)/PM(m)] was around 10-4 in the warmer period (October), whereas it more than doubled in the colder months (November-December). It is significant the shift in the relative distribution of compounds within these two periods, with a notable increase in the 5 and 6 ring proportions in the colder period. This increase was probably due to the additional contribution of other external sources, possibly thermal and related to combustion processes, as supported by the PAH diagnostic ratios.

Generalized lymphatic anomaly in adult patients: An eminently radiological diagnosis.

Generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) is an uncommon congenital disease secondary to the proliferation of lymphatic vessels in any organ except the central nervous system. GLA has a wide spectrum of clinical and radiological presentations, among which osteolytic lesions are the most widespread, being the ribs the most commonly affected bone. GLA is diagnosed mainly in children and young adults; nevertheless, on rare occasions it can remain asymptomatic and be detected incidentally in older patients. We present an unusual case of GLA in an asymptomatic 54-year-old man who had atypically distributed, purely cystic bone lesions on CT; measuring the Hounsfield (HU) of these lesions enabled us to suspect GLA. This suspicion was confirmed with MRI, PET/CT, CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy, and fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous vertebral biopsy. After surgical resection of one of the lesions, histologic study provided the definitive diagnosis.

Phase II study of eribulin mesylate (E7389) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer stratified by prior taxane therapy.

BACKGROUND: Treatment options remain limited for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We evaluated eribulin mesylate (E7389), a nontaxane halichondrin B analog microtubule inhibitor, in patients with metastatic CRPC with or without previous taxane exposure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Men with histologically proven CRPC, with or without prior taxane exposure, were enrolled in an open-label, single-arm phase II trial. Patients received eribulin mesylate 1.4 mg/m(2) as a 2- to 5-min i.v. bolus infusion on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. The primary efficacy end point was prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate. RESULTS: In total, 108 patients were assessable for safety (50 were taxane-pretreated) and 105 for efficacy in the per-protocol population. The median age of patients was 71 years and median number of cycles was 4. PSA decreases of ≥ 50% were achieved in 22.4% and 8.5% of taxane-naive and taxane-pretreated patients, respectively. The most common grade 3/4 adverse event was neutropenia, seen in 22.4% of chemo-naive and 40% of taxane-pretreated men. Grade 3 peripheral neuropathy occurred in none of the taxane-naive patients and 6.0% of taxane-pretreated patients. CONCLUSION: Eribulin mesylate demonstrated activity and a relatively favorable toxicity profile in metastatic CRPC.

Spanish radiology residents' views on breast imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate radiology residents' opinions about breast imaging and the possibility of choosing this subspecialty after completing their residency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We elaborated a 15-question survey aimed at radiology residents in Spain. The survey was approved by the Spanish Society of Breast Imaging (SEDIM) and the Spanish Society of Medical Radiology (SERAM), and it was disseminated by the SERAM through links to Google Forms via social networks and emails. Responses sent between February 21, 2020 and July 31, 2020 were accepted. RESULTS: A total of 72 residents responded to the survey (7.83% response rate); 69.44% of these were third- or fourth-year residents. Of the respondents, 73.61% knew about the SEDIM, and 18.06% knew about the European Society of Breast Imaging. The duration of training programs was three months for 70.83% of respondents. In 7.84% of the responses, residents stated that their supervision was less than 50%, and 70.59% of the residents stated that the rotation exceeded their expectations. One-third of the respondents would consider a fellowship in breast imaging. In all hospitals, residents did diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasound; not all did interventional procedures. Aspects of breast imaging that were rated negatively included the lack of CT studies and the possible legal repercussions of errors. Aspects that were rated positively were dynamics, interventionism, and the role of the radiologist in the process of care for patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Most residents considered that their rotations in breast imaging exceeded their expectations; however, only a small percentage of residents would consider specializing in the field.

Acid leaching of LiCoO2 enhanced by reducing agent. Model formulation and validation.

In this work, a model has been formulated to describe the complex process of LiCoO2 leaching through the participation of competing reactions in acid media including the effect of H2O2 as reducing agent. The model presented here describes the extraction of Li and Co in the presence and absence of H2O2, and it takes into account the different phenomena affecting the controlling mechanisms. In this context, the model predicts the swift from kinetic control to diffusion control. The model has been implemented and solved to simulate the leaching process. To validate the model and to estimate the model parameters, a set of 12 (in triplicate) extraction experiments were carried out varying the concentration of hydrochloric acid (within the range of 0.5-2.5 M) and hydrogen peroxide (range 0-0.6%v/v). The simulation results match fairly well with the experimental data for a wide range of conditions. Furthermore, the model can be used to predict results with different solid-liquid ratios as well as different acid and oxygen peroxide concentrations. This model could be used to design or optimize a LiCoO2 extraction process facilitating the corresponding economical balance of the treatment.

Spanish radiology residents' views on breast imaging. / Visión del residente de radiodiagnóstico en España sobre la radiología mamaria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate radiology residents' opinions about breast imaging and the possibility of choosing this subspecialty after completing their residency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We elaborated a 15-question survey aimed at radiology residents in Spain. The survey was approved by the Spanish Society of Breast Imaging (SEDIM) and the Spanish Society of Medical Radiology (SERAM), and it was disseminated by the SERAM through links to Google Forms via social networks and emails. Responses sent between February 21, 2020 and July 31, 2020 were accepted. RESULTS: A total of 72 residents responded to the survey (7.83% response rate); 69.44% of these were third- or fourth-year residents. Of the respondents, 73.61% knew about the SEDIM, and 18.06% knew about the European Society of Breast Imaging. The duration of training programs was three months for 70.83% of respondents. In 7.84% of the responses, residents stated that their supervision was less than 50%, and 70.59% of the residents stated that the rotation exceeded their expectations. One-third of the respondents would consider a fellowship in breast imaging. In all hospitals, residents did diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasound; not all did interventional procedures. Aspects of breast imaging that were rated negatively included the lack of CT studies and the possible legal repercussions of errors. Aspects that were rated positively were dynamics, interventionism, and the role of the radiologist in the process of care for patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Most residents considered that their rotations in breast imaging exceeded their expectations; however, only a small percentage of residents would consider specializing in the field.

SEOM clinical guidelines for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (2020).

The treatment of advanced prostate cancer has evolved due to recent advances in molecular research and new drug development. Dynamic aberrations in the androgen receptor, DNA repair genes, PTEN-PI3K, and other pathways drive the behavior of advanced prostate cancer allowing a better selection of therapies in each patient. Tumor testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 is recommended for patients with metastatic prostate cancer, also considering a broad panel to guide decisions and genetic counseling. In symptomatic metastatic patients, castration should be stared to palliate symptoms and prolong survival. In high-risk or high-volume metastatic hormone-naïve patients, castration should be combined with docetaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide or apalutamide. Radiotherapy to the primary tumor combined with systemic therapy is recommended in low-volume mHNPC patients. In patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant tumors, risk stratification can define the frequency of imaging. Adding enzalutamide, darolutamide or apalutamide to these patients prolongs metastasis-free and overall survival, but potential adverse events need to be taken into consideration. The choice of docetaxel, abiraterone or enzalutamide for treating metastatic castration-resistant patients depends on previous therapies, with cabazitaxel being also recommended after docetaxel. Olaparib is recommended in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutated castration-resistant patients after progression on at least one new hormonal therapy. Aggressive variants of prostate cancer respond to platinum-based chemotherapy. To optimize treatment efficiency, oncologists should incorporate all of these advances into an overall therapeutic strategy.

[Vaccination against community acquired pneumonia in adults. Update 2021 of the position paper by Neumoexpertos en Prevención Group]. / Vacunación frente a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del adulto. Actualización 2021 del posicionamiento del Grupo de Neumoexpertos en Prevención.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The aim of this study is to update the practical prevention guide for CAP through vaccination in Spain developed in 2016 and updated in 2018, based on available vaccines and evidence through bibliographic review and expert opinion. The arrival of COVID-19 as a new cause of CAP and the recent availability of safe and effective vaccines constitutes the most significant change. Vaccines against pneumococcus, influenza, pertussis and COVID-19 can help to reduce the burden of disease from CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications established in this guide, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a widespread dissemination and implementation of these recommendations in routine clinical practice.

Latest progress in molecular biology and treatment in genitourinary tumours.

The management of genitourinary cancer, including bladder, prostate, renal and testicular cancer, has evolved dramatically in recent years due to a better understanding of tumour genetic mutations, alterations in molecular pathways, and to the development of new kinds of drugs such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. In the field of immunotherapy, new drugs focused on stimulating, enhancing and modulating the immune system to detect and destroy cancer, have been recently discovered. Research in oncology moves quickly and new data of great relevance for clinical practice are communicated every year. For this reason, a group of experts, focused exclusively on the treatment of genitourinary tumours and who get together every year in the BestGU conference to assess the latest progress in this field have summarized the most important advances in a single review, along with a critical assessment of whether these results should alter daily clinical practice.

Blend design tools for Medium Combustion Plants (MCP) firing biomass wastes.

A feasible alternative for agricultural or forestry waste management is the operation of a distributed network of sustainable Medium Combustion Plants (MCPs). However, one of the main factors that hinder its development is the propensity to operational problems derived from corrosion, slagging and fouling characteristics of both bottom and fly ashes. Therefore, a cost-effective approach for these multi-product MCP could be based on predictive tools for an optimal formulation of a fuel blend. This work focuses on the assessment of the ability of these methods to provide guidance for preventing ash-related operational problems and to provide fuel-blending rules. The more widespread tools pertain to two types: compositional classification based on chemical analysis of laboratory ashes, and thermodynamic prediction of the most likely species and phases. Both criterion numbers and compositional maps are ranking methods based on the chemical analysis at a given ashing temperature. Thermodynamic equilibrium modeling is not constrained by any difference in the physical conditions of the MCP compared to those in the laboratory. Both kind of prediction tools have been validated in an MCP firing olive tree pruning residues as well as its typical blends in order to mimic a plausible pattern of fuels along a full year operating campaign. An intensive experimental campaign encompasses plant monitoring and off-line analysis of the ashes along the process line. Interpretation of compositional plots has revealed to be potentially sensitive to ashing temperature. Here are presented examples showing how this variable could lead to either insignificant differences or to a substantial disparity in the a priori fuel diagnosis. Some inconsistencies have been observed between the predictions based on criterion numbers, even for the same fuel and for ranking rules specifically formulated for biomasses. Moreover, it does not match consistently with the information obtained from phase diagrams. Therefore, their use should be limited to the case of a well-established selection of a fuel index for a well-defined fuel provided empirical evidence of an enough good description of the ash behavior, which is not the most frequent case. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations allow a more precise prediction of the main species in the condensed phase, without the constraint of the ashing temperature. Elemental closure of main ash-forming elements with the chemical analysis of the process ashes presents small differences, and their proximity localization on the phase diagrams denote similar prediction between predicted and process ashes.

Transient trochlear nerve palsy following percutaneous angioplasty. / Paresia transitoria del nervio troclear tras angioplastia percutánea.

CASE REPORT: A case is presented of a 63-year-old man who suffered a unilateral isolated trochlear nerve palsy with vertical diplopia following an elective radial coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention, which resolved spontaneously within 2 months. DISCUSSION: Ophthalmoplegia following coronary percutaneous angioplasty is rare. Only internuclear ophthalmoplegia, III and VI cranial nerve palsy have been previously reported following percutaneous angioplasty. This is the first reported case of unilateral isolated trochlear nerve ophthalmoplegia following this procedure.

[Adult community acquired pneumonia vaccination: 2018 Update of the positioning of the Pneumonia Prevention Expert Group]. / Vacunación frente a la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del adulto. Actualización 2018 del posicionamiento del Grupo de Neumoexpertos en Prevención.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The aim of this study is to update the 2016 practical prevention guidelines for CAP through vaccination in Spain, based on the available vaccines, as well as the evidence using a literature review and expert opinion. Vaccines against pneumococcus and influenza continue to be the main prevention tools available against CAP, and can contribute to reduce the burden of disease due to CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications established in these guidelines, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a widespread dissemination and implementation of these recommendations in routine clinical practice.

Modeling of electrodialytic and dialytic removal of Cr, Cu and As from CCA-treated wood chips.

A one-dimensional model is developed for simulating the electrodialytic and dialytic treatment of a saturated bed of wood chips containing chromium, copper and arsenic. The movement of Cr, Cu and As is mathematically modeled taking into account the diffusion transport resulting from the concentration gradients of their compounds and the electromigration of their ionic, simple and complex species during the operation. The model also includes the electromigration of the non-contaminant principal ionic species in the system, H(+) and OH(-), proceeding from the electrolysis at the electrodes, Na(+) and NO(3)(-) used as electrolyte solutions in the electrode compartments, and oxalate ions and protons incorporated with the oxalic acid solution during wood chips incubation. The model simulation also takes into account that OH(-) generated on the cathode, during electrodialytic remediation, is periodically neutralized by addition of nitric acid in the cathode compartment. The anion and cation-exchange membranes are simply represented as ionic filters that preclude the transport of co-ions (the cations and anions respectively) with the exception of H(+), which is retarded but considered to pass through the anion-exchange membrane.

[Impact of polymetallic mine (Zn, Pb, Cu) residues on surface water, sediments and soils at the vicinity (Marrakech, Morocco)]. / Impact des residus d'une mine polymetallique (Zn, Pb, Cu) sur les eaux de surface, les sediments et les sols avoisinants (Marrakech, Maroc).

Metal sulphide tailings present a potential risk for the environment because of their natural oxidability which leads to the production of acid mine drainage. The prospected site close to Marrakech includes zinc, lead and copper sulphide deposits. This site is located in an agricultural area near the Tensift River which is used for irrigation. In addition to the tailing leachates, underground mine waters are also discharged into the river. This represents a potential risk for the environment and human health. The aim of this study was to assess the tailings impact on surface water, sediments and soil qualities. Chemical analysis of surface water and sediments collected downstream of the mine revealed that, water and sediments present high concentrations of major ions and heavy metals. The analysis also revealed spatial as well as temporal changes in the chemical properties of the studied water and sediments. These changes are attributed to the rising phenomena. The soil near the mine presents high content of sulphate. Its Zn, Pb, Cu and Fe contents are respectively 38, 15, 11 and 1.6 times higher than non contaminated soils located far away from the site. The soil irrigated with underground mine waters shows concentrations of SO4(2-), Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Pb which are respectively 4, 10, 28, 2, 9 and 12 times higher than soils which are not irrigated with this mine water. This study also showed that there has been a change in the physicochemical characteristics of water and sediments in the sampling points downstream of the mine before its closure and after its activity renewal.