[The role of therapies in the treatment of small renal masses]. / Papel de las terapias diana en el tratamiento de las masas renales pequeñas.

OBJECTIVES: To analize the current role of target therapies in the treatment of small renal masses. METHODS: We performed a bibliographic review on the effect of target therapies on primary renal tumor, including our initial experience with two cases of small renal tumor in single kidneys treated with sunitinib. RESULTS: There is very limited experience with target therapies, being possible to use them, as the reviewed literature shows, to increase safety in nephron sparing surgery or tissue ablation technique, or as the treatment for small renal tumors in patients with single kidney in whom nephron sparing surgery is not feasible. Of our two cases with small renal tumors in patients with single kidney, the first case has had complete response to sunitinib after 21 months of follow up, and the second has had tumor stabilization after 33 months of follow up, shifting from sunitinib to pazopanib due to intolerance. CONCLUSIONS: The indication of target therapies in the treatment of metastatic renal cancer could be expanded. These therapies could be useful in localized small renal cancer and, although experience with this indication is limited, results are promising.

[Renal cell carcinoma with vena cava involvement: update and review of our series]. / Carcinoma de células renales con extensión a vena cava: puesta al día y revisión de nuestra casuística.

OBJECTIVE: To assess current management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC): staging, diagnosis, surgical approach, adjuvant therapy, prognostic factors and survival rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen cases of RCC extending into the IVC undergoing surgical resection from January 1988 to August 2008 were reviewed. TNM staging and Neves-Zincke grading of the tumor were also assessed. Surgical approach depended on thrombus level. RESULTS: With a perioperative mortality rate of 10.5% and a mean follow-up of 22.65 months (range 2-79), 5 patients are still alive, while 11 patients died from the disease, 1 from an unrelated cause, and 2 were lost to follow-up. Patients with metastatic disease received adjuvant treatment with immunotherapy or kinase inhibitors. Mean survival was 15.1 months. Significant differences were found in 3- and 5-year survival rates in patients staged as N0M0 as compared to all other stages (N+M0, N0M+, N+M+). No differences were found depending on thrombus level. CONCLUSIONS: RCC with thrombus in the IVC is a tumor with a high mortality rate. Surgery continues to be the best option, and requires adequate preoperative evaluation and the support of an experienced and well trained multidisciplinary team. Survival depends on disease extension.

Overview of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the south of Spain. / Panorámica de la poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante en una región del sur de España.

INTRODUCTION: Although autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common hereditary kidney disease, available data tend to be limited to after initiation of renal replacement therapy. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain an overview of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease within the health area of Granada in southern Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2007 to December 2016, we collected clinical, family and demographic information about all patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, irrespective of whether or not they were treated with RRT, in the Granada health area. The computer software SPSS 15.0 and GenoPro were used. RESULTS: 50.6% of the 1,107 diagnosed patients were men. 99.1% were Caucasian and 4-6 generations/family were studied. The geographical distribution was heterogeneous. There was no family history in 2.43%. The mean age of diagnosis was 34.0±17.80 years and the diagnosis was made after having offspring in 57.7% of cases. The main reason for diagnosis was family history (46.4%). The mean age of initiation of renal replacement therapy was 54.2±11.05 years. 96.3% of the deceased had some degree of renal failure at the time of death. The mean age of death was 60.9±14.10 years, the main cause of death being unknown in 33.5% of cases, followed by cardiovascular (27.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Cases and families were concentrated in certain geographical areas and a significant number of individuals were undiagnosed prior to cardiovascular death or diagnosed late after reproduction. Given that there is currently no curative treatment, the primary prevention strategy of preimplantation genetic diagnosis should play a leading role.

Anuria tras biopsia del injerto renal: intervención multidisciplinar / Anuria after renal graft biopsy: Multidisciplinary intervention

No disponible

[Intrathoracic ectopic kidney in an adult: case report and bibliographic review]. / Riñón ectópico intratorácico en un adulto: aportación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: We report the case of a 61-year-old male with the incidental diagnosis of intrathoracic renal ectopia during the workup study for a possible lung mass. METHODS: We performed a bibliographic review on the incidence, origin, clinical presentation and diagnosis of this type of renal ectopia. RESULTS: Chest x-ray showed a left posterior mediastinum mass. Bronchoscopy was performed showing signs of extrinsic compression with absence of neoplastic cells. CT scan revealed a left intrathoracic ectopic kidney with diaphragmatic hernia. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathoracic renal ectopia is a very unfrequent finding, often asymptomatic, frequently an incidental diagnosis that does not require treatment.

Panorámica de la poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante en una región del sur de España / Overview of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the south of Spain

Introducción: La poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante es la enfermedad renal hereditaria más frecuente aunque los datos disponibles generalmente son tras el inicio del tratamiento renal sustitutivo. Objetivo: Conocer la situación global de la poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante en el ámbito sanitario de Granada. Material y métodos: Desde enero 2007 hasta diciembre 2016 hemos recogido información clínica, familiar y demográfica de todos los pacientes con poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante, estuvieran o no en tratamiento renal sustitutivo, atendidos en el área de Granada. Se han utilizado los programas informáticos SPSS 15.0 y GenoPro. Resultados: Mil ciento siete pacientes diagnosticados, el 50,6% son varones. Se han estudiado 4-6 generaciones/familia. El 99,1% de raza caucásica. Hay áreas geográficas con mayor concentración. No hay antecedentes familiares en el 2,43%. La edad media de diagnóstico es de 34±17,8 años y en el 57,7% de los casos, el diagnóstico se produce después de tener descendencia. El principal motivo de diagnóstico son los antecedentes familiares (46,4%). La edad media de entrada en técnica es de 54,2±11,05 años. El 96,3% de los fallecidos tenían algún grado de insuficiencia renal en el momento del exitus. La edad media del exitus es de 60,9±14,10 años, siendo desconocida la principal causa de muerte (33,5%) seguida de la cardiovascular (27,8%). Conclusiones: Casos y familias se concentran en algunas áreas geográficas, un número importante de individuos están sin diagnosticar, fallecen antes por causa cardiovascular y se diagnostican tarde respecto al momento reproductivo. Dado que no hay tratamiento curativo, la estrategia de prevención primaria mediante el diagnóstico genético preimplantacional adquiere protagonismo (AU)

Introduction: Although autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common hereditary kidney disease, available data tend to be limited to after initiation of renal replacement therapy. Objective: To ascertain an overview of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease within the health area of Granada in southern Spain. Material and methods: From January 2007 to December 2016, we collected clinical, family and demographic information about all patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, irrespective of whether or not they were treated with RRT, in the Granada health area. The computer software SPSS 15.0 and GenoPro were used. Results: 50.6% of the 1,107 diagnosed patients were men. 99.1% were Caucasian and 4-6 generations/family were studied. The geographical distribution was heterogeneous. There was no family history in 2.43%. The mean age of diagnosis was 34.0±17.80 years and the diagnosis was made after having offspring in 57.7% of cases. The main reason for diagnosis was family history (46.4%). The mean age of initiation of renal replacement therapy was 54.2±11.05 years. 96.3% of the deceased had some degree of renal failure at the time of death. The mean age of death was 60.9±14.10 years, the main cause of death being unknown in 33.5% of cases, followed by cardiovascular (27.8%). Conclusions: Cases and families were concentrated in certain geographical areas and a significant number of individuals were undiagnosed prior to cardiovascular death or diagnosed late after reproduction. Given that there is currently no curative treatment, the primary prevention strategy of preimplantation genetic diagnosis should play a leading role (AU)

[Low flow priapism. Treatment by sapheno-cavernous shunt]. / Priapismo de bajo flujo. Tratamiento mediante shunt safeno-cavernoso.

OBJECTIVE: We report the clinical case of a 21-year-old male presenting with a 36 hour history of low flow priapism, its diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: We performed a bibliography review on the etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment options. RESULTS: The patient underwent unsuccessful punction-aspiration of intracavernous blood with phenylephrine injection and cavernous irrigation with saline solution. A covernous-spongiosum shunt was performed subsequently, firstly using the Winter technique and followed by the AlGorab technique with a final positive response. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of a sapheno-cavernous shunt is an effective treatment for the low flow priapism resistant to usual medical-surgical treatment.

[Metachronic testicular tumor secondary to invasive bladder carcinoma]. / Tumor testicular metacronico secundario a carcinoma vesical infiltrante.

OBJECTIVE: To report a rare case of testicular metastasis secondary to an infiltrative transitional cell carcinoma years after radical surgery. CASE REPORT: 71-year-old male patient with history of infiltrative bladder tumor, status post radical cystoprostatectomy with urethrectomy. Seven years after surgery he presents with pain and swelling in the right testicle. Inguinal orchyectomy was carried out with the pathologic diagnosis of testicular metastasis of a high-grade transitional cell carcinoma. We perform a bibliographic review. RESULTS: The patient is disease-free twelve months after orchyectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from leukemia and lymphoma, testicular metastases are extremely rare. The existence of testicular metastases means a metastatic dissemination to other organs, therefore chemotherapy could improve prognosis.

[Metachronous adrenal metastasis in two patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for primary renal cell carcinoma]. / Metástasis suprarrenal metacrónica en 2 pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía radical por carcinoma de células renales primario.

OBJECTIVES: We report two exceptional cases of metachronous adrenal metastasis of renal cell carcinomas and perform a bibliographic review. After the evaluation of various features such as frequency, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and follow-up of these patients we conclude that these metastases are rare, and they usually appear late in the evolution of patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Once reviewed the treatment and checked the absence of guidelines for the therapeutic management of these patients we propose surgery for the adrenal metastasis as well as adjuvant treatment with immunotherapy.

[Dorsal onlay urethroplasty with foreskin mucosa free graft (Barbagli's technique): preliminary results of our case series]. / Uretroplastia dorsal con injerto libre de mucosa prepucial (técnica de Barbagli): resultados preliminares de nuestra serie.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluate the indication and results in the treatment of complex urethral stenosis by the Barbagli's technique. METHODS: We retrospectively review 8 patients undergoing dorsal onlay urethroplasty with foreskin mucosa free graft. We analyze their preoperative characteristics. Mean stenosis length was 6.25 cm and the site was bulbar urethra in seven cases and penile in one. Mean preoperative flow was 8.78 ml/sec. We describe the technique and present our results. RESULTS: There are 87.5% of goods results (cure of the stenosis) with 22 months of mean follow-up. Only one patient required a second operation (end to end anastomosis) with good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The dorsal onlay urethroplasty with foreskin mucosa free graft is an effective technique in long and complex urethral stenosis, and we consider it the technique of first choice in view of our results.

[Urinary incontinence. Evaluation and classification methods]. / Incontinencia urinaria. Métodos para su evaluación y clasificación.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate different methods for clinical evaluation of female urinary incontinence. METHODS: A through bibliographic review has been carried out with special attention to the diagnostic tests of greater importance currently. Additionally we present the various female incontinence classifications. RESULTS: There is a growing interest in the use of questionnaires for subjective evaluation of symptoms. Among the objective tests for evaluation and quantification of the urine leaks the frequency/volume charts and the diaper test are very useful. Video-urodynamics and the late contributions from ultrasonography must be highlighted in the field of imaging tests. From the Urodynamics point of view, abdominal leak point pressure plays an interesting role in the diagnosis of female's urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: After proper clinical evaluation, reasonable use of diagnostic tests and urologists experience will allow to set an exact diagnosis to offer the right treatment to the patients.

[Interstitial cystitis: update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment]. / Cistitis intersticial: actualización de su patogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

OBJECTIVES: Interstitial cystitis is a nosological entity of which many etiological, diagnostic and therapeutic features were unknown until recently, so that we had the objective to review new knowledge acquired during the last decade to offer an update in the disease. METHODS: A bibliographic review on interstitial cystitis is performed with special interest in national and international authors who have experience and large case series. RESULTS: Among the multiple etiopathogenical theories proposed in the past, the hypothesis to be highlighted, that is gaining strength, is the altered bladder urothelium permeability or hemato-urinary barrier alteration, with the aggression of toxic substances contained in urine in high concentrations like potassium. Epidemiologically, some authors think the disease is present in the population in a higher frequency than it is diagnosed, and it may be found in many women with the misdiagnosis of recurrent urinary tract infections. Regarding diagnosis, a new test is proposed to help clinical diagnosis: the potassium test, which consists in the endovesical instillation of this ion at high concentrations reproducing the symptoms. Finally, in the medical treatment it is demonstrated the efficacy of drug associations over monotheraphy (heparinoids, antihistaminic and antidepressant drugs), looking for the correction of the physiopathological abnormalities caused by the disease. Psicologic support and continuous information to the patient about the disease continue to be one of the mainstays of this multimodal therapy. New options like neural stimulation have appeared, although its results are not conclusive so that further studies must be done. CONCLUSIONS: New knowledge about interstitial cystitis allow us to better understand the chain of events happening in it. An early clinical diagnosis, now reinforced with a positive potassium test, is key to start medical treatment (drug combination) targeted to stop the pathogenic process, because it is more effective in the early phases of the disease. For that purpose, the Urologist must have this disease in mind.

[Pelvic lipomatosis. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations apropos of 3 cases]. / Lipomatosis pélvica. Consideraciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas a propósito de tres casos.

OBJECTIVE: We report three cases of pelvic lipomatosis, and from them we discuss its diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. METHODS/RESULTS: Three patients, 71, 65 and 61 years old respectively, presented with irritative lower urinary tract symptoms. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and CT scan were performed as diagnostic procedures. After diagnosis an endoscopic evaluation including biopsies was performed to rule out tumours. All three underwent Bricker-Wallace II type urinary diversion resulting in good control of irritative symptoms. During follow-up one patient presented with an infiltrative bladder tumour. CONCLUSION: Pelvic lipomatosis is a rare disease; although traditionally has been considered benign it can result in urinary tract obstruction with severe physiopathological consequences. IVU and CT-scan are valuable to confirm the diagnosis. Lower urinary tract symptoms are controlled with urinary diversion without cystectomy but potential malignization of the bladder lesions should make us reconsider treatment.

[Multicystic mesothelioma of the testicular tunica vaginalis]. / Mesotelioma multiquístico de túnica vaginal testicular.

OBJECTIVES: To report an exceptional case of multicystic mesothelioma of the testicular tunica vaginalis. METHODS: A 72-year-old male was referred for study of a scrotal mass. Physical examination, blood tests, and ultrasound were performed prior to surgical excision and pathologic study of the lesion. RESULTS: The ultrasound study showed a multilobar cystic lesion near the spermatic cord. Pathology reported multiple 3-4 mm cystic formations, with rudimentary papillae covered by a hyperchromatic epithelium and vimentin (+), CD 34 (+) immunophenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Multicystic mesothelioma is a rare form of mesothelioma, easy to recognize but infrequent. This tumor generally affects the peritoneal surface of the pelvis and abdomen; although other less frequent locations have been described testicular location is exceptional. We report the case of a patient presenting with a multicystic mesothelioma of the testicular tunica vaginalis and review the diagnosis, pathology and treatment options for this type of tumor.

[Malacoplakia within a female urethral diverticulum]. / Malacoplaquia en divertículo uretral femenino.

OBJECTIVES: We report one case of malakoplakia within a female urethral diverticulum. METHODS: 33-year-old patient who consulted for an asymptomatic vaginal tumor. Physical examination, blood and urine analysis and microbiology tests, as well as urethrocystoscopy and intravenous pyelogram were performed. With the diagnosis of urethral diverticulum we undertook surgical excision through a vaginal approach. RESULTS: Pathology revealed the typical characteristics of malakoplakia within the diverticular lumen. CONCLUSIONS: Malakoplakia is an infrequent inflammatory disease which involves the urinary tract in most cases. Urethra location is exceptional.

[Left adrenal carcinoma with caval thrombosis]. / Carcinoma suprarrenal izquierdo con trombo en cava.

OBJECTIVES: To review the epidemiology, classification, prognosis, and therapeutic options of adrenal cortical carcinoma, mainly those of functional tumors. METHODS AND RESULTS: 52-year-old male presenting with wasting syndrome and a big left adrenal tumor, as well as a possible inferior vena cava thrombus. The tumor was catalogued as non functional after functional studies. Surgical intervention was carried out including adrenal tumor excision, splenectomy, and cavotomy with thrombectomy of a tumoral thrombus coming from the left adrenal and renal veins. Infrarenal iliocaval thrombosis appeared during the postoperative period, requiring intensive anticoagulant therapy and ICU admission for control. Pathological diagnosis confirmed the existence of a high grade malignant adrenal cortical carcinoma. Patient died two months after surgery due to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Radiological tests are fundamental in the diagnosis of adrenal masses. In the case of big tumoral masses, it is important to rule out the existence of possible tumor thrombi in the adrenal vein territory, including the inferior vena cava.

[Testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer]. / Microlitiasis testicular y cáncer de testículo.

OBJECTIVE: To check the possible relationship between testicular microlithiasis and testicular carcinoma in a patient in the one which previously we discovered a sonographic image of this condition. The etiopathogenesis, incidence and attitude are discussed. METHODS: A 23-year-old male with a psychomotor retardation secondary to a chromosomopathy presented with orchitis. Scrotal ultrasound discovered testicular microlithiasis, described as many hyperechoic images. Thirteen months later a testicular cancer was found in a new ultrasound. Radical orchiectomy was performed. Currently the patient is under intense follow-up. RESULTS: The histopathological study showed mature teratoma and intratubular germ cell neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: The testicular microlithiasis has been related with benign and malignant testicular pathology. However, this presence it is not sufficiently clarified and the urologist's attitude to a patient with testicular microlithiasis but asymptomatic is not enough studied.

[Acute prostatitis as the 1st symptom of brucellosis]. / Prostatitis aguda como primer síntoma de brucelosis.

OBJECTIVES: To report a case of acute prostatitis as the first symptom of brucellosis. METHODS: 43-year-old patient who presented with a clinical picture of acute prostatitis and a febrile syndrome for seven days. Physical exam, blood and urine analysis and microbiological tests, and specific serologic studies were performed. RESULTS: Microbiological diagnosis was negative for bacteria, but Bengala pink (+), antibrucella serum agglutination (+) 1/320, and anti-Brucella Coombs test (+) 1/5120. Specific treatment was started with doxycyclin 100 mg b.i.d for 45 days and streptomycin 1 gr o.d for 15 days, with a positive outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The genitourinary tract is the second most frequent localization, being the testicle the most frequently affected organ, although it can also be localized in other areas of the urinary tract.

Carcinoma de células renales con extensión a vena cava: puesta al día y revisión de nuestra casuística / Renal cell carcinoma with vena cava involvement: update and review of our series

Objetivo: Valorar la situación actual en el tratamiento del carcinoma renal con extensión a vena cava inferior (VCI): Clasificación, diagnóstico, abordaje quirúrgico, terapia adyuvante, factores de pronóstico y supervivencia. Materiales y Métodos: Se revisan 19 casos de carcinomas renales con extensión a VCI intervenidos entre enero de 1988 y agosto de 2008. Se valoran la edad, el sexo, lateralidad y función renal de los pacientes. Con respecto al tumor se valoran: estadio según TNM y la clasificación de Neves-Zincke. Se describe el abordaje quirúrgico según el nivel del trombo. Resultados: Con una tasa de mortalidad perioperatoria del 10.5% y una media de seguimiento de 22,65 meses (rango 2-79), sobreviven 5 pacientes; 11 han fallecido por la enfermedad; uno por otra causa y 2 se han perdido. Los pacientes metastásicos han recibido tratamiento adyuvante con Inmunoterapia o inhibidores de las kinasas. La supervivencia media es de 15,1 meses. Existen diferencias significativas a tres y cinco años en la supervivencia de los pacientes estadiados como N0M0 vs resto (N+M0, N0M+, N+M+). No hay diferencias en función del nivel del trombo. Conclusiones: El carcinoma renal con trombo en VCI es un tumor con alta mortalidad. El abordaje quirúrgico del mismo es la opción más valida y precisa una correcta valoración prequirúrgica y el apoyo de un equipo multidisciplinar preparado y con experiencia. La supervivencia depende de la extensión de la enfermedad (AU)

Objective: To assess current management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC): staging, diagnosis, surgical approach, adjuvant therapy, prognostic factors and survival rate. Materials and Methods: Nineteen cases of RCC extending into the IVC undergoing surgical resection from January 1988to August 2008 were reviewed. TNM staging and Neves-Zincke grading of the tumor were also assessed. Surgical approach depended on thrombus level. Results: With a perioperative mortality rate of 10.5% and a mean follow-up of 22.65 months (range 2-79), 5 patients are still alive, while 11 patients died from the disease, 1 from an unrelated cause, and 2 were lost to follow-up. Patients with metastatic disease received adjuvant treatment with immunotherapy or kinase inhibitors. Mean survival was 15.1 months. Significant differences were found in 3- and 5-year survival rates in patients staged as N0M0 as compared to all other stages (N+M0, N0M+, N+M+). No differences were found depending on thrombus level. Conclusions: RCC with thrombus in the IVC is a tumor with a high mortality rate. Surgery continues to be the best option, and requires adequate preoperative evaluation and the support of an experienced and well trained multidisciplinary team. Survival depends on disease extension (AU)