Decoding load or selection in visuospatial working memory?

Flexible updating of information in Visual Working Memory (VWM) is crucial to deal with its limited capacity. Previous research has shown that the removal of no longer relevant information takes some time to complete. Here, we sought to study the time course of such removal by tracking the accompanying drop in load through behavioral and neurophysiological measures. In the first experimental session, participants completed a visuospatial retro-cue task in which the Cue-Target Interval (CTI) was manipulated. The performance revealed that it takes about half a second to make full use of the retro-cue. In a second session, we sought to study the dynamics of load-related electroencephalographic (EEG) signals to track the removal of information. We applied Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA) to EEG data from the same task. Right after encoding, results replicated previous research using MVPA to decode load. However, especially after the retro-cue, results suggested that classifiers were mainly sensitive to a selection component, and not so much to load per se. Additionally, visual cue variations, as well as eye movements that accompany load manipulations can also contribute to decoding. These findings advise caution when using MVPA to decode VWM load, as classifiers may be sensitive to confounding operations.

Testing the modulation of self-related automatic and others-related controlled processing by chronotype and time-of-day.

We assessed whether self-related automatic and others-related controlled processes are modulated by chronotype and time-of-day. Here, a shape-label matching task composed of three geometrical shapes arbitrarily associated with you, friend, and stranger was used. Twenty Morning-types, and twenty Evening-types performed the task at the optimal and non-optimal times of day (i.e., 8 AM, or 8:30 PM). Morning-types did not exhibit noticeable synchrony effects, thus proving the better adaptation of these participants to non-optimal moments of the day as compared to Evening-types. Contrary to our predictions regarding the absence of automatic-processing modulation and the presence of controlled-processing influences by time-of-day, we found an influence on self-related but not others-related processing only in Evening-type participants. Although brain structures are not directly tackled, we argue that such modulation may be due to the dependence of the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), an essential component of the self-attention network on circadian rhythms.

Self-prioritization effect in the attentional blink paradigm: Attention-based or familiarity-based effect?

The self-prioritization effect (SPE) refers to the advantage in processing stimuli associated with oneself. Here, we addressed the SPE in an attentional blink (AB) task. In Experiment 1, shapes associated to you, friend, or stranger served as T1, and letter X as T2. The AB effect was larger for you than the other label conditions, and larger for friend condition than for stranger condition. We suggest that self-associated shape increased its perceptual salience, producing greater attentional capture. In Experiment 2 participants trained with a shape-label matching task to increase familiarity with the shape-label associations before performing the AB task. The difference between friend and stranger conditions disappeared, suggesting that the difference between the two conditions observed in Experiment 1 was mainly due to differences in familiarity or frequency of use. Importantly, the advantage of you over friend and stranger conditions remained, suggesting that the SPE is a genuine effect.

The role of differential outcomes-based feedback on procedural memory.

In categorization tasks, two memory systems may be involved in the learning of categories: one explicit and rule-based system and another implicit and procedure-based system. Learning of rule-based categories relies on some form of explicit reasoning, whereas procedural memory underlies information-integration category-learning tasks, in which performance is maximized only if information of two (or more) dimensions is integrated. The present study aimed at investigating the role of how feedback is administered, whether differential or non-differential, in procedural learning. An information-integration category-learning task was designed, where the to-be-categorized stimuli differed in two dimensions. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received the reinforcers for correct categorizations differentially, one for each category (the differential outcomes procedure, DOP), and the other group received the reinforcers randomly (the non-differential outcomes procedure, NOP). The participants of the DOP group showed better procedural learning in the categorization task, compared to the NOP group. Moreover, the analysis of learning strategies revealed that more participants developed more optimal strategies in the DOP group than in the NOP group. These results extend the benefits of the differential outcomes-based feedback to non-declarative memory tasks and help better understand the role of feedback in procedural learning.

Circadian modulation of the time course of automatic and controlled semantic processing.

We investigated whether chronotype and time-of-day modulate the time course of automatic and controlled semantic processing. Participants performed a category semantic priming task at either the optimal or non-optimal time of day. We varied the prime-target onset asynchrony (100-, 450-, 650-, and 850-ms SOAs) and kept the percentage of unrelated targets constant at 80%. Automatic processing was expected with the short SOA, and controlled processing with longer SOAs. Intermediate-types (Experiment 1) verified that our task was sensitive to capturing both types of processes and served as a reference to assess themin extreme chronotypes. Morning-type and evening-type participants (Experiment 2) differed in the influence of time of testing on priming effects. Morning-types applied control in all conditions, and no performance modulation by time-of-day was observed. In contrast, evening-types were most adversely affected by the time of day to shift from automatic-based to controlled-based responses. Also, they were considerably affected in successfully implementing controlled processing with long intervals, particularly at the non-optimal time of day, with inhibitory priming showing only a marginally significant effect at the longest SOA. These results suggest that extreme chronotypes may be associated with different styles of cognitive control. Morning-types would be driven by a proactive control style, whereas a reactive control style might be applied by evening-types.

Vigilance decrement and mind-wandering in sustained attention tasks: Two sides of the same coin?

Background: Decrements in performance and the propensity for increased mind-wandering (i.e., task-unrelated thoughts) across time-on-task are two pervasive phenomena observed when people perform vigilance tasks. In the present study, we asked whether processes that lead to vigilance decrement and processes that foster the propensity for mind-wandering (MW) can be dissociated or whether they share a common mechanism. In one experiment, we introduced two critical manipulations: increasing task demands and applying anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Method: Seventy-eight participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups resulting from the factorial combination of task demand (low, high) and stimulation (anodal, sham). Participants completed the sustained attention to response task (SART), which included thought probes on intentional and unintentional MW. In addition, we investigated the crucial role of alpha oscillations in a novel approach. By assessing pre-post resting EEG, we explored whether participants' variability in baseline alpha power predicted performance in MW and vigilance decrement related to tDCS or task demands, respectively, and whether such variability was a stable characteristic of participants. Results: Our results showed a double dissociation, such that task demands exclusively affected vigilance decrement, while anodal tDCS exclusively affected the rate of MW. Furthermore, the slope of the vigilance decrement function and MW rate (overall, intentional and unintentional) did not correlate. Critically, resting state alpha-band activity predicted tDCS-related gains in unintentional MW alone, but not in vigilance decrement, and remained stable after participants completed the task. Conclusion: These results show that when a sustained attention task involving executive vigilance, such as the SART, is designed to elicit both vigilance decrement effects and MW, the processes leading to vigilance decrement should be differentiated from those responsible for MW, a claim that is supported by the double dissociation observed here and the lack of correlation between the measures chosen to assess both phenomena. Furthermore, the results provide the first evidence of how individual differences in alpha power at baseline may be of crucial importance in predicting the effects of tDCS on MW propensity.

Mid-luteal phase progesterone effects on vigilance tasks are modulated by women's chronotype.

BACKGROUND: In this study we assessed the effects of progesterone on vigilance tasks that require sustained attention. In contrast to previous research, we differentiated two components of vigilance: the exogenous component, involved in monotonous and tedious tasks such as the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT); and the endogenous component, involved in tasks that require cognitive control such as the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). METHODS: A sample of 32 female participants differing in extreme chronotypes were tested at their optimal and non-optimal time-of-day, as secretion of sex hormones follows biological rhythms. Ovulation tests that measure the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) in urine were used to minimize methodological errors. Women of Morning-type or Evening-type chronotypes completed 4 experimental sessions of the two attentional tasks when they were in their follicular (low progesterone level) and mid-luteal (high progesterone level) phases, both in the morning (8:00 AM) and the evening (8:30 PM). RESULTS: Compared with the follicular phase, performance in the mid-luteal phase improved in the Morning-type participants and worsened in the Evening-type participants. This pattern of results was observed only when testing occurred at the optimal time-of-day and with both the PVT and the SART tasks. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the simultaneous presence of both progesterone and cortisol at 8:00 AM may explain the benefit observed in Morning-type females. In contrast, the low concentration of cortisol along with the reduced benefit of mid-luteal phase progesterone in the evening may account for the worsening in performance observed in Evening-type females.

Effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation over right-DLPFC on vigilance tasks depend on the arousal level.

Current theoretical accounts on the oscillatory nature of sustained attention predict that entrainment via transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at alpha and theta frequencies on specific areas of the prefrontal cortex could prevent the drops in vigilance across time-on-task. Nonetheless, most previous studies have neglected both the fact that vigilance comprises two dissociable components (i.e., arousal and executive vigilance) and the potential role of differences in arousal levels. We examined the effects of theta- and alpha-tACS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in both components of vigilance and in participants who differed in arousal level according to their chronotype and time of testing. Intermediate-types performed the vigilance tasks when their arousal level was optimal, whereas evening-types performed the vigilance tasks when their arousal levels were non-optimal. Both theta- and alpha-tACS improved arousal vigilance in the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), whereas alpha-tACS, but not theta-tACS, improved executive vigilance in the sustained attention to response task (SART), and counteracted the typical vigilance decrement usually observed in this task. Importantly, these stimulation effects were only found when arousal was low (i.e., with evening-types performing the tasks at their non-optimal time of day). The results support the multicomponent view of vigilance, the relevance of heeding individual differences in arousal, and the role of alpha oscillations as a long-range cortical scale synchronization mechanism that compensates the decrements in performance as a function of time-on-task by exerting and maintaining cognitive control attributed to activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Outcome of patients with acute heart failure secondary to acute myocardial infarction treated with noninvasive mechanical ventilation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been shown to reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation and mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). However, patients with AHF secondary to acute coronary syndrome/acute myocardial infarction (ACS-AMI) have been excluded from many clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of NIV between patients with AHF triggered by ACS-AMI and by other etiologies. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of all patients with AHF treated with NIV admitted to the intensive care unit for a period of 20 years. Patients were divided according to whether they had ACS-AMI as the cause of the AHF episode. NIV failure was defined as the need for endotracheal intubation or death. RESULTS: A total of 1009 patients were analyzed, 403 (40%) showed ACS-AMI and 606 (60%) other etiologies. NIV failure occurred in 61 (15.1%) in the ACS-AMI group and in 64 (10.6%) in the other group (P=.031), without differences in in-hospital mortality (16.6% and 14.9%, respectively; P=.478). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of ACS-AMI as the triggering cause of AHF did not influence patients with acute respiratory failure requiring noninvasive respiratory support.

Propensity to intentional and unintentional mind-wandering differs in arousal and executive vigilance tasks.

We typically observe a decrement in vigilance with time-on-task, which favors the propensity for mind-wandering, i.e., the shifting of attention from the task at hand to task-unrelated thoughts. Here, we examined participants' mind-wandering, either intentional or unintentional, while performing vigilance tasks that tap different components of vigilance. Intentional mind-wandering is expected mainly when the arousal component is involved, whereas unintentional mind-wandering is expected mainly in tasks involving the executive component. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) assessed the arousal component, whereas the Sustained Attention to Response task (SART) assessed the executive component of vigilance. The two types of mind-wandering were probed throughout task execution. The results showed that the overall rate of mind-wandering was higher in the PVT than in the SART. Intentional mind-wandering was higher with the PVT than with the SART, whereas unintentional mind-wandering was higher with the SART than with the PVT. Regarding mind-wandering as a function of vigilance decrement with time-on-task, unintentional mind-wandering in the PVT increased between blocks 1 and 2 and then stabilized, whereas a progressive increase was observed in the SART. Regarding intentional mind-wandering, a progressive increase was only observed in the SART. The differential patterns of intentional and unintentional mind-wandering in both tasks suggest that, intentional mind wandering occurs mainly in arousal tasks in which propensity to mind-wander has little impact on task performance. However, unintentional mind-wandering occurs mainly in executive tasks as a result of a failure of cognitive control, which promotes attentional resources to be diverted toward mind-wandering. These results are discussed in the context of the resource-control model of mind-wandering.

The role of chronotype in the interaction between the alerting and the executive control networks.

Chronotype refers to the time of day preferred by individuals to perform daily activities according to their circadian rhythm. We asked whether synchrony effects, that is, the difference in performance between the optimal and non-optimal time of day as a function of chronotype, are observed in two tasks that differently involve the endogenous component of the alerting network, the psychomotor visual task (PVT) and the flanker task. From an initial sample of 132 students that filled in the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), 18 were classified as Morning-types and 16 as Evening-types. Evening-types showed synchrony effects in both tasks, whereas Morning-types failed to show synchrony effects in the flanker task and when the PVT was first performed at the non-optimal time of day. Thus, Morning-types might have seen increased their vigilant attention at their non-optimal time of day due to the cognitive demands of the flanker task and to the novelty with the PVT. Phasic alerting generated by alerting tones increased conflict score in the flanker task, but time of day did not modulate the congruence effect. Chronotype determines vigilant attention more decisively in Evening-types than in Morning-types individuals. Also, exogenous but not endogenous alerting exerts a deleterious effect on conflict resolution.

Examining the Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in the Self-Attention Network: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Parallel Group, Double-Blind, and Multichannel HD-tDCS Study.

BACKGROUND: Attention and perception are strongly biased toward information about oneself compared to information about others. The self-attention network, an integrative theoretical framework for understanding the self-prioritization effects (SPE), proposes that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) are the two nodes responsible for the preferential processing of self-related stimuli, which interact with the attentional control network (associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC), responsible for processing other-related stimuli. So far, neuroimaging studies have provided considerable correlational evidence supporting the self-attention network. OBJECTIVE: Here we went beyond correlational evidence by manipulating cortical activity using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation method. We assessed whether anodal and cathodal stimulation of the VMPFC or the DLPFC modulates the processing of self- and other-related stimuli. METHODS: We used an associative unbiased learning procedure, the so-called shape-label matching task, to assess the SPE in a sample of N = 90. We accomplished to overcome different methodological weaknesses of previous studies using different multichannel montages for excitatory and inhibitory effects over both the VMPFC and the DLPFC. RESULTS: We found no effect of shape association for non-matching pairs, whereas there was an effect of shape association in the matching condition. Performance (reaction times and accuracy) was better for the self association than for the other two associations, and performance for the friend association was better than for the stranger association. Thus, we replicated the SPE with behavioral data. At the neural level, none of the stimulation succeeded to modulate the magnitude of the SPE effect. CONCLUSION: We discuss the implications of these findings, in particular why cognitive modeling theories about SPEs should favor an epiphenomenal rather than a causal link between VMPFC/DLPFC and the impact of personal significance stimuli on perception.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Clance Impostor Scale (S-CIPS) / Propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española de la Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (S-CIPS)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de examinar la fiabilidad, validez y estructura factorial de la adaptación española de la Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS). Para ello, un total de 271 estudiantes españoles completaron una versión traducida de la escala original de 20 ítems. En nuestra muestra, el instrumento mostró una alta fiabilidad, medida como consistencia interna, (ωTotal =.90) y correlaciones moderadas-altas con medidas de depresión (r =.633), autoestima (r = -.754) y miedo a las evaluaciones negativas (r = .666), lo cual sugiere tanto una validez nomológica como discriminante. Aunque en la validación original se propuso una estructura de tres factores, otros estudios han encontrado ajuste a estructuras de uno y dos factores. Aquí, utilizamos un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para probar el ajuste de estos tres modelos. Nuestros resultados muestran que, en la adaptación a español, el modelo con dos factores es el preferido. Esta adaptación al español de la CIPS provee a los profesionales clínicos una de una nueva herramienta para poder investigar los mecanismos que subyacen al síndrome del impostor, así como futuros tratamientos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the Spanish version of the Clance Impostor Phenom-enon Scale (CIPS). A sample of 271 Spanish students was recruited to complete a translated version of the original 20-item CIPS. In our sample, the instrument showed high internal consistency reliability (ωTotal=.90) and a moderate-to-strong correlation with measures of depression (r= .633), self-esteem (r= -.754) and fear of negative evaluation (r= .666), suggesting both nomological and discriminant validity. Althoughthe original valida-tion of the CIPS proposed a factorial structure with three factors, subse-quent validations also revealed adjustment to two-and one-factor struc-tures. Here, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the three different models. The results showed that in our adaptation, a 2-factor structure might be preferred. This adaptation of the CIPS to Spanish pro-vides clinicians with a new method to gain insight into the psychological mechanisms behind the Impostor phenomenon and suitable treatments.(AU)

Time course of the inhibitory tagging effect in ongoing emotional processing. A HD-tDCS study.

When a cueing procedure that usually triggers inhibition of return (IOR) effects is combined with tasks that tap semantic processing, or involve response-based conflict, an inhibitory tagging (IT) emerges that disrupts responses to stimuli at inhibited locations. IT seems to involve the executive prefrontal cortex, mainly the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), in cognitive conflict tasks. Contrary to other inhibitory effects, IT has been observed with rather short intervals, concretely when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the prime presented at the cued location, and the subsequent target is 250 ms. Here we asked whether IT is also applied to ongoing emotional processing, and whether the left DLPFC plays a causal role in IT using HD-tDCS. In two experiments with an emotional conflict task, we observed reduced conflict effects, the signature of IT, when the prime word was presented at the cued location, and once again when the prime-target SOA was just 250 ms. Also, the IT effect was eliminated when cathodal stimulation was applied to the left DLPFC. These findings suggest that the IT effect involves areas of the executive attention network and cooperates with IOR to favor attentional allocation to novel unexplored objects/locations, irrespective of their emotional content.