Characterization and optimization of microelectrode arrays for in vivo nerve signal recording and stimulation.

Revealing the complex signal-processing mechanisms and interconnection patterns of the nervous system has long been an intriguing puzzle. As a contribution to its understanding the optimization of the impedance behavior of implantable electrode arrays with via holes is discussed here. Peripheral axons will regenerate through these holes allowing for simultaneous nerve stimulation and signal recording. This approach is part of the ESPRIT project INTER and may eventually lead to devices driving sensory motor prosthesis with closed loop control. In the first set of experiments, micromachined platinum electrode arrays were prepared, characterized and optimized for nerve signal recording. The results of these studies are based on impedance spectroscopy and microscopic techniques. Equivalent circuits were modeled describing formally the electrical response behavior with ohmic resistances between 500 omega and 10 k omega. To attain low impedances for all electrodes on the INTER device, platinum from H2PtCl6 was electrodeposited, and sputter technology as well as electrochemical deposition from H2IrCl6 solution were used to produce thin iridium films. For the former, a lift-off process was established at one of the institutes to generate electrode structures with a line width of 5 microns. As a result in all three cases the electrodes showed almost constant impedances over the entire frequency range (10 Hz-1 kHz), which is relevant for nerve signal recording. In the second set of experiments, electrodes were optimized to allow for nerve stimulation. For this purpose, the charge delivery capacity (CDC) had to be increased and the impedance had to be decreased. Iridium oxide is the material of choice, because its CDC is much higher than the CDC of platinum at 75 microC/cm2 (Ziaie et al., 1991, IEEE Sensors & Actuators Transducers, 6, 124-127). A significant increase of the electrochemically active surface of the electrode structures could be observed by measuring the surface roughness. In first experiments, an activated iridium oxide film was formed with cyclic voltammetry and was evaluated using scanning force microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. The evaluation of the cyclic voltammograms showed a CDC up to 400 mC/cm2 for sputter deposited and oxidatively treated iridium films. Further investigations are directed towards increasing the stability of the iridium oxide electrodes with regard to long-term implants. Parallel experiments aim at the controlled axon adhesion without changing the impedance behavior of the described electrodes.

Fast and precise positioning of single cells on planar electrode substrates.

For cell biosensors and for studying neural networks using planar electrode substrates, a suitable technique for positioning single cells on electrodes was needed. We reported a new method for fast and efficient positioning of single cells on ring electrodes by controlled suction through holes. We described the microfabrication of electrode substrates with microholes and the cell positioning procedure. L929 cells and Neuro 2A cells could be positioned in parallel without cell damage.