[The final week of life in an acute care hospital: review of 401 consecutive patients]. / Ultima semana de vida en un hospital de agudos: revisión de 401 pacientes consecutivos.

INTRODUCTION: because of population ageing and sociocultural changes related to death, increasing the numbers of patients are dying in hospitals. OBJECTIVES: to analyze patient characteristics and end-of-life care in the final week of life in patients dying in an acute-care hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: all patients older than 18 years old who died in the hospital over a 1-year period were analyzed. Patients dying in intensive care and emergency units were excluded. The following variables were evaluated: demographic data, main illness, cause of admission, comorbidity, terminal illness, medication, delay in beginning palliative sedation, use of devices, adverse events, and do not attempt resuscitation orders. RESULTS: a total of 401 patients (mean age: 78 +/- 11 years) with numerous comorbidities were evaluated. Of these, 348 patients (87%) were considered to be terminal. The reason for admission was related to the main disease in 207 patients (52%). Terminal sedation was applied in 311 patients (78%), and informed consent from the relatives was documented in 294 patients (73%). Intervention by on-call physician was required to control symptom aggravation in 214 patients (55%). Active medication was maintained in addition to sedation in 145 patients (36%). Complementary examinations were performed in 109 patients (40%), but did not modify prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: reasonable therapeutics objectives relating to the patient's situation and guidelines to improve quality of life at the end of life should be established.

Incidence of TB in inmates with latent TB infection: 5-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Inmates are a high-risk population for tuberculosis (TB) control efforts, including treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Completion of therapy after release has been poor. The goal of this study was to evaluate therapy completion and active disease over 5 years in a cohort of inmates. METHODS: The sample was from a completed randomized trial in 1998-1999 of education or incentive versus usual care to improve therapy completion after release from the San Francisco County Jail. Records from the jail, the County Tuberculosis Clinic, and the California TB Registry were used to measure therapy completion and development of active TB. Analyses were conducted in 2005. RESULTS: Of a total 527 inmates, 31.6% (n=176) completed therapy, of whom 59.7% (n=105) completed it in jail. Compared with the U.S.-born, foreign-born inmates residing in the United States for < or =5 years were less likely to complete the therapy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.28-0.85), and those with more education were more likely to complete the therapy (AOR=1.06, 95% CI=1.01-1.12). Three subjects developed active TB in the 5 years of follow-up, resulting in an annual rate of 108 per 100,000. Compared with California rates, subjects were 59 times as likely to develop active TB (standardized morbidity ratio of 59.2, 95% CI=11.2-145.1). None had completed therapy, none were new immigrants, and two were known to be HIV-positive at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Completion of therapy for LTBI is a challenge, but the active TB seen in this jail cohort emphasizes the importance of continued efforts to address TB risk in this population.

Randomized controlled trial of interventions to improve follow-up for latent tuberculosis infection after release from jail.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to treatment of persons with latent tuberculosis infection after release from jail has been poor. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the San Francisco City and County Jail, San Francisco, Calif. Subjects undergoing therapy for latent tuberculosis infection who spoke either English or Spanish were randomly allocated to receive education every 2 weeks while in jail; an incentive if they went to the San Francisco County Tuberculosis Clinic within 1 month of release; or usual care. The main outcome measures were completion of a visit to the tuberculosis clinic within 1 month of release and completion of therapy. RESULTS: Of 558 inmates enrolled, 325 were released before completion of therapy. Subjects in either intervention group were significantly more likely to complete a first visit than were control subjects (education group, 37%; incentive group, 37%; and controls, 24%) (adjusted odds ratio based on pooled results for the education and incentive groups, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-3.28; P =.02). Those in the education group were twice as likely to complete therapy compared with controls (adjusted odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.72; P =.04). Of those who went to the tuberculosis clinic after release, subjects in the education group were more likely to complete therapy (education group, 65% [24/37]; incentive group, 33% [14/42]; and control group, 48% [12/25]; P =.02). CONCLUSIONS: Education or the promise of an incentive improved initial follow-up. Education was superior to an incentive for the completion of therapy. Fairly modest strategies provided in jail can improve adherence. Further links between jail health services and community care should be explored.

Strategies for effective education in a jail setting: the Tuberculosis Prevention Project.

Jails are a unique setting for health education. The Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention Project was designed to improve completion of care for latent TB infection in released inmates. As part of an ongoing clinical trial to improve rates of completion, educators provided TB-focused educational sessions to 1,027 inmates. This article describes the educational sessions and illustrates some of the barriers to working in a jail setting and strategies to overcome them. The nature of the jail itself, inmate characteristics, the characteristics of educators, and the educational sessions themselves interacted in different ways to enhance or impair the interaction. Jail is a setting in which the population is at high risk for a number of health problems and health education is increasingly important.

Recidivism in HIV-infected incarcerated adults: influence of the lack of a high school education.

Recidivism is a pervasive problem facing the incarcerated. Incarcerated persons who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected often have multiple risk factors associated with initial incarceration and recidivism, in particular, injection drug use. Yet, some jails provide case management for HIV-infected inmates to provide continuity of health care, which might have positive effects on reentry into the community. We sought to measure recidivism and factors related to recidivism in an HIV-infected cohort in an urban county jail with an active case management program. Fifty-two inmates surveyed in 1999 at the San Francisco County Jail were followed for rearrests through 2006. In follow-up, 73% were re-incarcerated on an average of 6.8 times for 552 days. Risk factors included nonwhite ethnicity, history of homelessness and crack use, common risk factors for incarceration. Less than high school education was associated with recidivism, shorter time to reincarceration, and more incarcerations. HIV-infected inmates spend a high proportion of time in multiple incarcerations, a reflection of the cyclical nature of incarceration despite comprehensive case management. Well-known risk factors for incarceration were associated with recidivism; in addition, lack of high school education played a prominent role. Education should be explored as a way to make further progress on breaking the cycle of incarceration.

Última semana de vida en un hospital de agudos: revisión de 401 pacientes consecutivos / The final week of life in an acute care hospital: review of 401 consecutive patients

Introducción: el envejecimiento y el cambio sociocultural frente a la muerte hacen que cada vez sea mayor el número de personas que fallecen en los hospitales. Objetivos: analizar aspectos relacionados con la última semana de vida de los pacientes que fallecen en un hospital de agudos. Material y métodos: se evaluó a los pacientes mayores de 18 años que fallecieron en el hospital durante un año, excluyendo los fallecidos en cuidados intensivos y en urgencias. Se analizaron: datos demográficos, enfermedad principal, motivo de ingreso, enfermedad terminal, comorbilidad, medicación, inicio de sedación, instrumentaciones, incidencias y órdenes de no iniciar reanimación cardiopulmonar. Resultados: se evaluó a 401 pacientes, con una edad media ± desviación estándar de 78 ± 11 años y elevada comorbilidad. Eran terminales 348 (87%) pacientes y en 207 (52%) pacientes el motivo de ingreso estaba relacionado con su enfermedad principal. La sedación terminal fue necesaria en 311 (78%) pacientes y constaba en la historia clínica que se había consensuado con sus familiares en 294 (73%) pacientes. Para el control de síntomas, 214 (55%) pacientes requirieron la intervención del médico de guardia. En 145 (36%) pacientes se mantuvo la medicación activa además de la sedativa, y en 109 (40%) pacientes se realizaron exploraciones complementarias sin que éstas modificaran el pronóstico. Conclusiones: es preciso establecer objetivos terapéuticos razonables en relación con la situación del paciente y protocolizar las intervenciones para mejorar la calidad de vida al final de la vida

Introduction: because of population ageing and sociocultural changes related to death, increasing the numbers of patients are dying in hospitals. Objectives: to analyze patient characteristics and end-of-life care in the final week of life in patients dying in an acute-care hospital. Material and methods: all patients older than 18 years old who died in the hospital over a 1-year period were analyzed. Patients dying in intensive care and emergency units were excluded. The following variables were evaluated: demographic data, main illness, cause of admission, comorbidity, terminal illness, medication, delay in beginning palliative sedation, use of devices, adverse events, and ¿do not attempt resuscitation orders¿. Results: a total of 401 patients (mean age: 78 ± 11 years) with numerous comorbidities were evaluated. Of these, 348 patients (87%) were considered to be terminal. The reason for admission was related to the main disease in 207 patients (52%). Terminal sedation was applied in 311 patients (78%), and informed consent from the relatives was documented in 294 patients (73%). Intervention by on-call physician was required to control symptom aggravation in 214 patients (55%). Active medication was maintained in addition to sedation in 145 patients (36%). Complementary examinations were performed in 109 patients (40%), but did not modify prognosis. Conclusions: reasonable therapeutics objectives relating to the patient's situation and guidelines to improve quality of life at the end of life should be established (AU)