The combined consumption of fresh/minimally processed food and ultra-processed food on food insecurity: COVID Inconfidentes, a population-based survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the combined consumption of fresh/minimally processed and ultra-processed food is associated with food insecurity (FI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study was derived from a survey using a population-based search of a complex sample. FI was assessed using the validated Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Food consumption was assessed using a qualitative FFQ and the NOVA classification for fresh/minimally processed food and ultra-processed food. A scoring system was used to evaluate combined food consumption according to the extent and purpose of processing, considering the weekly consumption of the two groups (according to the NOVA classification). Higher punctuation reflects worse diet quality (higher consumption of ultra-processed foods and lower consumption of fresh/minimally processed foods). A theoretical causality model was constructed using a directed acyclic graph, and multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression to test the association between FI and food consumption. SETTING: Ouro Preto and Mariana, Brazil, between October and December 2020. PARTICIPANTS: An epidemiological household survey was conducted with 1753 individuals selected through a stratified and clustered sampling design in three stages. RESULTS: Those with food consumption scores in the fourth quartile had a 60 % higher prevalence ratio (PR) for FI (PR: 1·60 and 95 % CI: 1·06 - 2·40). Also, the increased consumption of fresh/minimally processed foods and low consumption of ultra-processed foods presented a 45 % lower prevalence ratio of FI (PR: 0·55 and 95 % CI: 0·40 - 0·80). CONCLUSION: These results indicate an inverse association between FI and diet quality.

Validity and reliability of the Perceived Nutrition Environment Measures Survey (NEMS-P) for use in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Perceived Nutrition Environment Measures Survey (NEMS-P) translated and adapted for use in Brazil. DESIGN: Validation of the NEMS-P questionnaire. The questionnaires were applied to assess validity and reliability, based on exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's α coefficient and intra-class correlation, with a significance level of 95 %. SETTING: Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Adults over 20 years of age diagnosed with hypertension were included in the internal validity and reliability test (n 176) and intra-rater reliability (subsample n 35). RESULTS: Factor analysis obtained satisfactory results. Internal consistency was acceptable for most items, with Cronbach's α ranging from 0·6 to 0·9. The intra-rater reliability of the subsample was also valid, with intra-class correlation coefficient values ranging from 0·5 to 0·9. CONCLUSION: This work reveals the usefulness of the instrument to assess the perceived food environment in the Brazilian context, being able to measure what is proposed according to its theoretical model, and reproduces the values when applied to a sample different from its original validation. However, refinement of some questions is suggested. Finally, it demonstrates the possibility of using the entire instrument or each section independently, according to the food environments to be investigated.

Habitual polyphenol intake of foods according to NOVA classification: implications of ultra-processed foods intake (CUME study).

We aimed to evaluate the intake of dietary total polyphenols and their classes according to NOVA classification among adults of a Brazilian cohort study. This is a cross-sectional study, in which food consumption was assessed using an Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and polyphenol content (total and their classes) was estimated at Phenol-Explorer for each food category and presented as mean and 95% confidence interval. Adjusted linear regression was used to describe the trend of the association between the quintiles of polyphenols intake (dependent variable) and NOVA group of food consumption (independent variable). The higher consumption of fresh/minimally processed foods is accompanied by a higher intake of total polyphenols and all their classes, while the higher consumption of ultra-processed foods represented the lower intake of total polyphenols and their classes. Fresh foods are the greatest sources of polyphenols, and their daily consumption should be encouraged, while ultra-processed foods are deficient in such bioactive compounds.

Intervention for promoting intake of fruits and vegetables in Brazilians: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention to promote fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. DESIGN: A randomised controlled community trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a 7-month nutritional intervention and to promote FV intake, separately and together. All participants attended physical exercise sessions. The intervention was based on the transtheoretical model and Paulo Freire's pedagogy. The interventions included group educational sessions, motivational cards and informational materials. The primary outcome was a change in FV intake (g/d), and secondary outcomes included stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance and knowledge on FV. All data were collected face-to-face; and FV intake was assessed using a validated brief questionnaire. SETTING: Health promotion services of Brazilian Primary Health Care. PARTICIPANTS: 3414 users of Brazilian Primary Health Care (1931 in the control group and 1483 in the intervention group (IG)). RESULTS: At baseline, the average daily FV intake was 370·4 g/d (95 % CI 364·2, 376·6). The increase in FV intake (23·4 g/d; 95 % CI 6·7, 40·0) and fruit intake (+17·3 g/d; 95 % CI 5·1, 29·4; P = 0·01) was greater in the IG among participants in the lowest baseline intake. Participants in the IG also showed progression in the stages of change (P < 0·001), increased self-efficacy (P < 0·001) and improved knowledge of FV crops (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional intervention was effective in increasing FV intake and fruits intake among individuals with a lower intake at baseline and in maintaining FV intake among those who reported consuming FV as recommended (400 g/d).

Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of depression in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN Project.

PURPOSE: A growing body of evidence shows that consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases, which, in turn, have been linked to depression. This suggests that UPF might also be associated with depression, which is among the global leading causes of disability and disease. We prospectively evaluated the relationship between UPF consumption and the risk of depression in a Mediterranean cohort. METHODS: We included 14,907 Spanish university graduates [mean (SD) age: 36.7 year (11.7)] initially free of depression who were followed up for a median of 10.3 years. Consumption of UPF (industrial formulations made mostly or entirely from substances derived from foods and additives, with little, if any, intact food), as defined by the NOVA food classification system, was assessed at baseline through a validated semi-quantitative 136-item food-frequency questionnaire. Participants were classified as incident cases of depression if they reported a medical diagnosis of depression or the habitual use of antidepressant medication in at least one of the follow-up assessments conducted after the first 2 years of follow-up. Cox regression models were used to assess the relationship between UPF consumption and depression incidence. RESULTS: A total of 774 incident cases of depression were identified during follow-up. Participants in the highest quartile of UPF consumption had a higher risk of developing depression [HR (95% CI) 1.33 (1.07-1.64); p trend = 0.004] than those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective cohort of Spanish university graduates, we found a positive association between UPF consumption and the risk of depression that was strongest among participants with low levels of physical activity.

The Interaction between Education and Sex with Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two Brazilian Cities.

This cross-sectional study, carried out between October and December 2020 in two Brazilian cities, aimed to evaluate the joint association of education and sex with habitual and episodic excessive alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Habitual alcohol consumption was defined as drinking any quantity of alcohol at least once per week. Excessive episodic alcohol consumption was defined as the consumption of five or more drinks by men or four or more drinks by women at least once in the last 30 days. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze associations of education and sex with alcohol consumption. Education was not associated with habitual alcohol consumption and excessive episodic alcohol consumption. However, when evaluating the joint effect between education and sex, it can be seen that men with low education were more likely to habitually consume (OR: 5.85; CI95:2.74-14.84) and abuse alcohol (OR: 4.45; IC95:1.54-12.82) and women with high education were more likely to have habitual (OR: 2.16; IC95:1.18-3.95) and abusive alcohol consumption (OR: 2.00; IC95:1.16-3.43). These findings highlight the modifying effect of sex on the relationship between education and alcohol consumption, such that education influenced alcohol consumption differently between sexes during the pandemic.

Consumption of processed meat but not red meat is associated with the incidence of hypertension: ELSA-Brasil cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To verify the association between the consumption of red and processed meats and the incidence of hypertension in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. METHODS: This was a cohort with data from the baseline (2008-2010) and second wave (2012-2014) with 8,089 public workers of both sexes and different racial groups, with mean age of 49 ± 8 years (35-74 years old). Meat consumption (g/d) was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire and was divided into consumption tertiles. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg and/or antihypertensive medication. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted Hazard Ration (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident hypertension. RESULTS: A total of 1186 incident cases of hypertension were identified. Even adjusting for confounders, such as urinary Na/K (sodium/potassium) ratio and BMI (body mass index), participants in the second (HR:1.19; 95% CI 1.03-1.30) and third (HR:1.30; 95% CI:1.11-1.53) tertile of processed meat consumption had a higher risk of developing hypertension than those in the first tertile. We did not find a significant association between red meat consumption and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of developing hypertension is associated with moderate and high consumption of processed meats but not with consumption of red meat.

Anxiety Symptoms Influence Food Consumption Differently Depending on Nutritional Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study with University Students.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety symptoms are factors that directly affect eating habits, but this interference can be heterogeneous depending on the nutritional status of the individuals. OBJECTIVES: To analyze whether the presence of anxiety symptoms at the beginning of the pandemic influenced the change in food consumption according to its purpose and extent of processing during a one-year follow-up and whether this association occurs equally with excess weight and without excess weight university students. METHODS: This longitudinal study was carried out with 583 university students from a public Higher Education Institution (HEI) in Brazil. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to verify whether anxiety symptoms were associated with changes in food consumption over time. RESULTS: The results showed that previous moderate/severe anxiety symptoms were associated with an increased frequency of consumption of both fresh or minimally processed foods (ß: 0.2 95%CI: 0.1; 0.7 p = 0.013) and ultra-processed foods (ß: 5.6 95%CI: 1.8; 17.7 p = 0.003), but with different magnitudes. In university students who were not excess weight, previous moderate/severe anxiety symptoms were associated with a reduction in the frequency of consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods (ß: -2.0 95%CI: -3.5; -0.5 p = 0.008), while in those who were excess weight, there was an increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods (ß: 4.5 95%CI: 2.2; 6.8 p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study confirms the influence of anxiety symptoms on food consumption according to the extent and purpose of processing. In addition, these results emphasize the role of psychological distress in the university population, and that this factor can affect excess weight and without excess weight individuals differently.

Fatty acid intake and prevalence of depression among Brazilian graduates and postgraduates (CUME Study).

BACKGROUND: Dietary fatty acids are related to the development of several inflammatory-related diseases, which may include depression. So, the association between fatty acids, culinary oils and fat intake and depression in highly educated Brazilians was evaluated. METHODS: Multicenter cross-sectional study using baseline data from the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais. The diagnosis of depression was self-reported, and the daily intake of fatty acids was assessed using a 144-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: A total of 7157 participants (68.83 % women) with a median age of 33 years were included. The prevalence of depression was 12.60 % (N = 902). In the adjusted analyses, it was observed that individuals with the highest intake of omega-6 fatty acids (n-6) (OR: 1.36, 95 % CI 1.11-1.67) had a higher prevalence of depression. This increased n-6 intake was identified as a risk factor for depression only among male participants, while among overweight participants, higher n-6 intake was also positively associated with depression. Conversely, a higher ratio of polyunsaturated to monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (PM/S) was also found to be positively associated with depression, but this association was observed only among non-overweight participants. No associations were found between the consumption of culinary oils or fats and depression. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design limits the assessment of causality. The use of the FFQ can make estimates more difficult. CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of n-6, and higher PM/S ratios were associated with depression, and individual factors can interfere. The mental health care policies should include specific nutritional strategies.

Effects of minimally and ultra-processed foods on blood pressure in Brazilian adults: a two-year follow up of the CUME Project.

AIM: To assess the association of food consumption according to degree of processing with changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in adult participants of a Brazilian cohort. METHODS: Longitudinal study with 2496 adult participants of the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Project). Food consumption was categorized by food groups according to degree of processing following the NOVA grading system: unprocessed/minimally processed foods/culinary ingredients (U/MPF&CI), processed foods (PFs) and ultra-processed foods (UPFs). unprocessed/minimally processed foods/culinary ingredients (U/MPF&CI), processed foods (PFs) and ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Changes in SBP and DBP were categorized (decreased, maintained, increased). Independent associations between exposure and outcomes were verified using multiple generalized ordered logistic models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: After a two-year follow-up, the consumption of U/MPF&CI (% daily caloric intake) reduced the chance of increasing DBP (P for trend = 0.014), with a more evident effect among participants within the 5th quintile of this food group (odds ratio (OR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-0.97]. On the other hand, the consumption of UPFs (% daily caloric intake) raised the chance of increasing DBP (P for trend = 0.005) and was more evident among participants within the quintiles of higher consumption (4th quintile - OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.25-3.10; 5th quintile - OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.12-2.86). No associations were found between food consumption according to degree of processing and changes in SBP. CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of U/MPF&CI and UPFs were independently associated to lower and greater chances of increased DBP in adult participants from CUME Project.

Total Polyphenol Intake, Polyphenol Subtypes, and Prevalence of Hypertension in the CUME Cohort.

Objective:Epidemiological studies have shown associations between polyphenol consumption and reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to assess the association between polyphenol intake and the prevalence of hypertension.Methods:This cross-sectional study was performed on data from the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME) project. Participants completed an online food frequency questionnaire, and polyphenol intake was assessed using the Phenol-Explorer database and articles. Hypertension was determined by a medical diagnosis, having a blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg/80 mmHg, or using antihypertensive drugs. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the prevalence of hypertension.Results:The prevalence of hypertension was 39.57%, and the average intake of total polyphenols was 860.79 mg/day. The highest (5th quintile) intake of flavonoids (mean: 368.46mg/day; OR: 0.83; 95%CI 0.70; 0.97), hydroxybenzoic acids (mean: 379.38mg/day; OR: 0.77; 95%CI: 0.66;0.91), and flavonols (mean: 44.13mg/day; OR: 0.79; 95%CI: 0.67; 0.93) was inversely associated with hypertension prevalence, compared to the lowest intake (1st quintile).Conclusions:Our findings demonstrate that the intake of flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and flavonols is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension.

The effects of health interventions on dietary habits and physical measurements.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of health interventions on dietary habits and physical measurements. This quasi-experimental intervention study was performed with health service clients. The individuals' dietary habits, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (BP) were obtained and measured, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered upon their enrollment in the service. Interventions included physical activity, nutritional education groups, and individual nutritional counseling. Effects were measured by repeating physical measurements and using the What's your diet like? test. A total of 167 participants (mean age=52.5 years, SD12.6 years; 92.8% women) were included in the study. Following the interventions, there was a reduction in systolic BP (P=0.02) and use of animal fats (P<0.01), as well as an increase in the percentages of individuals having a normal waist circumference and daily consumption of greens/vegetables and milk/dairy products (P<0.01). Participation in the interventions was effective in improving the clients' nutrition and health, demonstrating the importance of interventions that combine dietary practices and physical activity in the promotion of health.

Ultra-processed and fresh food consumption and symptoms of anxiety and depression during the COVID - 19 pandemic: COVID Inconfidentes.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Psychological disorders are an important health problem worldwide. A healthy diet is recommended as one of the measures to prevent and control mental disorders. Epidemiological studies have shown important associations between the consumption of diets rich in nutrients and a lower risk of developing anxiety and depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and food consumption, according to the degree of processing, during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An epidemiological household survey was conducted in two cities in Brazil. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using validated scales (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item/Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and food consumption was assessed using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire referring to consumption within the last 3 months. The foods were categorized according to the NOVA classification for fresh/minimally processed food and ultra-processed food, using the average weekly consumption as the cutoff. For data analysis, adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance was utilized to estimate the prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The consumption of fresh/minimally processed foods above the weekly average frequency was associated with a lower prevalence of symptoms of depression (PR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3; 0.7). Consumption above the weekly average of ultra-processed foods was associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety (PR: 1.5 and 95% CI: 1.03; 2.3) and depression symptoms (PR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0; 2.1, P = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Increased consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with a higher occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms; therefore, we recommend an increase in the consumption of fresh/minimally processed foods, as endorsed by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population.

Multiple health risk behaviors, including high consumption of ultra-processed foods and their implications for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background and aim: The growing increase in diet- and behavior-related illnesses has drawn the attention of many epidemiologists who attribute such changes to the epidemiological and nutritional transition. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the association between the combined occurrence of health risk behaviors, such as sedentary lifestyles, high weekly consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), and non-daily consumption of fruits and vegetables, and symptoms of anxiety or depression in adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on an epidemiological survey in two Brazilian cities. The outcome, anxiety, and depression symptoms were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Food consumption was assessed using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with reference to consumption in the last 3 months and categorized into the consumption of fruits and vegetables and the consumption of UPFs according to the NOVA classification. Sedentary behavior was assessed by considering the amount of sitting or reclining time per day reported by participants and categorized as less than 9 h of sitting or reclining and 9 h or more. For the analysis, adjusted Poisson regression (PR) was used to estimate the prevalence ratio and the 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Those with the health risk behaviors, non-daily consumption of fruits and vegetables, and high consumption of UPFs had a 2.6 higher prevalence ratio for symptoms of mental disorder (PR: 2.6 and 95%CI: 1.1-6.5), as well as those with all three health risk behaviors, had a 2.8 higher prevalence ratio for symptoms of mental disorder (PR: 2.8 and 95%CI: 1.3-6.1). Conclusion: This study revealed that the existence of a combination of two and three health risk behaviors led to a higher prevalence of symptoms of anxiety or depression.

Home food insecurity during the suspension of classes in Brazilian public schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the effect of socioeconomic conditions and variables related to the COVID-19 pandemic on the food insecurity of students during suspension of classes in public schools. METHODS: This was a telephone survey (n = 612) of adults responsible for purchasing food through representative samples of students in two Brazilian municipalities in June and July 2020. The outcome was food insecurity, assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) for sociodemographic and pandemic-related factors of COVID-19. RESULTS: The total prevalence of food insecurity in households was 82%, with 65.7% mild food insecurity, 11.3% moderate, and 5.0% severe. After adjustment for confounding factors, households with the highest number of children (OR = 2.17; 95% CI, 1.10-4.27) and households that received local-government basic food baskets (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.04-2.58) were significantly associated with food insecurity. Furthermore, households that did not experience a decrease in income during the pandemic were inversely associated with food insecurity (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09-0.32). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of food insecurity was high, and policies for the distribution of food baskets may not be sufficient to guarantee food security for the most vulnerable families with a greater number of children. Considering the possible worsening of food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, the National School Feeding Program has the potential to play a strategic role in promoting food security for students.

Food consumption according to the level of processing and sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Consumption of ultra-processed foods is negatively associated with health outcomes, however, the contribution to sleep quality is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between food intake by frequency and degree of processing and sleep quality in adults during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: Population-based survey of adults from October to December 2020 in the Iron Quadrangle region, Brazil. The exposure variable was a food intake score that considered the frequency of consumption and food processing degree. The total score ranged from 0 (best) to 48 points (worst food quality), categorized into quartiles. Furthermore, we also evaluated whether individuals replaced their lunch and/or dinner based mostly on fresh/minimally processed foods for ultra-processed foods, for five or more days in the week. The outcome variable was sleep quality assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. We constructed a contrasting directed acyclic graph (DAG) model to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of the association between score eating and sleep, by logistic regression. RESULTS: Most of the 1762 individuals evaluated had poor sleep quality (52.5%). The minimum and maximum food scores were 0 and 30 points (mean 9.16; 95% CI 8.50, 9.81). The higher values of the score corresponded to lower consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods and higher consumption of ultraprocessed foods. In multivariate analysis, individuals in the third food consumption score had 71% greater odds of poor sleep quality (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.85) and in the fourth quartile 144% greater odds (OR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.44). Besides, replacing the dinner meal with ultra-processed foods five days or more in the week was also associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.14, 3.57). CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods concomitant with lower consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods is associated with a higher chance of poor sleep quality.

Polyphenols for improvement of inflammation and symptoms in rheumatic diseases: systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic diseases (RDs) are a group of pathological conditions characterized by inflammation and functional disability. There is evidence suggesting that regular consumption of polyphenols has therapeutic effects capable of relieving RD symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize data from randomized controlled trials on administration of polyphenols and their effects on RD activity. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review conducted at Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the databases PubMed (Medline), LILACS (BVS), IBECS (BVS), CUMED (BVS), BINACIS (BVS), EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library and in the grey literature. The present study followed a PRISMA-P checklist. RESULTS: In total, 646 articles were considered potentially eligible, of which 33 were then subjected to complete reading. Out of these, 17 randomized controlled trials articles were selected to form the final sample. Among these 17 articles, 64.71% assessed osteoarthritis (n = 11), 23.53% rheumatoid arthritis (n = 4), 5.88% rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia (n = 1) and 5.88% osteoarthritis and rheumatoid (n = 1). Intake of polyphenol showed positive effects in most of the studies assessed (94.12%): it improved pain (64.70%) and inflammation (58.82%). CONCLUSION: Polyphenols are potential allies for treating RD activity. However, the range of polyphenol sources administered was a limitation of this review, as also was the lack of information about the methodological characteristics of the studies evaluated. Thus, further primary studies are needed in order to evaluate the effects of polyphenol consumption for reducing RD activity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTER: PROSPERO - CRD42020145349.

Food consumption differences in Brazilian urban and rural areas: the National Health Survey. / Diferenças no consumo alimentar nas áreas urbanas e rurais do Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde.

This paper aimed to identify food consumption differences as per healthy and unhealthy diet markers among adults living in Brazilian urban and rural areas. A cross-sectional study was performed with data from the National Health Survey (2013). Diet was assessed by using healthy and unhealthy diet markers. Prevalence (%) was estimated, and sequential logistic regression models were adjusted to estimate odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95%CI). Urban areas evidenced a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, fish, soft drinks, and meal replacement by snacks, while rural areas showed higher consumption of meat with excess fat and beans. Adjusted analyses showed higher regular consumption of beans and meat with excess fat; and lower consumption of soft drinks, fruits and vegetables and meal replacement by snacks in rural areas compared to urban areas. Similar trends were observed in the macro-regions of the country. Food consumption differences among Brazilians living in rural and urban areas denote the importance of fostering food policies that respect and value food traditions and culture.

Objetivou-se identificar diferenças no consumo alimentar, segundo marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável, entre adultos residentes nas áreas urbanas e rurais do Brasil. Realizou-se estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013). A alimentação foi avaliada por marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável. Estimou-se as prevalências (%) e modelos de regressão logística sequencial foram ajustados para estimar odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança (IC95%). Verificou-se maior consumo de frutas e hortaliças, peixes, refrigerantes e substituições de refeições nas áreas urbanas, enquanto que, o consumo de carne com gorduras e feijão foi maior nas áreas rurais. Análises ajustadas mostraram maior consumo regular de feijão e de carne com excesso de gordura; e menor consumo de refrigerantes, de frutas e hortaliças e de substituição de refeições por lanches nas áreas rurais em comparação com as urbanas. Tendências semelhantes foram observadas nas macrorregiões do país. As diferenças no consumo alimentar de brasileiros residentes em áreas rurais e urbanas denotam a importância de fomentar políticas de alimentação que respeitem e valorizem as tradições e a cultura alimentar.

A conduta ética de graduandos em Nutrição em uma universidade pública no Brasil / The ethical conduct of nutrition undergraduates at a public university in Brazil

A prática de más condutas éticas parece ser rotineira na graduação. Dessa forma, abordar a conduta ética na formação é um ponto de partida para promover o debate sobre a construção do conhecimento. Este estudo teve o objetivo analisar a conduta ética de graduandos em Nutrição. Realizou-se estudo transversal com estudantes de Nutrição de uma universidade pública-Brasil. Participaram 105 alunos: 42,9% eram do 1º ao 5º semestres e 57,1% do 6º ao 9º semestres. Os alunos dos semestres finais apresentaram maior prevalência de "deixar os colegas copiarem as respostas" (p=0,05), "usar trabalhos prontos" (p=0,04) e "incluir nome em trabalho sem colaboração" (p=0,01). As principais motivações para a má conduta ética foram: má conduta dos colegas (71,4%), acreditar que os professores cometeram má conduta ética (70,5%), disciplina difícil (52,4%) e manter boas notas (50,5%). Os alunos dos últimos semestres referiram a falta de tempo (p=0,05) como uma razão, e 10,5% afirmaram ter realizado consultas de nutrição sem supervisão. Dada a elevada prevalência de más condutas éticas na graduação sugere-se que a disciplina sobre ética seja ministrada nos semestres iniciais, além de realização de cursos e rodas de conversa sobre propriedade intelectual, conduta ética, gestão do tempo e metodologias de ensino.

The practice of academic misconduct seems to be routine in undergraduate studies. Therefore, addressing ethical conduct in training is a starting point to promote debate on the construction of knowledge. This study aimed to analyze the academic misconduct of nutrition undergraduates. A cross-sectional study was performed with Nutrition students at a public university in Brazil. Participants included 105 students took part in the study: 42.9% were on the 1st to the 5th semesters and 57.1% on the 6th to the 9th semesters. Students on the final semesters had a higher prevalence of "letting the colleagues copy the answers" (p=0.05), "using ready-made work" (p=0.04), and "included their name on a paper without collaboration" (p=0.01). The main motivations for academic misconduct were: colleagues cheating (71.4%), believing that professors had committed misconduct (70.5%), difficult subjects (52.4%), and maintaining good grades (50.5%). Students on the last semesters reported lack of time (p=0.05) as a reason, and 10.5% mentioned having performed nutrition appointments without supervision. Given the high prevalence of academic misconduct in undergraduate courses, it is suggested that the discipline on ethics be taught in the initial semesters, in addition to offering courses and conversation circles on intellectual property, ethical conduct, time management, and teaching methodologies.

Effectiveness of the VAMOS Strategy for Increasing Physical Activity and Healthy Dietary Habits: A Randomized Controlled Community Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the VAMOS strategy (Health-Improving Active Life) in improving physical activity (PA), dietary habits, and anthropometric variables of primary health care (PHC) users in Brazil. A randomized controlled community trial was conducted at two units of the Health Academy Program (HAP; a service provided by PHC), which were randomly assigned either to control group (CG) or intervention group (IG). Participants in both groups (CG = 156 and IG = 135) took part in physical activity classes provided by HAP facilities with those in IG also participating in the VAMOS strategy for 12 weeks. This strategy is based on social cognitive theory. The main behavioral constructs addressed were self-efficacy, goal setting, self-monitoring, identification of social support and barriers, and solutions for the identified barriers. Physical activity was measured with accelerometers, and nutritional status was assessed using dietary habits questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that participants in IG increased the daily time of moderate-vigorous PA and the frequency of raw vegetable intake, while the intake of ultra-processed foods was reduced. Weight loss among participants who were classified as overweight/obese at baseline was observed in the intervention group compared to control. These results suggest that the VAMOS strategy was effective in increasing PA, healthy dietary habits, and decreasing weight among PHC users. Therefore, VAMOS could be used as a strategy to strengthen individuals' autonomy regarding healthy choices and improve their overall health.