Focal ischemic myocardial fibrosis assessed by late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), ischemic myocardial fibrosis assessed by late gadolinium enhancement (I-LGE) using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) have been reported. However, the clinical significance of I-LGE has not been completely understood. We aim to evaluate the I-LGE differ phenotypically from HCM without LGE or nonischemic myocardial fibrosis assessed by late gadolinium enhancement (NI-LGE) in the left ventricle (LV). METHODS: The patients with HCM whom was underwent CMR were enrolled, using cine cardiac magnetic resonance to evaluate LV function and LGE to detect the myocardial fibrosis. Three groups were assorted: 1) HCM without LGE; 2) HCM with LGE involved the subendocardial layer was defined as I-LGE; 3) HCM with LGE not involved the subendocardial layer was defined as NI-LGE. RESULTS: We enrolled 122 patients with HCM in the present study. LGE was detected in 58 of 122 (48%) patients with HCM, and 22 (18%) of patients reported I-LGE. HCM with I-LGE had increased higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (P < 0.0001) than HCM with NI-LGE or without LGE. In addition, HCM with I-LGE had a larger LV end- systolic volume (P = 0.045), lower LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (P = 0.026), higher LV myocardial mass (P < 0.001) and thicker LV wall (P < 0.001) more than HCM without LGE alone. The I-LGE were significantly associated with LVEF (OR: 0.961; P = 0.016), LV mass (OR: 1.028; P < 0.001), and maximal end-diastolic LVWT (OR: 1.567; P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, LVEF (OR: 0.948; P = 0.013) and maximal end-diastolic LVWT (OR: 1.548; P = 0.001) were associated with higher risk for I-LGE compared to HCM without LGE. Noticeably, the maximal end-diastolic LVWT (OR: 1.316; P = 0.011) was the only associated with NI-LGE compared to HCM without LGE. CONCLUSIONS: I-LGE is not uncommon in patients with HCM. HCM with I-LGE was associated with significant LV hypertrophy, extensive LGE and poor LV ejection fraction. We should consider focal ischemic myocardial fibrosis when applying LGE to risk stratification for HCM.

Highly Luminescent Earth-Benign Organometallic Manganese Halide Crystals with Ultrahigh Thermal Stability of Emission from 4 to 623 K.

The phosphor-converted light-emitting diode (PC-LED) has become an indispensable solid-state lighting and display technologies in the modern society. Nevertheless, the use of scarce rare-earth elements and the thermal quenching (TQ) behavior are still two most crucial issues yet to be solved. Here, this work successfully demonstrates a highly efficient and thermally stable green emissive MnI2 (XanPO) crystals showing a notable photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 94% and a super TQ resistance from 4 to 623 K. This unprecedented superior thermal stability is attributed to the low electron-phonon coupling and the unique rigid crystal structure of MnI2 (XanPO) over the whole temperature range based on the temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) and single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analyses. Considering these appealing properties, green PC-LEDs with a power efficacy of 102.5 lm W-1 , an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.7% and a peak luminance up to 7750 000 cd m-2 are fabricated by integrating MnI2 (XanPO) with commercial blue LEDs. Moreover, the applicability of MnI2 (XanPO) in both micro-LEDs and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is also demonstrated. In a nutshell, this study uncovers a candidate of highly luminescent and TQ resistant manganese halide suitable for a variety of emission applications.

Diagnosis and genetic testing analysis of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2U caused by a compound heterozygous mutation in the ISPD gene.

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), a rare group of non-congenital inherited muscle diseases, is characterized by a progressive reduction in muscle tone and force of the proximal limbs. The clinical manifestations and genetic patterns of LGMD are heterogeneous. This study reported on a 10-year-old male patient with LGMD type 2U who experienced muscle weakness in the lower limbs after exercise. Upon admission, the patient's creatine kinase levels were significantly elevated, and hydration and alkalinization therapy were ineffective. Using high-throughput sequencing, muscular dystrophy-related genes were tested in the patient, his parents, and his sister. The patient was found to have a heterozygous deletion of exon 9 of the ISPD gene and a heterozygous missense mutation c.1231C>T (p.Leu411Phe). The patient's father carried the heterozygous missense mutation c.1231C>T (p.Leu411Phe) of the ISPD gene, while his mother and sister carried a heterozygous deletion of exon 9 of the ISPD gene. These mutations have not been reported in existing databases or literature. Conservation and protein structure prediction analyses of the mutation sites indicated that they are highly conserved and located in the C-terminal domain of the ISPD protein, which may affect protein function. Based on the above results and relevant clinical data, the patient was definitively diagnosed with LGMD type 2U. This study enriched the spectrum of ISPD gene mutations by summarizing the patient's clinical characteristics and analyzing new ISPD gene variations. This can aid in the early diagnosis and genetic counseling of the disease.

Covalent Protein Modification: An Unignorable Factor for Bisphenol A-Induced Hepatotoxicity.

Covalent modification of proteins by reactive pollutants/metabolites might trigger various toxicities resulting from the disruption of protein structures and/or functions, which is critical for understanding the mechanism of pollutants-induced toxicity. However, this mechanism has rarely been touched on due to the lack of a methodology. In this research, the protein modification of bisphenol A (BPA) in rats was characterized using a series of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approaches. BPA-modified cysteine (Cys1) was first released from proteins via enzymatic hydrolysis and identified using LC-MS. Moreover, the positive correlation between Cys1 and hepatotoxicity indicated the involvement of protein modification in BPA toxicity. Then, in vitro incubation of BPA with amino acids and protein confirmed that BPA could specifically modify cysteine residues of proteins after bioactivation and provided four additional modification patterns. Finally, 24 BPA-modified proteins were identified from the liver of BPA-exposed rats using proteomic analysis, and they were mainly enriched in oxidative stress-related pathways. The modification on superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione S-transferases disrupted their enzymatic functions, leading to oxidative damage. These results revealed that the covalent protein modification is an unignorable factor for BPA hepatotoxicity. Moreover, the workflow can be applied to identify protein adducts of other emerging contaminants and possible risk.

Synthesis, Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Effect on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice.

Selenium nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention due to their good bioavailability and activity. In the present study, a new form of selenium nanoparticle (Low molecular weight chitosan selenium nanoparticles (LCS-SeNPs)) were synthesized in a system of sodium selenite and acetic acid. The size, element state, morphology and elementary composition of LCS-SeNPs were characterized by using various spectroscopic and microscopic measurements. The protection of LCS-SeNPs against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and the inherent mechanisms of this process were investigated. The results showed that LCS-SeNPs, with an average diameter of 198 nm, zero-valent and orange-red relatively uniform spherical particles were prepared. LCS-SeNPs were mainly composed of C, N, O and Se elements, of which Se accounted for 39.03% of the four elements C, N, O and Se. LCS-SeNPs reduced colon injury and inflammation symptoms and improved intestinal barrier dysfunction. LCS-SeNPs significantly reduced serum and colonic inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Moreover, LCS-SeNPs remarkably increased antioxidant enzyme GSH-Px levels in serum and colonic tissue. Further studies on inflammatory pathways showed that LCS-SeNPs alleviated DSS-induced colitis through the NF-κB signaling pathway, and relieved inflammatory associated oxidative stress through the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that LCS-SeNPs are a promising selenium species with potential applications in the treatment of oxidative stress related inflammatory intestinal diseases.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Hefei: Clinical features, risk factors, and ribavirin therapeutic efficacy.

OBJECTIVES: This study described the clinical features, risk factors, factors affecting the outcome of this disease, and ribavirin therapeutic efficacy for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) patients in Hefei. METHODS: Between April 2020 and July 2020, 62 cases admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were included in this study. Serum samples were collected from all patients, after which diagnosis was made via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and via the use of a colloidal gold immunochromatography assay approach. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, the following factors were determined as risk factors for SFTS: Being a farmer (odds ratio [OR], 3.033), working in areas with weeds and shrubs (OR, 2.807), and being bitten by a tick (OR, 6.64). The rates of confusion, neck stiffness, viral encephalopathy, and the presence of liver damage were higher in the patients who died than that in the surviving ones. Additionally, the median of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products, creatinine, and urea was also higher in the patients who died. One of the 15 patients treated with ribavirin in the early stage could not survive (6.7%), whereas 11 of the 35 patients treated with ribavirin in the late stage could not survive (31.4%); this difference was statistically significant. However, there was no significant difference in mortality between the untreated group and the other two groups (i.e., patients who started antiviral treatment <5 days from the onset and those who started antiviral treatment ≥5 days from the onset). Moreover, there was no positive effect determined on clinical or laboratory parameters in SFTS patients treated with ribavirin. Also, it was observed that leukocyte levels and platelet levels took longer to return to normal. CONCLUSIONS: In Hefei, clinical features, prognostic factors, and risk factors associated with SFTS are similar to those in other areas. Patients who were given ribavirin did not have better survival rates than patients who were not given ribavirin.

The Combination of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Its Engineered Strain Expressing dsRNA Increases the Toxicity against Plutella Xylostella.

RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed and used as an emerging strategy for pest management. Here, an entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was used to express the dsRNA for the control of Plutella xylostella. A vector containing a 325-bp fragment of the conserved region of P. xylostella arginine kinase gene (PxAK) flanking in two ends with the promoter Pro3α was developed and transferred into Bt 8010 and BMB171, and consequently engineered Bt strains 8010AKi and BMB171AKi expressing dsRNA of PxAK were developed. The two engineered Bt strains were separately mixed with Bt 8010 in a series of ratios, and then fed to the P. xylostella larvae. We found that 8010:8010AKi of 9:1 and 8010:BMB171AKi of 7:3 caused a higher mortality than Bt 8010. PxAK expression levels in the individuals treated with the mixtures, 8010AKi and BMB171Aki, were lower than that in the control. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and net reproductive rate (R0) of the population treated with 8010:8010AKi of 9:1 were lower than those of the population treated with Bt 8010 or 8010AKi. We developed a Bt-mediated insect RNAi for the control of P. xylostella and demonstrated a practical approach to integrating the entomopathogen with RNAi technique for the pest management.

Twining Poly(polyoxometalate) Chains into Nanoropes.

Organic polymers and inorganic clusters belong to two different disciplines and have completely different properties and structures. When a cluster is attached to the backbone of a polymer as a pendant, the resultant hybrid polymers (polyclusters) exhibit unique behaviours totally different from those of conventional polymers owing to the nanoscale size of the cluster and its particular interactions. Herein, the aggregation of a poly(polyoxometalate)-a polynorbornene backbone with inorganic polyoxometalate cluster pendants-upon addition of a non-solvent to its dilute solution is reported. A three-dimensional network of tangled and snake-like nanothreads was observed. Direct visualisation of individual nanoscale clusters enabled identification of single chains within the nanothreads. These observations suggest that during the process of aggregation, the hybrid polymer forms curved or extended chains as a consequence of an armouring effect in which the collapsed cluster pendants wrap around the backbone. The collapse occurs because they become less soluble in the solvent/non-solvent mixture. The extended chains then become entwined and form nanoropes consisting of multiple chains wound around each other. This study provides a deeper understanding of the nature of polyclusters and should also prove useful for their future development and application.

Tacrolimus Levels in the Prophylaxis of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in the Chinese Early After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus has been widely accepted as the backbone of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). The present work evaluated whether tacrolimus concentrations early after transplant correlate with the incidence of aGVHD in Chinese alloHSCT recipients. METHODS: One hundred four Chinese alloHSCT recipients were included in this retrospective study. All patients received standard prophylaxis with tacrolimus and short-term methotrexate. Blood samples were taken at steady-state for those on i.v. tacrolimus (Cv) or predose (C0) and 2 hours after the last oral dose (C2). RESULTS: In the first 8 weeks after alloHSCT, significant variability in Cv, C0, and C2 of Chinese patients was observed. It was found that higher tacrolimus C0 and C2 values tended to be associated with a reduced risk of aGVHD, although this was a nonsignificant trend due to the small sample size involved. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that Cv levels of ≥16.52 ng/mL, C0 levels of ≥5.56 ng/mL, and C2 levels of ≥7.83 ng/mL minimized the incidence of treatment failure during weeks 3-4 with intravenous administration and weeks 5-6 with oral administration. There was no statistically significant association of the patient liver and kidney function with the blood concentration of tacrolimus in the desired range of 5-20 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring improved treatment outcomes of Chinese alloHSCT recipients. Cv measurements during weeks 3-4 and C0 or C2 measurements during weeks 5-6 better predicted aGVHD (I-IV) than the concentrations measured at other time points during the first 6 weeks after alloHSCT.

Preoperative evaluation of cochlear implantation through the round window membrane in the facial recess using high-resolution computed tomography.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the risk of cochlear implantation through the round window membrane in the facial recess through a preoperative analysis of the angle between the facial nerve-round window and the cranial midline using high-resolution temporal bone CT. METHODS: Temporal bone CT films of 176 patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss at our hospital from 2013 to 2015 were reviewed. The preoperative temporal bone CT scans of the patients were retrospectively analysed. The vertical distance (d value) from the leading edge of the facial nerve to the posterior wall of the external auditory canal and the angle (α value) between the line from the leading edge of the facial nerve to the midpoint of the round window membrane and the median sagittal line on the round window membrane plane were measured. Based on intraoperative observation, the round window membrane was divided into complete round window membrane exposure (group A), partial exposure (group B), and unexposed (group C) groups, and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The α value could be effectively measured for all 176 patients (62.60 ± 7.12), and the d value could be effectively measured for 95 cases (5.53 ± 1.00). An analysis of the correlation between the α and d values of these 95 cases found a negative correlation. Of the 176 cases, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the differences among the groups were significant [P = 0.000 (< 0.05)]. CONCLUSION: The angle (α value) between the line connecting the leading edge of the facial nerve to the midpoint of the round window and the median sagittal line measured in preoperative CT scans was associated with the difficulty of intraoperatively exposing the round window membrane. When the α value was larger than a certain degree, the difficulty of exposing the round window membrane was increased. In such cases, the surgeon should fully expose the round window membrane during surgery, which could result decrease the likelihood of complications.

Regional specificity of sex effects on subcortical volumes across the lifespan in healthy aging.

When conceptualizing age-specific onsets and sex-specific characteristics of neuropsychiatric diseases in a neurobiological context, it may be crucially important to consider differential trajectories of aging. Here, we investigated effects of age, sex, and their interactions on absolute and relative volumes of subcortical structures with known involvement in psychiatric disorders, including the basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Structural MRI data of 76 healthy subjects (38 males, 19-70 years) from the ICBM database were analyzed. Age-related absolute atrophy was generally found in the basal ganglia and thalamus, while in the hippocampus decline was only observed in males, and was generally absent in the amygdala. Disproportionate degeneration in the basal ganglia and thalamus, exceeding cortical decline was specific for females. When allowing higher-order models, a quadratic model could better describe the negative relation of absolute volume and age in the basal ganglia in males, and generally in the hippocampus and amygdala. We could show that negative age-relations are highly specific for certain subcortical structures in either gender. Importantly these findings also emphasize the significant impact of analytical strategies when deciding for correction of subcortical volumes to the whole-brain decline. Specifically, in the basal ganglia disproportionate shrinkage in females was suggested by the relative analysis while absolute volume analysis rather stressed an accelerating decline in older males. Given strong involvement of the basal ganglia in both cognitive aging and emotional regulation, our findings may be crucial for studies investigating the onset and prevalence of dementia and depressive symptoms in male and female aging.

First identified Toxoplasma gondii Type I in market-sold ducks in Fujian province, China: a significant for public health.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular protozoan that can cause toxoplasmosis in all warm-blooded hosts. This study focused on the prevalence and genetic characterize of T. gondii in ducks from Fujian province, China. Genomic DNA was extracted from duck tissue samples (heart, liver, lung, and muscle). To assess the genetic diversity of the T. gondii isolates, it was determined by using multilocus polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technology. A total of 586 ducks from 5 cities in Fujian province were tested, and 35 (6.0%) of which were found to be positive for the T. gondii B1 gene. Further genotyping of these positive samples at 10 genetic markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico) using PCR-RFLP revealed that one tissue samples (heart samples from Fuzhou ducks) were identified as Type I (ToxoDB#10). This study is the first report on the prevalence and genetic characterization of T. gondii in ducks in Fujian province, and Type I (ToxoDB#10) is found in ducks in China for the first time. The findings document the genetic characterization of T. gondii in free-range ducks from Fujian Province, thereby enriching the understanding of T. gondii genetic diversity in China. Moreover, these results provide essential data support for further prospective studies and underscores the "One Health" concept, emphasizing the integral link among human, animal, and environmental health.

Structural characterization, molecular dynamic simulation, and conformational visualization of a water-soluble glucan with high molecular weight from Gastrodia elata Blume.

Polysaccharides have been widely used in the development of natural drugs and health food. However, polysaccharide characterization lags due to inherently complicated features and the limitations of existing detection approaches. We aimed to provide new insight into the fine structure and conformational visualization of polysaccharides from Gastrodia elata Blume, a medicinal and edible plant. A water-soluble polysaccharide (GEP2-6) with the high molecular weight of 2.7 × 106 Da was first obtained, and its purity reached 99.2 %. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses jointly revealed that GEP2-6 was a glucan linked by α-(1 â†’ 4) and α-(1 â†’ 6) glycosidic bonds. After enzymolysis, the local structure of GEP2-6 included α-1,4-Glcp, α-1,6-Glcp, α-1,4,6-Glcp, and α-1-Glcp at a molar ratio of 31.27∶1.32∶1.08∶0.93. The glycosidic linkage pattern of repeating units was further simulated by a glycan database and spatial examination software. The good dissolution performance was interpreted by dynamics simulation and practical molecular characteristics. Spherical flexible chains and the porous stable conformation were corroborated using atomic force microscopy. In addition, GEP2-6 could effectively scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl radicals as a promising natural antioxidant. These efforts will contribute to the expansion of clinical applications of this G. elata polysaccharide and the structural elucidation for macromolecular polysaccharides combined with traditional and modern analysis techniques.

Innovative Stacked Yellow and Blue Mini-LED Chip for White Lamp Applications.

This study introduces a novel approach for fabricating vertically stacked mini-LED arrays, integrating InGaN yellow and blue epitaxial layers with a stress buffer layer to enhance optoelectronic characteristics and structural stability. This method significantly simplifies the LED design by reducing the need for RGB configurations, thus lowering costs and system complexity. Employing vertical stacking integration technology, the design achieves high-density, efficient white light production suitable for multifunctional applications, including automotive lighting and outdoor signage. Experimental results demonstrate the exceptional performance of the stacked yellow and blue mini-LEDs in terms of luminous efficiency, wavelength precision, and thermal stability. The study also explores the performance of these LEDs under varying temperature conditions and their long-term reliability, indicating that InGaN-based yellow LEDs offer superior performance over traditional AlGaInP yellow LEDs, particularly in high-temperature environments. This technology promises significant advancements in the design and application of lighting systems, with potential implications for both automotive and general illumination markets.

Advancing high-performance visible light communication with long-wavelength InGaN-based micro-LEDs.

This study showcases a method for achieving high-performance yellow and red micro-LEDs through precise control of indium content within quantum wells. By employing a hybrid quantum well structure with our six core technologies, we can accomplish outstanding external quantum efficiency (EQE) and robust stripe bandwidth. The resulting 30 µm × 8 micro-LED arrays exhibit maximum EQE values of 11.56% and 5.47% for yellow and red variants, respectively. Notably, the yellow micro-LED arrays achieve data rates exceeding 1 Gbit/s for non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) format and 1.5 Gbit/s for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) format. These findings underscore the significant potential of long-wavelength InGaN-based micro-LEDs, positioning them as highly promising candidates for both full-color microdisplays and visible light communication applications.

Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of hybrid amphiphiles with a polyoxometalate headgroup.

A hybrid was at first synthesized by a postfunctionalization of an aminomethane trisalkoxo-functionalized Anderson-type polyoxometalate (POM) encapsulated by three tetrabutylammonium ions using a 3,5-bis(tetradecyloxy)benzoic acid by amidation. Then the three TBA(+) counter cations were programmatically replaced by protons (H(+)) following a molecule-to-amphiphile conversion. In this way one hybrid and three POM-containing hybrid amphiphiles (PCHAs) were acquired by adjusting the number (n) of TBA(+) ions and number (3 - n) of H(+) ions (n = 3, 2, 1, and 0). These compounds can be spread onto a water surface to form a Langmuir monolayer film at the air-water interface. Surface pressure-molecular area measurements exhibit the TBA(+) (H(+)) number playing an important role in the forming ability and stability of Langmuir monolayer films. Also, the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique has been used to transfer the monolayer film onto solid supports to fabricate solid multilayer films. It was found that the PCHA with three H(+) ions had the best Langmuir film-forming ability and thus formed stable LB films with a two-dimensional ordered structure. Our findings are instructive in fabricating and using solid films of the amphiphiles with POM headgroups.

Association between fatigue and Internet addiction in female hospital nurses.

AIMS: To report a study conducted to examine the association between fatigue and Internet addiction among female hospital nurses. BACKGROUND: The Internet provides unprecedented convenience for social interaction and information retrieval. Although excessive Internet use has been demonstrated to correlate with fatigue in adolescents, no studies have examined whether it is associated with fatigue in nurses. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: The study was conducted in August 2010. Female Registered Nurses working in a regional teaching hospital in southern Taiwan were asked to complete a paper-based questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on demographics, the Chen Internet Addiction Scale and the Chalder Fatigue Scale. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using Chalder fatigue scale as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Of the 564 (79% response) valid questionnaires returned, 6 and 10% of the participants were classified as diagnostic cases and possible cases of Internet addiction, respectively. Fatigue levels, adjusting for other potential confounders including work unit, shift work, regular self-medication, and self-perceived health status, was significantly associated with both possible cases of Internet addiction and diagnostic cases of Internet addiction. CONCLUSION: This study is the first in reporting a statistically significant association between fatigue levels and Internet addiction in female hospital nurses. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses should pay attention to their Internet activity and whether it adds to their fatigue levels. Addictive behaviour should promptly be dealt with to ensure that the best care is provided to patients.

Polarity-extended composition profiling via LC-MS-based metabolomics approaches: A key to functional investigation of Citrus aurantium L.

Citrus is a genus containing diverse edible species, among them Citrus aurantium L. is widely utilized while short of composition research. Herein, utilizing multiple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics approaches, we comprehensively characterized its components. We first systematized both LC and MS characteristics of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), by which 13 PMFs were identified in C. aurantium, and their biosynthesis pathway was further established. Using derivatization-LC-MS targeted metabolomics approaches, 28 carbohydrates and 18 carboxylic acids were firstly found in C. aurantium. Combined with untargeted metabolomics method, total 147 compositions were characterized, among which 92 were firstly reported in C. aurantium. We further obtained their geographical features and sought out principal discriminative compounds. Moreover, typical biofunctions of C. aurantium from diverse regions were speculated using pharmacological platform and partly verified by experiments. The present study provided systematic component information for C. aurantium, which laid the foundation for its further exploitation as functional food.

Recent Advances in Micro-LEDs Having Yellow-Green to Red Emission Wavelengths for Visible Light Communications.

Visible light communication (VLC), which will primarily support high-speed internet connectivity in the contemporary world, has progressively come to be recognized as a significant alternative and reinforcement in the wireless communication area. VLC has become more popular recently because of its many advantages over conventional radio frequencies, including a higher transmission rate, high bandwidth, low power consumption, fewer health risks, and reduced interference. Due to its high-bandwidth characteristics and potential to be used for both illumination and communications, micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) have drawn a lot of attention for their use in VLC applications. In this review, a detailed overview of micro-LEDs that have long emission wavelengths for VLC is presented, along with their related challenges and future prospects. The VLC performance of micro-LEDs is influenced by a number of factors, including the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE), size-dependent effect, and droop effect, which are discussed in the following sections. When these elements are combined, it has a major impact on the performance of micro-LEDs in terms of their modulation bandwidth, wavelength shift, full-width at half maximum (FWHM), light output power, and efficiency. The possible challenges faced in the use of micro-LEDs were analyzed through a simulation conducted using Crosslight Apsys software and the results were compared with the previous reported results. We also provide a brief overview of the phenomena, underlying theories, and potential possible solutions to these issues. Furthermore, we provide a brief discussion regarding micro-LEDs that have emission wavelengths ranging from yellow-green to red colors. We highlight the notable bandwidth enhancement for this paradigm and anticipate some exciting new research directions. Overall, this review paper provides a brief overview of the performance of VLC-based systems based on micro-LEDs and some of their possible applications.

Discovery of novel ascorbic acid derivatives and other metabolites in fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt through untargeted metabolomics and feature-based molecular networking.

Fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (FRR) is widely used in functional food industry while short of metabolites research. Herein, we firstly identified 251 metabolites in FRR based on untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach. Then, 42 differential compounds were sought out to avoid the confusing use of FRR and fruit of R. sterilis S. D. Shi (FRS), and FRR was evaluated exhibiting higher biofunction potential. Moreover, a quantitative LC-MS approach was established to determine the contents of 3 ascorbyl hexosides, and FRR with higher contents should be better source than FRS. Additionally, 17 ascorbic acid (AA) derivatives formed by conjugation of ascorbyl unit with organic acids, flavonoids, or glucuronic acid were also discovered in FRR through characteristic ions of AA and feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), enlightening that AA derivatives were not limited to ascorbyl glycosides. This study provided abundant metabolites information of FRR, laying the basis for exploitation of FRR.