Retinoblastoma in Asia: Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcomes in 2112 Patients from 33 Countries.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of children who received a diagnosis of retinoblastoma in 2017 throughout Asia. DESIGN: Multinational, prospective study including treatment-naïve patients in Asia who received a diagnosis of retinoblastoma in 2017 and were followed up thereafter. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2112 patients (2797 eyes) from 96 retinoblastoma treatment centers in 33 Asian countries. INTERVENTIONS: Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, enucleation, and orbital exenteration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Enucleation and death. RESULTS: Within the cohort, 1021 patients (48%) were from South Asia (SA), 503 patients (24%) were from East Asia (EA), 310 patients (15%) were from Southeast Asia (SEA), 218 patients (10%) were from West Asia (WA), and 60 patients (3%) were from Central Asia (CA). Mean age at presentation was 27 months (median, 23 months; range, < 1-261 months). The cohort included 1195 male patients (57%) and 917 female patients (43%). The most common presenting symptoms were leukocoria (72%) and strabismus (13%). Using the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, Eighth Edition, classification, tumors were staged as cT1 (n = 441 [16%]), cT2 (n = 951 [34%]), cT3 (n = 1136 [41%]), cT4 (n = 267 [10%]), N1 (n = 48 [2%]), and M1 (n = 129 [6%]) at presentation. Retinoblastoma was treated with intravenous chemotherapy in 1450 eyes (52%) and 857 eyes (31%) underwent primary enucleation. Three-year Kaplan-Meier estimates for enucleation and death were 33% and 13% for CA, 18% and 4% for EA, 27% and 15% for SA, 32% and 22% for SEA, and 20% and 11% for WA (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: At the conclusion of this study, significant heterogeneity was found in treatment outcomes of retinoblastoma among the regions of Asia. East Asia displayed better outcomes with higher rates of globe and life salvage, whereas Southeast Asia showed poorer outcomes compared with the rest of Asia. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Aqueous misdirection syndrome: clinical outcomes and risk factors for treatment failure.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of postoperative aqueous misdirection and factors predicting failure of interventions. METHODS: This retrospective study included 49 eyes from 47 patients with aqueous misdirection following glaucoma or cataract surgery. Resolution of aqueous misdirection (AM) was deepening of the central anterior chamber (AC) and intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤ 21 mmHg. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate risk factors for failure of various treatments. RESULTS: 10/49 eyes (20%) resolved with conservative management, and 39/49 eyes (80%) needed multiple intervention, of which 95% (37/39) eyes achieved resolution of aqueous misdirection. Pseudophakia predicted the need for multiple interventions with a hazard ratio of 2.391 (1.158-4.935), p = 0.02). Among the risk factors assessed for resolution of AM, longer axial length (HR: 0.61 (0.414-0.891), p < 0.01) and eyes with prior glaucoma surgery predicted resolution (HR: 0.142 (0.027-0.741), p < 0.01) and delayed presentation predicted failure (HR: 1.002 (1.0002-1.0031), p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Pseudophakic eyes were more refractory and predicted the need for multiple interventions. Eyes with prior glaucoma surgery and those with longer axial length had achieved resolution faster, and delayed presentation was a risk factor for failure to resolve.

OUTCOME OF EYES TREATED FOR RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY IN POSTERIOR ZONE I: An Eastern India Study.

PURPOSE: To analyze the outcomes of eyes treated for retinopathy of prematurity in posterior Zone I. METHODS: In a part retrospective (9 years) and part prospective (1 year) interventional study, we analyzed eyes treated for retinopathy of prematurity in posterior Zone I with a minimum follow-up for 6 months. RESULTS: This study included 109 eyes of 56 infants; mean gestational age and birth weights were 29.3 (±2.1) weeks and 1112.5 (±381.9) g, respectively. The treatment included intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor as the initial treatment modality in 101 eyes (92.6%), either alone (27 eyes) or combined with laser or vitreous surgery (73 eyes). Laser was the initial treatment modality in eight eyes, either alone (n = 3) or in combination with surgery (n = 5). With anti-vascular endothelial growth factor alone, 30.68% (n = 27) eyes responded favorably, and the remaining 69.32% (n = 59) eyes needed retreatment (laser in the majority). At the final follow-up, 89.9% (out of 109) of eyes did well anatomically. Good outcome was significantly linked to no detachment at presentation ( P < 0.0001) and the presence of well-defined central vascular trunks ( P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Treating the eyes before retinal detachment with bevacizumab followed by laser (and surgery, if needed) results in a favorable outcome in babies with posterior Zone I retinopathy of prematurity.

Long-term Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Primary Congenital Glaucoma between 1991 and 2000: A Single-Center Database Study.

PURPOSE: To estimate the long-term surgical and visual outcomes in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) who completed at least 20 years of follow-up. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred twenty eyes of 121 patients undergoing surgery for PCG between January 1991 and December 2000 and who returned for a follow-up visit from January 2021 through January 2022. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of patients who underwent primary combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy (CTT) without mitomycin C as an initial procedure. Success was defined as complete when intraocular pressure (IOP) was ≥ 6 mmHg and ≤ 21 mmHg without glaucoma medication and as qualified when up to 2 glaucoma medications were required. Failure was defined as uncontrolled IOP with more than 2 glaucoma medications, need for a second IOP-lowering procedure, chronic hypotony (IOP < 6 mmHg on 2 consecutive visits), or any sight-threatening complication. A mixed-effects model using maximum likelihood estimation was used in estimation of eye-based variables and to make comparisons between different visits. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the probabilities of surgical and functional successes. Cox proportional hazards regression using sandwich clustered estimation was used to evaluate risk factors for failure and poor visual outcome. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients who demonstrated complete success over the 20-year follow-up. Secondary outcome measures included rate of surgical failure and need for reoperation for glaucoma, visual acuity, refractive errors, risk factors for poor outcome, and complications. RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed 1-year, 10-year, and 20-year complete success rates of 90.7%, 78.9%, and 44.5%, respectively. In univariate analysis, surgical failure was higher among patients with any additional non-glaucoma intraocular surgery. None of the clinical parameters were associated significantly with failure in multivariable analysis. Overall, the proportion of eyes with good, fair, and poor visual outcomes was 33.2%, 16.4%, and 50.4%, respectively. Myopia was seen in 68.9% eyes. Twenty-eight eyes of those who underwent primary CTT (14.4%) required second surgery for IOP control. No significant intraoperative complications occurred. Six eyes required enucleation because of painful blind eye. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of patients with PCG, CTT is a useful procedure. It provides good IOP control and moderate visual recovery that remained over a 20-year follow-up after surgery. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia with 360° limbal involvement: a study of 130 patients.

PURPOSE: To describe the risk factors, clinical features and management outcomes of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with 360° of limbal involvement (360-OSSN) and compare with segmental limbal involvement (SL-OSSN). METHODS: Retrospective comparative study of 360-OSSN vs SL-OSSN. All 360-OSSN and every 10th patient with SL-OSSN during the study period (2012-2020) were included. Lesions with uncertain diagnosis were excluded. RESULTS: Of 1250 patients diagnosed with OSSN during the study period, 30 (2%) had 360-OSSN. A total of 100 patients of OSSN with SL-OSSN were included for comparison. 360-OSSN patients more often had longer duration of symptoms (mean, 17 vs 8 months; p, 0.003), prior misdiagnosis (17% vs 6%, p, 0.13) and prior intervention (47% vs 13%; p, 0.0002) than patients with SL-OSSN. 360-OSSN had higher incidence of scleral fixity (57% vs 16%; p < 0.0001), corneal/scleral melt (17% vs 0%; p, 0.0005), intraocular tumor extension (17% vs 0%; p, 0.003), orbital tumor extension (33% vs 1%; p < 0.0001), and advanced T stage at presentation (Tis: 37% vs 76%, T1: 0% vs 15%; T2: 7% vs 4%; T3: 27% vs 4%; T4: 30% vs 1%; p < 0.001). Over a mean follow-up of 14 months, lymph node metastasis (8% vs 0%; p, 0.05) and distant metastasis (4% vs 0%; p, 0.23) were more common in 360-OSSN group compared to SL-OSSN group. CONCLUSION: Risk factors of 360-OSSN include prolonged symptoms, prior misdiagnosis and prior intervention. It represents an advanced form of disease with propensity for corneo-scleral melt and invasive disease which requires aggressive management.

Biometry of the human cornea and globe: An evaluation by age, gender and population.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age, gender and population origin on human globe and corneal dimensions and to explore the relationships between the dimensions. Human post-mortem eyes were obtained in Hyderabad (n = 223; range, 0-85 years) and Miami (n = 486; range, 6-103 years). The eyes were freed of extraneous tissues and globe antero-posterior length (GAPL), mean globe diameter (MGD) (average of horizontal and vertical), and corneal horizontal (HCD) and vertical (VCD) diameters were measured using digital calipers. The relationships of age, gender and population origin with globe and corneal dimensions and the relationships between the dimensions were assessed by bivalent and multiple regression analyses. Globe and cornea dimensions increase asymptotically with age until around the late teens but do not change thereafter. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses of the >20-year-old eyes showed that population was significantly correlated with GAPL, MGD, HCD and VCD. Male globes and corneas were larger than those from females, but the difference did not appear to be statistically significant. All Hyderabad dimensions were significantly larger than those from the Miami. Neither GAPL nor MGD were correlated with the corneal dimensions. GAPL was significantly correlated with MGD as was HCD with VCD.

Visual photosensitivity threshold and objective photosensitivity luminance in healthy human eyes assessed using an automated ocular photosensitivity analyser: a step towards translation of a clinical tool for assessing photophobia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual photosensitivity threshold and objective photosensitivity luminance in healthy eyes, thereby providing a normative dataset that will lead to a better understanding of diseases causing photophobia. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Emmetropes whose visual acuity was better than 0.18 logMAR (6/9) with no other ocular abnormality were included. Headache Impact Test-6 and visual light sensitivity questionnaires were administered. Visual photosensitivity threshold was measured subjectively using the ocular photosensitivity analyser. Objective photosensitivity luminance was assessed manually by evaluating videos recorded using an infrared camera and noting the intensity of light at the first squeezing reflex. RESULTS: Seventy five normal subjects (age range, 7-71 years) were included. Median age was 32.7 years (inter-quartile range, 20.3-47.9 years). Forty (53.3%) were males. Median Headache Impact Test score was 38 (inter-quartile range, 36-42) and visual light sensitivity questionnaire score was 11 (inter-quartile range, 8-15). Mean (standard deviation) right eye, left eye and binocular visual photosensitivity threshold was 3.34 (0.78), 3.33 (0.81) and 3.37 (0.78) loglux, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation of visual light sensitivity questionnaire scores with right eye, left eye and binocular visual photosensitivity thresholds, and positive correlation of age with binocular visual photosensitivity thresholds. Mean (standard deviation) right eye, left eye and binocular objective photosensitivity luminance was 3.25 (0.55), 3.35 (0.47) and 3.15 (0.52) loglux, respectively. Age was only positively correlated with binocular objective photosensitivity luminance, and there was no correlation between age and right eye or left eye objective photosensitivity luminance. CONCLUSIONS: The study characterised, for the first time, objective photosensitivity luminance and established normative data for both visual photosensitivity threshold and objective photosensitivity luminance. The data will help in understanding the pathophysiology of diseases causing photophobia, monitoring the disease progression and evaluating treatment modalities.

Outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation and risk factors for graft failure in eyes with Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) in eyes with Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) and glaucoma and evaluate the risk factors for failure. METHODS: Retrospective interventional study included 27 eyes (27 subjects) that underwent AGV implantation following DSEK. The main outcome measure was AGV success, defined as IOP between 6 and 21 mmHg with or without topical antiglaucoma medications (AGMs). Secondary outcome measure was graft survival. Graft failure was defined as corneal edema for ≥ 1 month or irreversible graft opacity requiring intervention. RESULTS: Eighteen eyes (66.7%) had anterior chamber tube and 9 eyes (33.3%) had sulcus tube placement. Median follow-up was 1.2 years (interquartile range, IQR, 0.5-2.5 years). Following AGV implantation, the median IOP decreased significantly (p < 0.0001), median number of AGMs reduced significantly (p < 0.001) and median visual acuity was maintained (p = 0.76). Cumulative success probability of AGV was 75.8 ± 10.6% at 1 year, and 75.8 ± 10.6% at 2 years. For 24 clear grafts before AGV, estimates of success post-AGV were 100% at 1 year, 77.8 ± 10% at 2 years and 51.9 ± 16.4% at 3 years. Postoperative tube intervention was a borderline significant risk factor for graft failure (p = 0.05) with hazards ratio of 7.2; however, tube location was not associated with failure. CONCLUSIONS: AGV can be considered an effective surgical option for IOP control in eyes with DSEK and glaucoma. However, high risk of long-term graft failure in these eyes needs to be considered specially those eyes needing tube intervention.

Metastatic conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma: a study of 5 patients.

PURPOSE: To describe the risk factors, clinical features, management, and outcomes in patients with metastatic conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (mcSCC). METHODS: Retrospective comparative study. RESULTS: Of the 1192 cases with ocular surface squamous neoplasia during the study period, 654 (55%) patients were biopsied and 223 (19%) had invasive squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Of these 223 patients with cSCC, locoregional metastasis developed in 4 (2%) and distant metastasis in 1 (0.4%) patient. Mean age at diagnosis of OSSN was 48 years (median, 40 years; range 35-74 years). Tumors belonged to T2 (n = 2; 40%) and T4a (n = 3; 60%) at presentation. Primary treatment modalities included topical and subconjunctival interferon α 2B immunotherapy (n = 2; 40%), extended enucleation (n = 1; 20%) and orbital exenteration (n = 2; 40%). Metastases were noted after a mean period of 22 months of onset of primary tumor (median, 18 months; range 2-46 months). Death from metastatic disease occurred in all patients over a mean follow-up period of 21 months (median, 11 months; range 1-46 months). Bivariate regression analysis revealed smoking (p = 0.037, Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.13), tumor thickness ≥ 5 mm (p = 0.015, OR = 17.78), orbital invasion (p = 0.018, OR = 1.00), and poor histopathological differentiation (p = 0.031, OR = 10.44) to be significant risk factors for mcSCC. CONCLUSION: Metastatic disease in cSCC is rare and risk factors for metastasis include smoking, thicker tumors, orbital tumor extension, and poor tumor differentiation. mcSCC is associated with high mortality.

Outcome of four-point fixated open loop polymethyl methacrylate anterior chamber intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To study long-term visual and refractive outcomes and complications in eyes with anterior chamber intraocular lens (ACIOL) implantation. METHODS: Data of patients who underwent primary and secondary ACIOL implantation at L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar between 2011 and 2020 was collected, including details of post-operative visits. For analysis, sample was divided into: group Ia (primary ACIOL in cases without risk factors, n = 104); group Ib (primary ACIOL in cases with pre-existing risk factors, n = 49); and group II (secondary ACIOL, n = 40). RESULTS: A total of 193 eyes of 192 patients were included. Mean post-operative follow-up in groups I and II were 8.6 and 11.51 months, respectively. Mean pre-operative and last visit corrected distance visual acuity were 1.73 ± 0.11 and 0.42 ± 0.05 logMAR units in group Ia (p < 0.001), and 1.53 ± 0.14 and 0.49 ± 0.10 logMAR units in group Ib (p < 0.001). The mean spherical equivalent (MSE) for last refraction was -0.37 ± 0.18 diopters (D) and -0.15 ± 0.51 D in groups I and II, respectively. Of 76 eyes in which addition of 2.5 D (over the near emmetropic posterior chamber intraocular lens power) was taken for ACIOL, 40 (52.6%) had MSE within ± 0.5 D. Most common complications were transient corneal edema and anterior chamber reaction. Eyes on anti-glaucoma medications at last visit were eight (7.7%), 15 (30.6%), and two (5.0%) in groups Ia, Ib, and II, respectively. CONCLUSION: We observed that ACIOLs have good visual and refractive outcomes. Raised IOP is a concern in eyes with pseudoexfoliation, but can be managed with close monitoring. Hence ACIOL can be a good option for managing aphakia after cataract surgery.

Dexamethasone implant improves anatomic response to anti-VEGF therapy in treatment-resistant polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) can be resistant to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections. We evaluated the efficacy of a combination of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DXI) and anti-VEGF therapy in eyes resistant to anti-VEGF monotherapy. METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients with PCV resistant to anti-VEGF injections were additionally injected with a DXI along with an anti-VEGF agent. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, fundus evaluation, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) data were analyzed. Anatomical response on OCT was the primary outcome measure. Change in visual acuity and injection-free interval after DXI were evaluated as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS: Twelve eyes of 11 patients were included in the study. Mean age of patients at presentation was 64.7 ± 9.5 years (range, 49-78.8 years), and there were seven females (63.6%). Median number of anti-VEGF injections prior to DXI was 4 (interquartile range IQR, 3-7). Median follow-up duration after DXI was 32.2 months (IQR, 6.6-41.6 months). Median logMAR BCVA immediately prior to DXI was 0.41 (IQR, 0.30-0.88) and after injection was 0.40 (IQR, 0.30-1.05), which was not significantly different (p = 0.85). Median Central Retinal Thickness (CRT) after DXI was 305.5 µm (IQR, 249-409 µm), which was significantly (p = 0.003) lesser than pre-injection thickness of 547 µm (IQR, 431-771 µm). Median injection-free interval in these eyes after DXI was 5 months (IQR, 2.8-6.4 months). Kaplan-Meier estimates of first injection after DXI were 27.3% at 3 months, 67.3% at 6 months, and 89.1% at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Dexamethasone implant combined with anti-VEGF treatment can prolong the treatment-free interval in eyes with PCV resistant to anti-VEGF injection while maintaining visual acuity.

Relationship of the cornea and globe dimensions to the changes in adult human crystalline lens diameter, thickness and power with age.

It is well known that human crystalline lens shape, dimensions and optical properties change throughout life and influence whole eye refraction. However, it is not clear if lens properties are associated with other ocular parameters. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of corneal and external globe dimensions with adult lens diameter (LD), lens thickness (LT) and lens power (LP) in order to determine if external factors influence lens properties. Postmortem human eyes (n = 66, age = 20-78 years) were obtained from the Ramayamma International Eye Bank, Hyderabad, India. Globe antero-posterior length (GAPL) and mean (average of horizontal and vertical) diameters of cornea (MCD) and globe (MGD) were measured using digital calipers. Eyes were dissected to produce ocular structures that contain the lens maintained in its accommodating framework, including intact zonules, ciliary body and sections of sclera. Specimens were mounted in a mechanical lens stretching system. LD, LT and LP were measured using high magnification retro-illumination photography, slit illumination photography and Scheiner principle-based optical system respectively in the unstretched (accommodated) state. Relationships between external globe and corneal dimensions and LD, LT or LP were assessed by multiple regression analysis. Age (0.012 ± 0.003 mm/year; p<0.001) and GAPL (0.185 ± 0.045 mm/mm; p<0.001) were significant (p<0.0001) predictors of LD. After adjusting for age-related increases, LD appears to be positively correlated with GAPL. Age (0.010 ± 0.004 mm/year; p = 0.009) and GAPL (-0.143 ± 0.060 mm/mm; p = 0.02) were significant (p = 0.001) predictors of LT. After adjusting for the age-related increase, LT appears to be negatively correlated with GAPL. Only age was a significant predictor of LP (-0.26 ± 0.04 D/year; p<0.001). The results suggest that, apart from aging, lens diameter and thickness are dependent on the anteroposterior length of the eye globe. Lens power is not influenced by globe dimensions.

Linezolid shows high safety and efficacy in the treatment of Pythium insidiosum keratitis in a rabbit model.

Efficacy and safety of three antibiotics (Linezolid-LZ, 0.2%; Azithromycin-AZ, 1%; Tigecycline-TG, 1%) were determined in the treatment of Pythium insidiosum keratitis in rabbits. Infection of right eye of 38 rabbits was induced by standard intracorneal injection of P. insidiosum zoospores (left eye, intracorneal saline). Corneal infection developed in all right eyes. One hourly eye drops of one of the three antibiotics was instilled in both eyes (3 groups of 12 rabbits each) except in controls. Half of the rabbits in each group received intracorneal injection of the respective antibiotic after 4 days of starting eye drops. Clinical scoring of eyes was done over next 3 weeks. The reduction in scores post-treatment was significant for each drug (LZ: p < 0.025, AZ: p < 0.025, TG: p < 0.01). Scores with LZ (median change of 3) was significantly (p = 0.013) higher than TG (median change of 2) and comparable (p = 0.06) to AZ (median change of 3). Reduction in clinical scores in eyes receiving intracorneal antibiotics was not significantly different from the eyes that did not receive intracorneal antibiotics (p = 0.73). While no adverse effect of LZ was seen in the control corneas, 66-100% of rabbits showed reaction to AZ and TG. Histopathology showed severe inflammation in all infected corneas and intraocular extension in some of the rabbits with poor response. The success rate was noted to be 16.7%, 25% and 50% in AZ, TG and LZ respectively (p = 0.45). LZ demonstrated superior efficacy and safety and can be considered for trial in human disease.

Morphometric analysis of in vitro human crystalline lenses using digital shadow photogrammetry.

There is a great need for accurate biometric data on human lenses. To meet this, a compact tabletop optical comparator, the minishadowgraph, was built for measuring isolated eye lens shape and dimensions while the lens was fully immersed in supporting medium. The instrument was based around a specially designed cell and an illumination system which permitted image recording in both sagittal and equatorial (coronal) directions. Data were acquired with a digital camera and analyzed using a specially written MATLAB program as well as by manual measurements in image analysis software. The possible effect of lens orientation and gravity on the dimensions was examined by measuring dimensions with anterior or posterior surfaces up and by measuring lenses with calipers after removal from the minishadowgraph cell. Dimensions, curvatures and shape factors were obtained for 134 fully accommodated lenses ranging in age from birth to 88 years postnatal. Of these, 41 were from donors aged under 20 years, ages which are generally of limited availability. Thickness and diameter showed the same age-related trends described in previous studies but, for the lenses measured in air, age-dependent differences were observed in thickness (-5 to 0%) and diameter (+5 to 0%), consistent with gravitational sag. Anterior and posterior radii of curvature of the central 3 or 6 mm, depending on lens diameter, increase with age, with the anterior increase greater than the posterior. The anterior surface shape of the neonatal lens is that of a prolate ellipse and the posterior, an oblate ellipse. Both surfaces become hyperbolic after age 20. The data presented here on dimensions, shape and sagging will be of great value in assessing age-related changes in the optical and mechanical performance of the lens. In particular, the comprehensive data set from donors aged under 20 years provides a unique and valuable insight to the changes in size and shape during the early dynamic growth period of the lens.

Isolated human crystalline lens three-dimensional shape: A comparison between Indian and European populations.

There have been many studies on lens properties in specific populations (e.g. in China, Europe, Singapore, etc.) some of which suggest there may be differences between populations. Differences could be caused by ethnic or environmental influences or experimental procedures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if any differences exist between Indian and European populations in the central geometric and full shape properties of human lenses. Two custom-developed spectral domain optical coherence tomography systems were used to acquire the crystalline lens geometry: one in India (69 lenses from 59 donors) and the other in Spain (24 lenses from 19 donors). The steps for obtaining accurate 3-D models from optical coherence tomography raw images comprised of image segmentation, fan and optical distortion correction, tilt removal and registration. The outcome variables were lens equatorial diameter, lens thickness, anterior and posterior lens thicknesses and their ratio, central radius of curvature of the anterior and posterior lens surfaces, lens volume and lens surface area. A mixed effects model by maximum likelihood estimation was used to evaluate the effect of age, population and their interaction (age*population) on lens parameters. After adjusting for age, there were no population differences observed in anterior and posterior radii of curvature, equatorial diameter, lens thickness, anterior and posterior lens thicknesses and their ratio, volume and surface area (all p ≥ 0.08). There was also no effect of the interaction term on anterior and posterior radii of curvature, equatorial diameter, lens thickness, anterior and posterior lens thicknesses and their ratio, volume and surface area (all p ≥ 0.06). All central geometric and full shape parameters appeared to be comparable between the European and Indian populations. This is the first study to compare geometric and full shape lens parameters between different populations in vitro.

Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma: Influence of Age at Presentation on Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between age at presentation and outcomes of patients with periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma. METHODS: Retrospective case series of 241 patients. RESULTS: Of 241 cases, 29 (12%) were young adults (≤40 years), 122 (51%) were middle-aged adults (41-60 years), and 90 (37%) were older adults (>60 years). Based on the eighth edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer, most tumors belonged to T1 category (n = 78, 32%) on presentation. Wide excisional biopsy was the most common treatment modality (n = 183, 79%). There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical presentation, treatment approaches, and histopathology features amongst different age groups, except pagetoid spread which was higher in middle-aged adults (61%, p = 0.004). The incidence of tumor recurrence was higher in older age group compared to younger age groups, with 5-year, 10-year Kaplan-Meier estimate at 31%, 31% in young adults, 38%, 38% in middle-aged adults, and 45%, 100% in older adults (p = 0.03), respectively. The 10-year Kaplan-Meier estimate rate of locoregional lymph node metastasis, systemic metastasis, and death was higher in young adults (51%, 48%, and 48%, respectively) compared to middle-aged (30%, 17%, and 12%, respectively) and older adults (24%, 25%, and 27%, respectively), but the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference in the clinical presentation of periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma based on age. However, the tumor recurrence rate is much higher in the older age group and death higher in younger patients despite the same treatment strategies in all age groups.

Ultrasound biomicroscopic features of the normal lower eyelid.

PURPOSE: To report the ultrasound biomicroscopic features of normal lower eyelid structures. METHODS: Thirty lower eyelids of fifteen healthy adults were randomized and prospectively subjected to Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (Quantel Aviso with 50 MHz transducer) by two independent observers (an ophthalmologist and an optometrist). The measurements were performed in upgaze, with the probe perpendicular to the lower eyelid margin in the mid-pupillary line, two limbal lines, and two canthal lines. The tarsus, orbicularis, capsulopalpebral fascia, and retractor-conjunctiva complex were assessed for two parameters: echogenicity (hyper/hypoechoic) and measurement in millimeters. RESULTS: Mean age was 25 years (range 20-39 years), 15 (50%) were right lower eyelids and 8 were males. The first layer, skin-orbicularis complex appeared hyperechoic. The second layer was hypoechoic band which represents the tarsal plate superiorly and capsulopalpebral fascia inferiorly. This was noted to be continuous and of almost uniform thickness in the normal eyelids. The glandular structure of meibomian glands was identified in 100% cases. The hyperechoic layer below the capsulopalpebral fascia is the retractor-conjunctiva complex. The mean thickness of pretarsal and pre-septal orbicularis was 0.68 ± 0.18 mm and 0.89 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. The tarsal plate measured 0.57 ± 0.12 mm, capsulopalpebral fascia 0.42 ± 0.13 mm and the retractor-conjunctiva complex 0.79 ± 0.18 mm. On Bland-Altman analysis, the majority of the measurements had mean agreements between -0.14 mm and +0.12 mm. Anatomical differentiation was not useful in the canthal region. CONCLUSION: Echogenicity and thickness of normal lower eyelid structures as measured by UBM are reported. The test is non-invasive, with a good inter-observer agreement.

Recent indications of endothelial keratoplasty at a tertiary eye care center in South India.

PURPOSE: To describe the patient demographics and recent clinical indications of endothelial keratoplasty (EK) in patients presenting to a tertiary eye care center in India. METHODS: This cross-sectional hospital-based study included 2,182 patients who underwent EK between Jan 2016 and Dec 2019 (4 years period). The data were collected using an electronic medical record system. RESULTS: Overall, 2,632 eyes of 2,182 patients underwent EK during the study period. Median age was 62 (IQR: 48-70) years and adults (94.45%) comprised most of the cohort. More commonly, the patients were male (55.59%) and from the higher socioeconomic strata (67.51%). The corneal signs included corneal edema (70.93%), corneal scarring (29.60%), corneal vascularization (16%) and guttae (12.88%). The major indications of EK were post-cataract surgery corneal edema in 1331 (50.57%) patients, endothelial dystrophy in 537 (20.4%) patients, failed graft in 535 (20.33%) patients causing a vision impairment of > 20/400-20/1200 in about a half (45.55%) of the patients. Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) were performed in 2075 (78.84%) and 557(21.16%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: EK is commonly performed during the sixth decade of life and in males. The most performed procedure is DSEK. The commonest indication was post-cataract surgery corneal edema.

Risk factors for recurrent retinoblastoma after intravenous chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To analyze the risk factors and estimate the risk period for tumor recurrence in intraocular retinoblastoma (RB). METHODS: Retrospective study of 60 RB patients. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation with RB was 16 months (median 11 months; range 1-84 months). Tumor was unilateral in 13 (22%) and bilateral in 47 (78%) patients. Of 83 eyes with intraocular RB, group B (n = 27; 33%) tumors were more common based on International Classification of Intraocular Retinoblastoma. All cases received intravenous chemotherapy as a primary treatment. Over a mean follow-up period of 57 months (median 38 months; range 12-185 months) post-primary treatment, 44 (73%) patients developed tumor recurrence. The mean interval between the completion of primary treatment and first tumor recurrence was 5 months (median 3 months; range 1-24 months). The total duration of treatment for complete tumor control including treatment of tumor recurrences was 20 months (median 19 months; 2-58 months). By multivariate analysis, the factors predictive of tumor recurrence were multiple tumors (p = 0.008) and retinal detachment (p = 0.003) at presentation. Kaplan-Meier estimate of tumor recurrence at 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years was 20%, 31%, 68%, and 73%, respectively. There was no tumor recurrence beyond 5 years since primary treatment. CONCLUSION: Multiple tumors and retinal detachment at presentation are risk factors for tumor recurrence in RB. Close follow-up is mandatory for at least 5 years since the initiation of treatment for RB.

Seropositivity of blood samples of 31,355 cornea donors from a tertiary care network of eye banks.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the seropositivity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis from blood samples of cornea donors and assess correlation between seropositivity for HIV and syphilis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of blood samples of 31,355 cornea donors for HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis was performed. Postmortem blood samples were analyzed by a rapid screening test for anti-HIV envelope antibodies against HIV 1 and 2, HBV surface antigen, antibody to HCV and anti-cardiolipin antibodies for syphilis by rapid plasma reagin test. RESULTS: The overall seropositivity rate was 4.28% (1343/31,355 donors). All positive donors were reactive for a single serological test. The seropositivity rate for HIV was 0.93% (95% CI 0.83-1.04%), for HBsAg was 1.56% (95% CI 1.43-1.7%), for HCV was 1.19% (95% CI 1.08-1.33%) and for syphilis was 0.59% (95% CI 0.52-0.69%). The trends in seropositivity rates showed a decline for three viral markers: HIV (2010, 1.17% to 2018, 0.72%, p = 0.02), HBsAg (2010, 1.98% to 2018, 1.05%, p = 0.0006) and HCV (2010, 1.32% to 2018, 0.43%, p < 0.0001). The seropositivity rates for syphilis showed a progressive increase when compared to baseline (2010, 0.14% to 2018, 1.14%, p < 0.0001). There was no relationship between seropositivity for HIV and syphilis (p = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The overall seropositivity for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis was 4.28%. Seropositivity was highest for HBV. The study did not find correlation between seropositivity of HIV and syphilis.