Impact of photobiomodulation therapy on the morphological aspects of submandibular gland submitted to excretory duct ligation and hypothyroidism: an animal study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on histomorphological aspects of submandibular gland (SMG) submitted to salivary gland duct obstruction in hypothyroid rats. Fifty-six male Wistar rats (250 to 300 g) were divided into 4 groups (n = 14): euthyroid (EU), EU + PBMT, hypothyroid (HYPO), and HYPO + PBMT. Duct obstruction of the left submandibular gland (LSMG) was performed in all animals by a ligature procedure. For the induction of hypothyroidism, total thyroidectomy was performed. PBMT groups received irradiation with AlGaInP diode laser (808 nm, 0.04 W, 0.04cm2 spot size, 60 s, 2.4 J per point, 60 J/cm2, 1 W/cm2). Irradiation was performed immediately, 24 h, and 48 h after the obstruction of the salivary gland duct, in one point, extra oral and perpendicular to the gland. Animals were sacrificed after 24 h and 72 h after duct ligature. Our results indicated that salivary duct obstruction and hypothyroidism caused negative modifications on the salivary glands' histomorphology, especially acinar atrophy, after 24 h and 72 h. HYPO + PBMT showed a significant reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate, congested blood vessels, and acinar atrophy in the SMG submandibular salivary gland in 72 h compared to 24 h (p < 0.05). In conclusion, obstruction of the salivary gland excretory duct and hypothyroidism causes severe sialoadenitis with expressive atrophy of the glandular parenchyma. However, PBMT was able to modulate the inflammatory process and delaying acinar atrophy. This study provided insights to better understand the role of the PBMT on the altered salivary gland by duct ligation and associate hypothyroidism.

ROS-induced autophagy reduces B16F10 melanoma cell proliferative activity.

Cancer is a pathology characterized by increased cell progression and/or reduced programmed cell death. Melanoma shows a rapid increase in cell progression and its resistance to chemotherapy is associated with uncontrolled apoptosis and to mechanisms that increase the flow of the drug out of the cell. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the cell proliferation and cellular alterations in B16F10 murine melanoma. For that, four experimental groups were evaluated: the control group; laser group (ʎ = 660 Î·m, 40 mW, 2.4 J/cm2); photosensitizer group (solution containing methylene blue and toluidine blue 1:1-12.5 µg/mL); PDT group. The incubation time was 30 min. Fluorescence microscopy assays were performed without fixation with the DAPI, monodansylcadaverine (MDC), and dihydroethidium (DHE) probes. Cell proliferation was also determined at 24-h time. The tests were performed in triplicate and the statistical test used was ANOVA with Tukey post-test. The results demonstrate that the plasma membrane of the cells of all the experimental groups remained intact, ROS production and autophagy significantly increased (p < 0.0005 and p < 0.0071, respectively) only in the PDT group. The cell proliferation essay showed a reduction of 74.2% on the PDT group in relation to the control group. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress promoted by photodynamic therapy may induce autophagy and consequently reduce cell proliferation in B16F10 melanoma.

Representation of the black woman on the Brazilian Ministry of Heath advertising posters. / Representatividade da mulher negra em cartazes publicitários do Ministério da Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the forms of representation of black women in posters used by the Brazilian Ministry of Health for advertising campaigns on women's sexual and reproductive health. METHOD: Descriptive, exploratory and documentary study with advertising posters addressing the promotion of women's sexual and reproductive health, available at the Virtual Health Library - Brazil. For the analysis of data, the thematic content analysis was used. RESULTS: Out of the 498 identified posters, 161 addressed women's sexual and reproductive health. After applying the exclusion criteria, 41 posters remained, of which 31 (75.6%) represented a white woman, nine (21.9%) a black woman, and one an indigenous woman (2.4%). Data analysis converged to two analytical categories: the pseudo representation of black women; and women's sexual and reproductive health limited to pregnancy and postpartum. CONCLUSION: The representation of the black woman in the advertising posters of the Brazilian Ministry of Health is low, and the themes addressed in the posters do not contemplate all the phenomena that make up the sexual and reproductive health of women during their life cycle.

Leishmanicidal effect of antiparasitic photodynamic therapy-ApPDT on infected macrophages.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ApPDT (antiparasitic photodynamic therapy) on the interaction of Leishmania braziliensis with J774 macrophages, used as a photosensitizer, methylene blue associated with red laser. The tests are in triplicate and the samples divided into four groups: control, photosensitizer, laser, and ApPDT. The photosensitizer used was the methylene blue at concentration of 12.5 µg/mL. The parameters of the laser were λ = 660 nm, 40 mW, and 8.4 J/cm2. Samples are analyzed by optical microscopy through the identification and counting of infected and uninfected macrophages, parasite load, infectivity, and infection index. Statistical analysis used ANOVA test with Tukey post-test, being considered statistically significant p < 0.05. The analysis of the interaction tests shows that the infection rate in the ApPDT group in relation to the control group presents a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.0001) of 71% at both 24 and 48 h (p < 0.0001) of 62%. ApPDT reduces the number of macrophages infected by Leishmania braziliensis, as well as the number of intracellular parasites, being a possible alternative therapy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniosis.

Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (AmPDT) on Staphylococcus aureus using phenothiazine compound with red laser.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the bactericidal effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (AmPDT) using phenothiazinium dyes (Toluidine Blue O and methylene blue, 1:1) using different concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/mL) associated to red laser with different energy densities (2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6, and 12 J/cm2) on a strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23529). On this study, tests were performed in triplicate and the samples were distributed into 36 test groups: Control and bacterial suspensions were irradiated with the different energy densities, respectively, in the absence of photosensitizer, bacterial suspensions were irradiated with the laser in the different concentrations of the photosensitizer, and finally bacterial suspensions only in the presence of phenothiazinium dye. The pre-irradiation time was 5 min. Therefore, we analyzed the potential of the AmPDT by counting colony-forming units. The logarithm of CFU/mL (log10 CFU/mL) was calculated and the data was analyzed statistically (ANOVA, Tukey's test, p < 0.05). The results showed that the association 50 and 100 µg/mL with 12 J/cm2 showed the highest percentage of inhibition (100 %). Based upon the present results, it may be concluded that the AmPDT was able to enhance the antimicrobial effect of phenothiazines and both concentration of the compound and energy density are important factors for greater effectiveness of therapy.

Common mental disorders and associated factors: a study of women from a rural area.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders and analyzing the influence of sociodemographic, economic, behavioral and reproductive health variables on Common Mental Disorders in women of childbearing age living in the rural area of Uberaba-MG, Brazil. METHOD: An observational and cross-sectional study. Socio-demographic, economic, behavioral and reproductive health instruments were used, along with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to identify common mental disorders. Multiple logistic regression was used for multivariate data analysis. RESULTS: 280 women participated in the study. The prevalence of Common Mental Disorders was 35.7%. In the logistic regression analysis, the variables of living with a partner and education level were associated with Common Mental Disorders, even after adjusting for the other variables. CONCLUSION: Our findings evidenced an association of social and behavioral factors with Common Mental Disorders among rural women. Identification and individualized care in primary health care are essential for the quality of life of these women. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência do transtorno mental comum e analisar a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas, comportamentais e de saúde reprodutiva sobre o transtorno mental comum em mulheres em idade fértil, residentes na zona rural do município de Uberaba-MG, Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional e transversal. Foram utilizados instrumentos de caracterização sociodemográfica, econômica, comportamental e de saúde reprodutiva, e o Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) para identificar os transtornos mentais comuns. Na análise multivariada dos dados, foi utilizada a regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 280 mulheres. A prevalência do transtorno mental comum foi de 35,7%. Na análise de regressão logística, as variáveis convivência com o companheiro e escolaridade, associaram-se ao transtorno mental comum, mesmo após o ajuste para as demais variáveis. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados evidenciaram a associação de fatores sociais e comportamentais com o transtorno mental comum, entre mulheres rurais. A identificação e a assistência individualizada na atenção primária de saúde são essenciais para a qualidade de vida destas mulheres. OBJETIVO: Identificar la prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes y analizar la influencia de las variables socio-demográficas, económicas, de comportamiento y de salud reproductiva en el trastorno mental común en las mujeres en edad fértil, que viven en el municipio rural de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional y transversal. Se usaron instrumentos sociodemográficos, económicos, de comportamiento y salud reproductiva, y el Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) para identificar los trastornos mentales comunes. En el análisis multifactorial de los datos, se utilizó la regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: El estudio incluyó a 280 mujeres. La prevalencia de los trastornos mentales comunes fue de 35,7%. En el análisis de regresión logística, las variables convivencia con su pareja y la escolarización se asociaron con trastorno mental común, incluso después de ajustar por otras variables. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados muestran la relación entre los factores sociales y de comportamiento con el trastorno mental común entre las mujeres rurales. La identificación y la atención individual en la atención primaria de salud son esenciales para la calidad de vida de las mujeres.

The effects of cyclosporin A and Heteropterys tomentosa on the rat liver.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a widely employed immunosuppressive drug that is associated with several side effects, among then hepatotoxicity. Heteropterys tomentosa is a Brazilian plant efficient in reducing damage caused by CsA on the rat testis and prostate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CsA and H. tomentosa (administered isolated or simultaneously) on the liver of Wistar rats. The animals were treated daily with water (control), CsA (15 mg/kg/day), H. tomentosa infusion or CsA+H. tomentosa, for 21 or 56 days. The treatments did not alter liver morphology or cause fibrosis. H. tomentosa administered for 21 days increased the number of hepatocyte nuclei and Kupffer cell volumetric proportion. After 56 days of treatment, H. tomentosa administration did not alter the parameters analyzed. Biochemical plasma dosages and liver stereology showed impairment caused by CsA-treatment after 21 days; these results were not observed after 56 days of treatment. The simultaneous treatment with CsA and H. tomentosa for 21 or 56 days did not alleviate nor accentuate CsA hepatic effects. The present study showed that the 21 days treatment with CsA caused more alteration to the liver than the 56 days treatment; this could be related to hepatic recovery after the long term treatment.

[Under the shadow of maternity: pregnancy, suicidal ideation, and intimate partner violence]. / Sob a sombra da maternidade: gravidez, ideação suicida e violência por parceiro íntimo.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between intimate partner violence and indicators of suicidal ideation during the current pregnancy. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study developed with 358 pregnant women selected by systematic random sampling in Ribeirão Preto, southeastern Brazil. The Back Suicidal Ideation Scale and an adapted version of the instrument used in the World Health Organization Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence were used to identify indicators of suicidal ideation and psychological, physical, and sexual acts of intimate partner violence during the current pregnancy. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted prevalence odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The prevalence of indicators of suicidal ideation was 7.8%. Of the participants, 17.6% reported some type of intimate partner violence during the current pregnancy. Among these, 95.2% reported having suffered psychological violence, 36.5% physical violence, and 1.6% sexual violence. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that women exposed to violence were 6.29 times more likely to have indicators of suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: Policy makers and health care providers must be made aware of the impact of intimate partner violence, including in terms of suicidal ideation, especially during pregnancy. The adoption of simple measures, such as the scales used in the present study, may provide information regarding the extent of intimate partner violence and suicidal ideation in health care services.

Depressive disorder in pregnant Latin women: does intimate partner violence matter?

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify the association of antenatal depressive symptoms with intimate partner violence during the current pregnancy in Brazilian women. BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence is an important risk factor for antenatal depression. To the authors' knowledge, there has been no study to date that assessed the association between intimate partner violence during pregnancy and antenatal depressive symptoms among Brazilian women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty-eight pregnant women were enrolled in the study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and an adapted version of the instrument used in the World Health Organization Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence were used to measure antenatal depressive symptoms and psychological, physical and sexual acts of intimate partner violence during the current pregnancy respectively. Multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms, as determined by the cut-off score of 12 in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, was 28·2% (101). Of the participants, 63 (17·6%) reported some type of intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Among them, 60 (95·2%) reported suffering psychological violence, 23 (36·5%) physical violence and one (1·6%) sexual violence. Multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression indicated that antenatal depressive symptoms are extremely associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Among Brazilian women, exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy increases the chances of experiencing antenatal depressive symptoms. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Clinical nurses and nurses midwifes should pay attention to the particularities of Brazilian women, especially with regard to the occurrence of intimate partner violence, whose impacts on the mental health of this population are extremely significant, both during the gestational period and postpartum.

[Intimate partner violence against pregnant women: study about the repercussions on the obstetric and neonatal results]. / Violência do parceiro íntimo contra a gestante: estudo sobre as repercussões nos resultados obstétricos e neonatais.

This observational, descriptive and analytic study aimed to identify the prevalence of IPV cases among pregnant women and classify them according to the type and frequency; identify the obstetric and neonatal results and their associations with the intimate partner violence (IPV) occurrence in the current pregnancy. It was developed with 232 pregnant women who had prenatal care at a public maternity hospital. Data were collected via structured interview and in the patients' charts and analyzed through the statistic software SAS® 9.0. Among the participants, 15.5% suffered IPV during pregnancy, among that 14.7% suffered psychological violence, 5.2% physical violence and 0.4% sexual violence. Women who did not desire the pregnancy had more chances of suffering IPV (p<0.00; OR=4.32 and 95% CI [1.77 - 10.54]). With regards to the obstetric and neonatal repercussions, there was no statistical association between the variables investigated. Thus, for the study participants there were no negative obstetric and neonatal repercussions related to IPV during pregnancy.

Changes in bryophyte functional composition during post-fire succession.

Climate and land-use changes are altering fire regimes in many regions around the world. To date, most studies have focused on the effects of altered fire regimes on woody and herbaceous communities, while the mechanisms driving post-fire bryophyte succession remain poorly understood, particularly in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Here, we examined changes in bryophyte functional composition along a post-fire chronosequence (ranging from 1 to 20+ years) in Pyrenean oak woodlands (northeastern Portugal). To do so, we defined bryophyte functional groups based on seven morphological, reproductive, and life history traits. Then, we fitted linear and structural equation models to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of fire (time since fire and fire intensity), vegetation structure, climate, topography, and edaphic conditions on the abundance of each group. We identified two main functional groups: early colonizers (species with traits associated with strong colonization ability and desiccation tolerance) and perennial stayers (species with high competitive ability, i.e., large perennial mosses). Overall, the abundance of early colonizer species decreased with time since fire and increased with fire intensity, while the opposite was observed for perennial stayers. Thus, successional dynamics reflected a trade-off between species' competitive and colonization abilities, highlighting the role of biotic interactions later in succession. Patterns of functional composition were also consistent with changes in environmental conditions during succession, suggesting that species may experience stressful conditions (i.e., high radiation and low water availability) in early stages of post-fire succession. Our results also indicate that increased fire intensity may alter successional trajectories, leading to long-term changes in bryophyte communities. By understanding the response of bryophyte communities to fire, we were able to identify species with potential use as soil restoration materials.

Institutional racism at the university and consequences in the lives of Black students: a mixed study. / O racismo institucional na universidade e consequências na vida de estudantes negros: um estudo misto.

This article aimed to analyze how institutional racism at a Brazilian public university affects the lives of Black students. This mixed study was developed by applying an online self-administered questionnaire to university students who self-declared as Blacks. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis using chi-square, and multinomial logistic regression. Qualitative data analysis was performed using IRAMUTEQ. Sixty-eight (54.4%) of the 125 respondents claimed to have suffered racism at least once within the university. We noticed that racist situations experienced by Black people within the university environment call into question the student's self-confidence and motivation, directly affecting their mental health and performance in the course. The importance of receptive groups for strengthening students' belonging was highlighted.

O objetivo do artigo foi analisar como o racismo institucional em uma universidade pública brasileira afeta a vida de estudantes negros e negras. Trata-se de um estudo misto, desenvolvido por meio da aplicação de questionário autoaplicado online a estudantes universitários que se autodeclararam negros. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por estatística descritiva, análise bivariável por meio do qui-quadrado e regressão logística multinominal. A análise dos dados qualitativos foi feita no Iramuteq. Do total de 125 respondentes, 68 (54,4%) afirmaram ter sofrido racismo pelo menos uma vez dentro da universidade. Percebeu-se que as situações racistas vividas pelas pessoas negras dentro do ambiente universitário colocam em questão a autoconfiança e a motivação do estudante, afetando diretamente a sua saúde mental e seu desempenho no curso. Evidenciou-se a importância dos coletivos para acolhimento e fortalecimento do pertencimento dos estudantes.

Partners with a Highly Favorable Attitude Toward Breastfeeding Contribute to Promoting Initiation and Length of Breastfeeding for More than 5 Months in a Population-Based Canadian Study.

Introduction: Promoting maternal breastfeeding for at least 6 months is important to improve children physical health during infancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood. For this guideline to be followed, it is paramount to identify what factors best support the initiation and length of breastfeeding. This study estimates the contribution of various child- and parent-level factors, as well as the sociodemographic context in predicting maternal breastfeeding initiation and duration. Methods: This study draws on data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Mothers who never breastfed when the infant was 5 months old (n = 630, 28.3%) were compared to mothers who breastfed for less than 5 months (n = 844, 38.0%) and mothers breastfeeding for more than 5 months (n = 749, 33.7%), using multivariable multinomial regression models. Results: Mothers with a partner showing a positive attitude toward breastfeeding were up to 13 times more likely to breastfeed their infant for more than 5 months. The positive attitude of partners toward breastfeeding was the strongest predictor of breastfeeding duration, followed by the maternal educational attainment and timing she returns to work. Most prenatal and perinatal child-level factors and the sociodemographic context predicted breastfeeding duration, but to a lesser extent. Discussion: This finding underscores the role of the partner's attitude in promoting initiation and length of breastfeeding. As such, educational campaigns and health practitioners could target both the mother and their partner in promoting breastfeeding.

Development and evaluation of a single-tube nested PCR with colorimetric assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection.

Molecular techniques have revolutionized tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by offering a faster and more sensitive approach, detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DNA directly from samples. Single-tube nested PCR (STNPCR) combines two PCR reactions with separate oligonucleotide sets in a single tube. Moreover, colorimetric methods in PCR products have been studied for pathogen detection. Thus, this study aimed to establish a novel system based on colorimetric STNPCR for Mtb detection using microtiter plates with IS6110-amplified fragments. The results showed a general colorimetric STNPCR detection limit of 1 pg/µl. Its general sensitivity and specificity were 76.62 and 60.53%, respectively, with kappa index agreement of 0.166.

Cat behaviour in the secure base test: Comparison between owned and shelter animals.

The aim of the present study was to compare affiliative behaviours of owned and shelter cats directed to human in a novel environment after a brief temporary absence of the person. A sample of 20 owned and 20 shelter animals were individually tested in a Secure Base Test, with three 2-min episodes: 1) cat accompanied by a person who sits on the floor inside a circle, 2) the person leaves and the animal is left alone, 3) the person returns, and sits inside the circle again. Three categories were used for coding videotapes of experimental sessions: (1) inside circle, (2) allo-rubbing and (3) tail up. Shelter animals showed more proximity maintenance and affiliative signs with a person than owned animals. Our findings suggested similarities between the secure base effect in cats and in human children: cats seek proximity and maintain contact with a person, displaying affiliative signs to the person, especially after being left alone frightened by an unfamiliar environment.

Puerperal women's social interactions related to their sexual health after childbirth.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze puerperal women's experiences of sexual health after childbirth from the perspective of symbolic interactionism. METHOD: Descriptive, qualitative study. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted by videoconference with women in the remote puerperium, captured by snowball technique and searched for "seeds" on Instagram®. Bardin's content analysis and Symbolic Interactionism were used as references. RESULTS: The puerperal women signify sexual health from a perspective of comprehensive healthcare. However, due to the duality between "being a woman" and "being a mother", they recognize fear, bodily transformations and changes in focus from the love relationship to caring for the baby as factors that interfere with sexual health. And they choose to put themselves aside, prioritizing caring for others. They re-signify sexual health by recognizing the importance of taking care of themselves in biopsychosocial aspects and try to recover self-care for a healthy sexual experience. CONCLUSION: Despite the meanings attributed, women's social interactions with the puerperium interfere negatively with sexual health. Professionals should be sensitized to the inclusion of actions that promote changes in the social action of these women towards self-care.

Advantage of Guaraná (Paullinia cupana Mart.) supplementation on cadmium-induced damages in testis of adult Wistar rats.

Paullinia cupana is an Amazonian bush whose seeds have long been used in folk medicine. However, most of the therapeutic properties attributed to this plant are broad and nonspecific, although an antioxidant activity has been reported.  On the other hand, cadmium is a heavy metal known for increasing free radicals, hence resulting in cellular oxidative damages. This study was designed to evaluate whether Paullinia cupana is able to reduce cadmium-induced morphological impairment in Wistar rat testis. Adult male Wistar rats 110 days old were ip injected with cadmium (1.15 mg/kg BW [body weight]) and subsequently treated with P. cupana during 56 days.  Furthermore, groups receiving either P. cupana extract or cadmium are mentioned. After the treatment period, testis samples were subjected to histological and stereological analyses. Moderate to severe testicular impairments were shown by the animals exposed to cadmium. However, the animals supplemented with P. cupana after cadmium exposure showed a significant decrease in the proportion of damaged seminiferous tubules. Also, P. cupana supplementation was effective in maintaining the number of Leydig cells per testis in the animals exposed to cadmium. In conclusion, P. cupana supplementation was partially efficient in preventing cadmium from damaging the testis of adult Wistar rats.

Heteropterys tomentosa (A. Juss.) infusion counteracts Cyclosporin a side effects on the ventral prostate.

BACKGROUND: Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in treatment of auto-immune diseases or after organ transplants. However, several side effects are commonly associated with CsA long term intake, some regarding to loss of reproductive organ function due to oxidative damage. Considering that phytotherapy is an important tool often used against oxidative stress, we would like to describe the beneficial effects of Heteropterys tomentosa intake to minimize the damage caused by CsA to the ventral prostate tissue of Wistar rats under laboratorial conditions. METHODS: Thirty adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were divided into: control group (water); CsA group (Cyclosporin A); Ht group (H. tomentosa infusion) and CsA + Ht group (CsA and H. tomentosa infusion). Plasmic levels of hepatotoxicity markers, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were quantified. The ventral prostate tissue was analyzed under light microscopy, using stereological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS: H. tomentosa did not cause any alterations either of the plasmic parameters or of the ventral prostate structure. CsA caused alterations of GOT, total and indirect bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels in the plasma; CsA-treated rats showed alterations of the ventral prostate tissue. There were no alterations regarding the plasma levels of GOT, triglycerides and glucose of CsA + Ht animals. The same group also showed normalization of most of the parameters analyzed on the ventral prostate tissue when compared to the CsA group. The treatments did not alter the pattern of AR expression or the apoptotic index of the ventral prostate epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a protective action of the H. tomentosa infusion against the side effects of CsA on the ventral prostate tissue, which could also be observed with plasmic biochemical parameters.

Effects of imiquimod and low-intensity laser (λ660 nm) in chemically induced oral carcinomas in hamster buccal pouch mucosa.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common neoplasm of the oral cavity. It is aggressive, highly proliferative, and metastatic. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of LLLT and imiquimod on DMBA chemically induced lesions on the oral mucosa of hamsters. SCCs were induced on 25 hamsters. Animals of G1 (control 1) were killed and the presence of tumors confirmed; G2 (control 2) suffered no interventions for additional 4 weeks; animals of G3 (laser treatment) were irradiated (λ660 nm, 50 mW, CW, Ø=3 mm, 0.07 cm(2), 714.2 mW/cm(2), 133 s, 95 J/cm(2), 6.65 J) at every other day for 4 weeks; animals of G4 (imiquimod treatment) received 5 % imiquimod three times a week for 4 weeks; and animals of G5 (imiquimod and laser treatment) received both treatments for the same period. Samples were taken and underwent histological analysis by light microscopy and were investigated using immunohistochemistry for S-100(+) dendritic cells. In G1, G2, and G3, the evaluations showed malignant tumors and the absence of S-100(+) dendritic cells in the tumor stroma. In G4, 60 % of the animals had no malignant tumors, and S-100(+) dendritic cells were present in the stroma of the tumors as well as dysplasia. In G5, 40 % of the animals presented SCC, with scarce or no S-100(+) dendritic cells. The imiquimod treatment played a direct effect on SCC, demonstrated by the increased number of S-100(+) dendritic cells, which could suggest an important role of immune surveillance against neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, its association with laser needs to be further investigated.

Effect of laser and LED phototherapies on the healing of cutaneous wound on healthy and iron-deficient Wistar rats and their impact on fibroblastic activity during wound healing.

Iron deficiency impairs the formation of hemoglobin, red blood cells, as well the transport of oxygen. The wound healing process involves numerous functions, many of which are dependent on the presence of oxygen. Laser has been shown to improve angiogenesis, increases blood supply, cell proliferation and function. We aimed to study the effect of λ660 nm laser and λ700 nm light-emitting diode (LED) on fibroblastic proliferation on cutaneous wounds on iron-deficient rodents. Induction of iron anemia was carried out by feeding 105 newborn rats with a special iron-free diet. A 1 × 1 cm wound was created on the dorsum of each animal that were randomly distributed into seven groups: I, control anemic; II, anemic no treatment; III, anemic+L; IV, anemic+LED; V, healthy no treatment; VI, healthy+laser; VII, healthy+LED (n=15 each). Phototherapy was carried out using either a diode laser (λ660 nm, 40 mW, 10 J/cm(2)) or a prototype LED device (λ700 ± 20 nm, 15 mW, 10 J/cm(2)). Treatment started immediately after surgery and was repeated at 48-h interval during 7, 14, and 21 days. After animal death, specimens were taken, routinely processed, cut, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and underwent histological analysis and fibroblast counting. Significant difference between healthy and anemic subjects on regards the number of fibroblast between treatments was seen (p<0.008, p<0.001). On healthy animals, significant higher count was seen when laser was used (p<0.008). Anemic subjects irradiated with LED showed significantly higher count (p<0.001). It is concluded that the use of LED light caused a significant positive biomodulation of fibroblastic proliferation on anemic animals and laser was more effective on increasing proliferation on non-anemics.