Recurrent gallstone ileus: case report and literature review.

The gallstone ileus is a rare complication of cholelithiasis and it represents the 1-4% of small intestinal mechanical obstruction. Gallstone is generally wedged in the terminal ileum, even if unusual locations have been described. The literature reports a very high morbidity and mortality, often because misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. There is no unique opinion in literature about the choice between one-stage and two-stage surgery. We report a clinical case that summarizes the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of gallstone ileus.

[Treatment of mild malnutrition and reduction of morbidity in major abdominal surgery: randomized trial on 153 patients]. / Trattamento della malnutrizione lieve e riduzione delle compli- canze in chirurgia addominale maggiore: studio randomizzato su 153 pazienti.

OBJECTIVES: Severe malnutrition (defined as weight loss more than 10% in a period of six months) is considered an important risk factor in major abdominal surgery, because of a higher post-operative mortality and morbidity. The aim of our study is to assess the role of mild malnutrition (weight loss low than 10% in a period of six months) as a risk factor in major abdominal surgery and to evaluate the efficacy of therapy in order to improve outcomes in terms of in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay and post-operative complications. Moreover, we evaluated serum albuminemia and lymphocyte count, important nutritional index, as predictive risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a randomized prospective trial, and admitted in our institution 153 adult patients, 43 with mild malnutrition and 110 without. The malnourished patients were randomized in two groups: the first one received oral immunonutrition (Impact Oral) for 7-10 days before surgery (22 pz), the second one received no nutritional support. RESULTS: We observed a higher number of complications in the non-treated malnourished patients (57%) versus both the treated malnourished patients (13.6%) and the normal group (19%) (p<0.001). Increased morbidity was observed in patients with serum albuminemia <2.8 gr/dl (69.2%) and with lymphocyte count <1.500 mm3 (57%). CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional enriched support demonstrated his efficacy in reducing morbidity, and length of hospital stay. Pre-operative oral immunonutrition might be suggested and established in all the patients with mild malnutrition that will be operated on major abdominal surgery.

Image analysis in multisample biopsy after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Pouchitis in ileal anal anastomosis represents an important clinical complication after restorative proctocolectomy. Acute and chronic inflammation of the reservoir is a frequent event sometimes associated with villous atrophy and colonic metaplasia. After ileal pouch anastomosis, twenty-one patients affected by ulcerative colitis were studied. An image analyzer CAS 200 (Becton Dickinson) was utilized to evaluate the DNA intranuclear content in every biopsy. In two cases abnormal DNA distribution was observed, and in one case a poliploid pattern was seen. Abnormal DNA distribution was also present in colonic metaplasia. Therefore, image analysis for the detection of DNA aneuploidy may be of additional value together with histologic parameters in follow up, in order to exclude transformation of the ileal mucosa in neoplastic epithelia.

Abdominal tuberculosis with pancreatic involvement: a case report.

A case of abdominal tuberculosis with pancreatic involvement is described. A 27-year-old Italian male, with no known cause of immunodeficiency and with no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, was admitted to our division because of acute pancreatitis. Abdominal imaging revealed a large 'tumour-like' mass in the pancreas head compressing the distal choledochous, and multiple adenopathy. Histological examination of multiple specimens removed during explorative laparotomy revealed granulomas with giant cells, caseous necrosis, and positive Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Tissue culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Once specific medical treatment was started, the pancreatic damage completely resolved.

[Incidentaloma of the adrenal gland. A clinical case]. / Incidentaloma surrenalico. Caso clinico.

The case of a 58 years-old woman with incidental adrenal tumor without endocrinological features of Cushing's syndrome, dexamethasone nonsuppressible uptake of 131I-19 iodocholesterol on right adrenal gland, and no uptake of the left, is described. Right adrenalectomy was performed with the diagnosis of adrenal tumor. The histopathological study revealed that the mass was an adrenal adenoma composed of mixtures of clear and compact cells. Postoperative course was uneventful without replacement therapy with cortisol. This case report suggest that in patients with incidental adrenal tumor, the adrenocortical scintigraphy is very useful for the identification for autonomously functioning adrenal mass.

[Thyroid tumors in obesity]. / Tumori della tiroide nell'obesità.

BACKGROUND: The presence of nodules in the thyroid gland is the most frequent cause of endocrinopathy. The prevalence of thyroid nodules in the United States is estimated to be between 3-10%, whereas the prevalence of thyroid nodules in European adult population is estimated to be between 4-10%. At our Clinic of Obesity, the presence of nodules in the thyroid gland of obese patients is often found, incidentally, for this reason, we decide to investigate the prevalence of this pathology in obese patients and to quatify the number of times in which the presence of nodules had not been previously diagnosed. METHODS: 3248 obese patients were examined during in the last six years (1991-1996); of these patients 747 were affected by obesity and thyropathy; of these 747 we took into consideration only those with a cold single nodule and correlated the presence of the nodule with BMI, sex and age. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of a cold single nodule in the obese patients was 31%, of which 83% has not been previously diagnosed. Of cold nodules 8% was represented by carcinoma. The carcinoma appeared more often in females than in males (3:1). The incidence of cold nodules was more frequent in adults and in mild-medium obesity.

The infrequent association of synchronous renal and colonic malignancies.

The coexistence of both kidney and colon primary malignancies is a rare condition. We report the case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with bilateral pulmonary nodules at chest X-ray and stratigraphy. Total-body CT scan showed multiple, apparently metastatic, bilateral pulmonary lesions, a diffusely dysomogeneous neoformation in the lower pole of the right kidney and a gross neoformation in the ascending colon. A right nephrectomy and a right hemicolectomy were performed and histology showed two primary neoplasms: clear cell renal carcinoma and undifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Use of autologous blood in general surgery.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Autologous blood predonation is still not as widespread as it should be in general surgery practice, even if the method is well-known and has benefits established in international literature. Authors describe the impact of an autotransfusion program, in a general surgery university department, focusing on management and cost problems. METHODOLOGY: A description of the efficacy of the program during a yearlong activity period is presented. An analysis has been made about the quantity of predonated blood/plasma units, the quantity actually transfused and use of homologous blood. The problems which occurred and the cost are discussed. RESULTS: The most used autotransfusion method was preoperative predeposit of autologous blood. The analysis of results focused on some organizational problems that need to be avoided in order to show the methods maximum benefits. In a large number of cases (some 50%) predeposit was not made because of several managing/technical problems. In another large number of cases (38%) the quantity of units predonated did not fully supply the needs and several patients received homologous products. In another number of cases predonated blood units were not used at all (61/34%). CONCLUSIONS: Predeposit, preoperative hemodilution and intraoperative recovery, are methods that should all be available in a general surgery department to manage in the best way the single patients blood/plasma needs, reducing post-transfusion complication. To optimize the program and minimize waste some guidelines must be established, with the aim of a rational and correct use of the procedure. Despite the value of the method, and the favor encountered by the patients, we must not forget that the use of autologous blood is not costless.

Critical evaluation of the anastomoses in large bowel surgery: experience gained in 533 cases.

We critically examined the morbidity and mortality of manual and stapled colorectal anastomosis in a retrospective study of 533 patients who underwent colorectal resection for neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease. The clinically detected anastomotic dehiscence rate was 4.5%, and the mortality rate 1.8%. The extraperitoneal site of the anastomosis after rectal anterior resection with stapled anastomosis and surgery for cancer showed a statistically significant predisposition to anastomotic dehiscence. Age, emergency surgical intervention, curative versus palliative resection, the location of the anastomosed intestinal segments, type of anastomosis and presence of a protective colostomy did not appear to be statistically significant factors for anastomotic dehiscence. While the stapler may offer an advantage in the individual case, the low incidence of morbidity and mortality for manual anastomosis in this study reaffirms the soundness and importance of the manual colorectal anastomosis in the surgeon's technical armamentarium.

End to side mucomucosal Wirsung jejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: immediate results and long term follow-up.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pancreatico-duodenectomy (PD) is nowadays a widely performed operation which still carries a risk of some morbidity and mortality due to leakage of the Pancreatico-jejunostomy. The aim of the present paper is to describe critically the experience of a surgical team with a large number of consecutive non-selective PDs, where the same surgical procedure was adopted in all cases to manage the pancreatic stump. METHODOLOGY: Sixty six Whipple/Child PDs and 4 Traverso-Longmire (Duodenum Preserving PD) were performed between 1974 and 1993, by the same surgical team in our surgical department. The management of the pancreatic stump was always the same: a hand-made end-to-side mucomucosal Wirsung-jejunostomy, completed by a second layer between pancreatic capsula and jejunal sero-muscular wall. RESULTS: The overall mortality was 7.1% (5 cases). Only one death could be ascribed to pancreatico-jejunostomy related complications (post-operative acute pancreatitis). Specific morbidity was 12.6% (9 cases). Only one complication was related to the Wirsung-jejunostomy (leakage of the anastomosis, treated by a "sleeve" end-to-end pancreato-jejunostomy). Long-term patency of the anastomosis was shown by ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: Even if this anastomotic technique requires a little more time and attention by the surgeon, we think that the low incidence of pancreatico-jejunal anastomosis related complications represents a validation of the method, and a motivation to adopt this anastomotic technique. The long-term patency of the muco-mucosal Wirsung-jejunostomy is another valid argument that supports this kind of management of the pancreatic stump after PD.

Restorative proctocolectomy: histological assessment and cytometric DNA analysis of ileal pouch biopsies.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The pathological changes and the risk of developing cancer in the ileal pouch mucosa of patients who received restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) were studied. The presence or absence of remaining rectal mucosa below the IPAA in both patients with stapled and handsewn IPAA was also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endoscopy of the ileal pouch was performed on 38 patients at 4, 12, 18 and 36 months after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch. Mucosal biopsy specimens were taken from the ileal reservoir in order to assess the histological incidence of inflammation. In 23 patients, biopsies were taken to perform cytometric DNA analysis. Clinical symptoms of pouchitis (over six evacuations in 24 hours, night-time evacuations, leakage of feces, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever) were recorded and correlated with the histological findings. Biopsies were also sampled below the ileo-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in order to identify residual rectal mucosa. RESULTS: Results of histological assessment showed various degrees of chronic inflammation increasing over time (from 42 to 60%) while the presence of both acute and chronic inflammation of the reservoir was less frequent (from 18 to 30%). Villous atrophy was present in 39-68% of patients and the grade of villous atrophy was correlated to the grade of inflammation. Clinical pouchitis was present in 3 to 8% of cases at the different controls and it was always associated with the highest grade of histological inflammation and severe villous atrophy. No significant alteration of the DNA cellular content was observed. Very low incidence of aneuploidy (0.7-1% Ex.R.) has been reported in three cases. However, we found dysplasia in only one patient who underwent surgical treatment for familial polyposis coli. IPAA evaluation showed no residual rectal mucosa in 40% of cases with stapled IPAA; in the remaining 60%, we found a small amount of rectal mucosa (maximum 1 cm). We did not find rectal mucosa after handsewn IPAA with mucosectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA showed a higher and increased incidence of inflammation during follow-up. No significant alteration of DNA cellular content nor dysplasia of the pouch mucosa were observed. In this study the chance of leaving rectal mucosa after stapled IPAA was about 60%.

Solid cystic tumor of the head of the pancreas in a young woman.

This a case report of a solid papillary tumor of the pancreas in a young woman of 18 years, who was referred to after having suffered for a period of 8 months with a rather vague symptomatology, characterized by dyspepsia, fatigue and, towards the end of the 8 month period, weight loss (approximately 2 kg). In the last week, as a consequence of a modest abdominal trauma, the patient was submitted to abdominal CT that showed a burden at the head of the pancreas, demonstrating a round neoformation about 6 cm in diameter with solid echogenicity slightly hypodense. Subsequently, she underwent an operation with the diagnosis of pseudocystis of the pancreas. During surgery, a big cystic formation of the head of the pancreas, into which a drain was introduced, was revealed. The histological postoperative examination was compatible with pancreatic tumor with a low grade of malignancy, cystic papillary or solid papillary type. Therefore, the patient came under our observation and underwent an operation of pancreatoduodenectomy. Two years after the operation, the patient had completely recovered. In this case, we discussed the problem of performing certain preoperative diagnoses despite the aid of modern diagnostic imaging, this being a very rare illness that almost exclusively plagues young women (median age 19 years). This diagnosis has an uncertain histological origin and is generally accompanied by a modest and vague symptomatology. The surgical procedure, given the low grade of malignancy of the neoplasm and the excellent long-term prognosis, must be, with respect to the oncological radicality, as conservative as possible.

[Surgery of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]. / Il trattamento chirurgico della sindrome di Zollinger-Ellison.

Two personal cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) are described. Total gastrectomy (TG) was performed in the first case as an emergency measure, following acute peritonitis caused by a recurrence of ulcer, with perforation 27 days after the first gastric resection. The patients is in good health, though with persistently high blood gastrin levels. The second case was marked by a long history of recurrent ulcer, with two earlier gastric resections. Here, success was obtained by simply enucleating a small gastrinoma from the head of the pancreas in view of the arteriographic evidence. The patient is in excellent health 2 1/2 yr after surgery with stable, normal blood gastrin. The recent literature and these cases suggest that surgery is the method of choice for ZES, its primary aim being the removal of gastrinomas, since these prove malignant in 60-100% of cases, and TG does not in any way inhibit their growth, as was once supposed. Blood gastrin values permit early diagnosis and postoperative monitoring, while arteriography and transhepatic portal catheterisation constitute a useful guide to the location of the tumour. Hyperchlorhydria can be effectively controlled with H2 receptor inhibitors, both in the preoperative diagnostic stage, and after surgery in the event of failure. TG offers the best results in over 60% of cases, when the tumours is multifocal, widely metastasised, or undiscoverable.

[What happened to Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?]. / Dove sono finite le sindromi di Zollinger-Ellison?

Three Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients were treated during the period January 1977 to June 1978. The first patient is in good health 11 years 3 months after a total gastrectomy as is the second patient, 11 year after the enucleation of a cephalo-pancreatic gastrinoma. However the third patient died from malignancy 5 years after a total gastrectomy and enucleation of a cephalo-pancreatic gastrinoma followed by therapeutic cycles with streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil. The decline in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome over the last ten years is examined and the type of surgical treatment is discussed. Total gastrectomy once advocated as the preferred treatment, is now reappraised because of the effectiveness of medical therapy in controlling ulcers and because of the frequent malignancy of pancreatic gastrinomas.

[Synchronous neoplasms of the colon and kidney: analysis of 2 case reports]. / Neoplasie sincrone del colon e del rene: analisi di due casi osservati.

Up until only a few decades ago synchronous renal cell carcinoma associated with primary tumors of other organs was diagnosed almost exclusively in necropsy series. Recently the widespread use of ultrasonography and CT has permitted diagnosis of clinically silent renal cell carcinoma in patients undergoing a work-up for other primary tumors. We report two cases of synchronous colon and renal cancer: 1) a 75 year old woman presented bilateral pulmonary nodules at chest X-Ray and stratigraphy. Total-body CT scan showed multiple, apparently metastatic, bilateral pulmonary lesions and two tumors in the right kidney and ascending colon. A right nephrectomy and right hemicolectomy were performed. She succumbed after 18 months as a result of metastatic spread to the liver, lungs and bone; 2) a 64 year old man was discovered to have a colon cancer during a barium enema examination and endoscopy. CT scan of the abdomen yielded an incidental diagnosis of a tumor in the left kidney. A left nephrectomy and left hemicolectomy were performed. After 6 months CT revealed no evidence of recurrence or metastases. Histology findings revealed two primary malignancies in both cases: a clear cell renal carcinoma and an adenocarcinoma of the colon.

[Effects of ceruletide in the treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus]. / Effetti del ceruletide nel trattamento dell'ileo paralitico postoperatorio.

After a short analysis of the pathogenetic causes which can lead to paralytic ileus and the drugs at present available for treatment of this serious morbid form, the paper reports results obtained with Ceruletide, a decapeptide which has proved active on intestinal peristalsis in experimental and clinical trials. The results of this study, carried out on 20 patients subjected to surgical operation on the abdomen, treated with Ceruletide by intramuscular route 24-48 hours after the operation, showed that this drug is capable of leading to a quick recovery of intestinal motor activity without causing the patient unpleasant effects for the patient. The practical utility of Ceruletide is evident since by leading to earlier canalisation of the intestine it also allows the venous hydro-electric delivery to be reduced, nasogastric aspiration to be eliminated early and hence the postoperative course to be made more acceptable to the patient.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: clinical and instrumental diagnosis. Analysis of a review of the literature]. / Tumori stromali gastrointestinali: diagnosi clinica e strumentale. Valutazioni su una revisione di letteratura.

AIM: From a personal experience of 23 treated gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GISTs), this study analyzed both clinical and diagnostic problems of this quite new nosological category. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A this literature review provides a rigid selection of papers (scientific basis, statistic inference, type/quality of the journal, etc.); only numerous series have been included (case reports were excluded) and only those published after 1990. Three-hundred-seventy-five cases have therefore been selected. Starting and late symptoms/signs and diagnostic tests employed were analyzed. RESULTS: Results show 1) a relevant GIST quantity (approx. 30%) is casually discovered, during operations carried out for other pathologies or diagnostic tests for other indications; 2) poor correlation between site of the tumor and clinical manifestations; 3) a positive correlation between tumor diameter and presence of symptoms/signs seems to exists. The accuracy of different diagnostic tests is reported. CONCLUSION: No specific symptoms/signs have been isolated; this kind of tumor is often accidentally found. An analysis of different diagnostic tests available today shows the very important role of endoscopic ultra-sound, together with CT and MRI.

[Use of mechanical staplers in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer in the elderly]. / L'utilizzo delle suturatrici meccaniche nel trattamento chirurgico del cancro del retto nell'anziano.

The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in surgical treatment of rectal cancer and in postsurgical complications as a result of the introduction of staplers in surgical practice, with particular reference to elderly patients (> or = 75 years). Since 1976, 320 patients have undergone rectal surgery in our department (207 colo-rectal or colo-anal anastomoses and 113 Miles operations have been performed). The patients were subdivided into two groups on the basis of age (> or = and < 75 years) and then further divided into subgroups operated on before and after 1983 (the year staplers were introduced). The morbidity rate (fistulas) was 16% in patients < 75 years old and 12% in elderly patients (P = n.s.); the mortality rate was 1% in patients < 75 years old and 12% in the more elderly group (P < 0.001). The utilization of staplers in surgical treatment of rectal cancer allows the surgeon to perform sphincter-sparing resections even in elderly patients without any changes in specific morbidity. Nevertheless, the complications are more severe in the elderly, with a higher mortality rate.

[Lymphadenectomy in the differentiated thyroid carcinoma]. / Linfectomia nei carcinomi differenziati della tiroide.

BACKGROUND: In this study the authors analyze the indications and the type of surgical procedure to perform on the neck lymph nodes in cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: The study has been carried in a retrospective way. Between 1993 and 2001, 93 differentiated thyroid cancer were observed. There were 72 women and 21 men, with a mean age of 45.9 years (range 18-77). Patients have been divided into three groups: the first included 25 patients who underwent only thyroidectomy (24 total thyroidectomy, 1 lobectomy); the second group included 52 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and lymphadenectomy of the central compartment. The third group included 16 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and functional neck dissection. The median follow-up was 65.9 months. RESULTS: The postoperative complications was similar between three groups. Follow-up has shown similar survival and recurrences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The elective lymphadenectomy of the central could be a solution for a routine treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer without lymph node involvement. The presence of cervico-lateral node metastases imposes a functional neck dissection.

[The extempore intraoperative cytology of peritoneal lavage fluid. A study of the reliability of the method]. / Citologia estemporanea intra-operatoria su liquido di lavaggio peritoneale. Studio di attendibilità della metodica.

Data are presented about a 100 cases prospective study, designed to evaluate sensibility/specificity of intra-operative cytology on peritoneal washing in case of cancer of digestive tract. Data analysis showed a very low sensibility of the test (according with most of literature observations) that does not allow to consider it fully reliable. Authors, thus, suggest a critical use of the test and state doubts about his real value in the intra-operative correct managing of therapeutic options.