Ultrastructure of trichocysts in Hematodinium spp. infecting Atlantic snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio.

Trichocyst morphology and development were explored using transmission electron microscopy in Hematodinium spp. isolated directly from Atlantic snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) hemolymph and from in vitro cultures. Appearance of trichocysts defines the initiation of a morphological transition in the parasites life cycle from vegetative stage to the transmission stage. Trichocysts within sporonts were found in distinct clusters near the nucleus in close apposition to the Golgi. As cells transitioned to more mature dinospores however, trichocysts were found randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Clusters contained both primordial and maturing trichocysts at various stages indicating an asynchronous development. The random distribution of mature trichocysts suggests deployment to the cell membrane for future extrusion. Mature trichocysts of Hematodinium spp. appeared structurally similar to trichocysts from photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Hematodinium spp. trichocysts differed by the presence of peripheral tubules associated with novel cuboidal appendages in the apical region rather than a network of central electron dense fibres as found in photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Additionally, the trichocyst membrane of Hematodinium spp. was in close apposition to the square crystalline core. Trichocyst expulsion was not observed during our study which along with features of development and maturation within Hematodinium life stages should provide insight into proposed roles in host attachment or defense that could further our understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis and transmission of the parasite.

Ichthyophonus-infected walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas) in the eastern Bering Sea: a potential reservoir of infections in the North Pacific.

In 2003, the Alaska walleye pollock industry reported product quality issues attributed to an unspecified parasite in fish muscle. Using molecular and histological methods, we identified the parasite in Bering Sea pollock as Ichthyophonus. Infected pollock were identified throughout the study area, and prevalence was greater in adults than in juveniles. This study not only provides the first documented report of Ichthyophonus in any fish species captured in the Bering Sea, but also reveals that the parasite has been present in this region for nearly 20 years and is not a recent introduction. Sequence analysis of 18S rDNA from Ichthyophonus in pollock revealed that consensus sequences were identical to published parasite sequences from Pacific herring and Yukon River Chinook salmon. Results from this study suggest potential for Ichthyophonus exposures from infected pollock via two trophic pathways; feeding on whole fish as prey and scavenging on industry-discharged offal. Considering the notable Ichthyophonus levels in pollock, the low host specificity of the parasite and the role of this host as a central prey item in the Bering Sea, pollock likely serve as a key Ichthyophonus reservoir for other susceptible hosts in the North Pacific.

Protistan diseases of commercially important crabs: a review.

Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that possess a unicellular level of organization. As unicellular organisms, the differentiation of cells into tissues does not occur, although when cell differentiation does occur, it is limited to sexual reproduction, alternate vegetative morphologies or quiescent life history stages. Protistan parasites may possess simple or complex life histories that are important factors to consider when investigating protistan diseases of decapods. Unfortunately, the life histories of many protistan parasites of decapods are insufficiently described, resulting in the fact that modes of infection and transmission are often unidentified. This is surprising considering the economic importance of many marine decapods and the ability of protistan parasites to produce significant, but generally transient and area limited mortalities. However, the marine disease landscape is changing and will continue to change as climate change and ocean acidification will play important roles in disease occurrence and distribution. As a result, the following discussion attempts to summarize current knowledge on several crab diseases, their protistan etiological agents, the impact of disease on economically important crab populations and draw attention to areas of needed research. The discussion is not complete as only selected diseases are addressed, or perfect as the Microsporidia are included in the discussion (a traditional error continued in this summary) despite the recent, but controversial placement of the taxon with the fungi.

Characterization of intracytoplasmic prokaryote infections in Dreissena sp. (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae).

This study characterizes intracytoplasmic infections with prokaryote microorganisms in Dreissena sp. (near Dreissena polymorpha) from northeastern Greece and represents the first report of such infections in freshwater bivalves. Light microscope observations of stained tissues revealed basophilic, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in 87.5% (28/32) of the mussels sectioned. Inclusions in epithelial cells and connective tissues were noted, respectively, in 34.4 and 71.9% of the sample, with 5 mussels (15.6%) having both tissue types infected. Epithelial cell infections were observed in histological sections only in digestive gland tubules and ducts; within tubules, inclusions were present more often in secretory than digestive cells. Connective tissue infections, however, were systemic; among the 32 mussels sectioned, inclusions were found in the gills (65.6%), foot (12.5%), mantle (9.4%), labial palps (6.3%), digestive gland (6.3%), stomach (6.3%), and gonads (3.1%). Cytoplasmic inclusions (maximum dimension, 138 microm) were prominent enough in the gills to be visible in 17.0% of the 247 mussels dissected. Ultrastructurally, prokaryote cells in gill connective tissues were clearly characteristic of Chlamydiales-like organisms, with each intracytoplasmic inclusion containing a loosely packed mixture of elementary, reticulate, intermediate bodies, and blebs. Prokaryote colonies in digestive gland epithelial cells exclusively contained 1 of 4 morphological cell types and were considered Rickettsiales-like. Hexagonal, virus-like particles were present in the cytoplasm of the largest of these Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes. Although host stress was evident from localized cell necrosis and dense hemocyte infiltration, overall infection was fairly benign, with no major, adverse impact on body condition evident among sectioned or dissected mussels. A possible negative effect was partial constriction of gill water tubes, but at the infection intensity observed (typical range 1 to 7 inclusion bodies per section), significant interference with respiration and other metabolic functions of the gills was highly unlikely.