Presentation and treatment of uterine leiomyoma in adolescence: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Uterine leiomyoma is the most common gynecological tumor in the reproductive years. However, it is extremely rare in adolescence (<1%), with few reports found in the literature. The biological behavior of such tumors in this age group is unknown, as well as the best possible treatment for this population. We aimed to analyze all available reports of uterine leiomyoma in adolescence. METHODS: A systematic review was performed at PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE. Between 1965 and 2014, 19 reports were found on uterine leiomyoma in patients under 18 years. The following parameters were discussed: age, tumor diameter, symptoms, clinical treatments, surgical treatments, hemodynamic changes. RESULTS: Mean age was 15.35 (14-17) years. Mean tumor diameter was 12.28 cm (3-30) and median diameter was 10 cm. Most patients presented with symptoms (87.5%), including abnormal uterine bleeding (10/18) and pelvic/abdominal pain (6/18). A pelvic mass was the most common finding. Two patients required transfusion due to anemia. One patient underwent abdominal hysterectomy, and the others underwent myomectomy. Mean follow-up was 1 year and 8 months, and only case recurred, after 6 months. CONCLUSION: Leiomyomas' biologic behavior in adolescents may be different from that of older women, but their molecular characteristics still haven't been analyzed. Optimal treatment is still not defined, but myomectomy has several advantages in this population. Leiomyomas must be remembered as an important differential diagnosis of pelvic mass in adolescents.

Perineal hernia extruding into the labium majus after multiple surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse.

A 78-year-old woman presented with a large bulge in the right labium majus. She had a previous history of two anterior and posterior vaginal wall prolapse repairs, a vaginal hysterectomy for uterovaginal prolapse, a sacrospinous ligament fixation for vaginal vault prolapse, and a LeFort partial colpocleisis for recurrent vault prolapse. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an anterior perineal hernia containing small bowel. Surgery was performed to close the pelvic floor defect through a perineal approach, and polypropylene mesh was used as a bolster. The hernial sac contained small bowel with very thin adhesions. Over 6 months of follow-up, there was no recurrence of the hernia or mesh complications. Perineal hernias after gynecological surgeries for benign diseases are rare. The indications for repair and the optimal surgical approach are not well described.

Conservative Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that studied the conservative management of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). There were 1058 results after the initial searches, from which 37 studies were eligible according to previously determined inclusion criteria. For the primary outcomes, pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) was more efficacious than no treatment in improving incontinence-specific quality of life (QoL) scales (SMD = -1.24SDs; CI 95% = -1.77 to -0.71SDs). However, its effect on pad tests was imprecise. Combining biofeedback with PFMT had an uncertain effect on QoL (MD = -4.4 points; CI 95% = -16.69 to 7.89 points), but better results on the pad test, although with elevated heterogeneity (MD = 0.9g; 95%CI = 0.71 to 1,10g); group PFMT was not less efficacious than individual treatment, and home PFMT was not consistently worse than supervised PFMT. Both intravaginal and superficial electrical stimulation (IES and SES) were better than no treatment for QoL and pad test. Vaginal cones had mixed results. The association of IES with PFMT may improve the efficacy of the latter for QoL and pad test, but the results of individual studies were not consistent. Thus, there is evidence of the use of PFMT on the treatment of SUI, with and without biofeedback.

Physical therapy in the management of pelvic floor muscles hypertonia in a woman with hereditary spastic paraplegia.

Background. Pelvic floor (PF) hypertonic disorders are a group of conditions that present with muscular hypertonia or spasticity, resulting in a diminished capacity to isolate, contract, and relax the PF. Their presentation includes voiding and sexual dysfunctions, pelvic pain, and constipation. Various factors are associated, such as complicated vaginal birth, muscular injury, scar tissue formation, and neuropathies. Study Design. The case of a single patient will be presented, together with the management strategies employed. Case Description. A woman with hereditary spastic paraparesis and a history of muscle spasticity and urinary and fecal complaints since childhood. She presented to this institution seeking treatment for pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, constipation, and micturition problems. A physical therapy protocol was developed, with the trial of several treatment modalities. Outcome. After some failed attempts, perineal and pelvic floor stretching proved to be very efficacious therapies for this patient's complaint, leading to improved pain during intercourse, constipation, pelvic pain, and urinary stream. Discussion. PF spasticity can lead to severe disability and interfere with daily basic functions, such as micturition and evacuation. Physical therapy plays an essential role in the management of these patients and can lead to significant improvement in quality of life.

Perineal abscess three years after a transobturator sling.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to report a unique perineal abscess after placement of a transobturator sling, involving the thighs and obturator regions bilaterally without involving mesh exposure. CASE REPORT: A 66-year-old woman treated for stress urinary incontinence with a transobturator sling developed a late bilateral obturator infection 30 months after surgery. This complication appeared 6 months after chemotherapy for breast cancer. Sling removal through vaginal and bilateral inguinal incisions was performed. The patient evolved well, without recurrence of the infection or incontinence. DISCUSSION: This case presents a unique scenario of muscle and skin infection after sling placement without any mesh exposure or vaginal involvement. The occurrence of the infection only after chemotherapy may indicate that immunosuppression had participation on its development. Care should be taken when exposing this mesh in contaminated perineal areas.

O papel do Doppler da artéria umbilical na decisão da interrupção da gestação em fetos com RCF: uma revisão de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Role of umbilical artery Doppler in the decision to deliver a pregnancy with a fetal growth restriction: a review of randomized trials

Introdução: O uso da ultrassonografia tem sido importante no âmbito da obstetrícia e a introdução da Dopplervelocimetria angariou vantagens no auxílio da avaliação da vitalidade fetal. O uso do Doppler da artéria umbilical tem apresentado melhores resultados perinatais, especialmente em fetos com RCF (restrição de crescimento fetal). A vigilância fetal em casos de RCF é indispensável na determinação do momento ideal para a interrupção da gestação, a fim de se minimizar o risco tanto de uma interrupção excessivamente prematura quanto o de um óbito fetal potencialmente evitável. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura, a fim de avaliar o melhor momento da interrupção da gestação em fetos com RCF com Doppler da artéria umbilical alterado. Metodologia: Foi utilizada como fonte de pesquisa a base de dados eletrônica PubMed/Medline. Foram incluídos estudos randomizados que avaliaram especificamente o Doppler da artéria umbilical como método diagnóstico na decisão quanto ao momento da interrupção da gestação em situações de RCF. Foram localizados 89 resultados com a estratégia de busca, dentre os quais 22 foram considerados potencialmente elegíveis e revisados integralmente, e apenas 2 foram definitivamente elegíveis, ambos referentes a um único estudo. Resultados: Os dois artigos selecionados são estudos clínicos multicêntricos randomizados controlados, sendo que um revela os resultados a curto prazo, com 548 gestantes entre 24 e 36 semanas de gestação, e o outro, os resultados após 2 anos de acompanhamento, com 588 crianças que desenvolveram RCF durante a gestação. Os desfechos avaliados em ambos os estudos (óbito fetal ou neonatal e comprometimento neurológico no longo prazo) não foram significativamente diferentes entre grupos em que, após o diagnóstico de diástole umbilical comprometida, se realizou a interrupção precoce após corticoterapia versus vigilância com interrupção mais tardia, mediante piora no padrão do Doppler umbilical. Conclusão: Não é possível utilizar apenas o Doppler da artéria umbilical para indicar a interrupção da gestação em fetos com RCF, devendo-se associar outros métodos para a avaliação da vitalidade fetal. Mais ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para elucidar esta questão.(AU)

Introduction: The use of ultrassonography has been an important development in the field of obstetrics, and the introduction of Doppler assessment has gathered many advantages in the evaluation of fetal well-being. Umbilical artery Doppler has demonstrated the best perinatal results, especially in fetal growth restriction (FGR). Fetal surveillance, in these scenarios, is invaluable in determining the ideal moment for delivery, avoiding both an excessively and unnecessarily premature interruption, and a preventable intrauterine fetal demise due to an inappropriately delayed delivery. Objective: To perform a review of the literature, with the objective to evaluate the best moment of interruption of gestation in fetuses with FGR and an abnormal umbilical artery Doppler. Methodology: Electronic database PubMed/ MEDLINE was used to search and locate the studies. Randomized trials which specifically studied umbilical artery Doppler as a decision-making diagnostic study among fetuses with growth restriction were considered for inclusion in this review. There were 89 results retrieved with the search strategy, among which 22 were selected as potentially eligible, and only 2 were definitely included (both from a single study). Results: Both included papers are multicentric randomized controlled trials, the first reporting short term outcomes of 548 pregnancies between 24 and 36 weeks, and the second one reporting long-term outcomes of 588 children who had FGR, after two years of follow-up. Both short term outcomes (fetal or neonatal death) and long-term outcomes (death or disability) were not significantly different when, after diagnosing compromised umbilical end diastolic flow, immediate delivery was compared with expectant management and delayed delivery after worsening of the umbilical Doppler pattern. Conclusion: It is not possible to use only umbilical artery Doppler to decide whether to deliver a FGR or not, and that other fetal assessment methods should be associated. More randomized trials are needed to definitely answer this question.(AU)

Conservative Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials / Tratamento conservador da incontinência urinária: revisão sistemática e metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that studied the conservative management of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). There were 1058 results after the initial searches, from which 37 studies were eligible according to previously determined inclusion criteria. For the primary outcomes, pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) was more efficacious than no treatment in improving incontinence-specific quality of life (QoL) scales (SMD = [1]1.24SDs; CI 95% = [1]1.77 to [1]0.71SDs). However, its effect on pad tests was imprecise. Combining biofeedback with PFMT had an uncertain effect on QoL (MD = [1]4.4 points; CI 95% = [1]16.69 to 7.89 points), but better results on the pad test, although with elevated heterogeneity (MD = 0.9g; 95%CI = 0.71 to 1,10g); group PFMT was not less efficacious than individual treatment, and home PFMT was not consistently worse than supervised PFMT. Both intravaginal and superficial electrical stimulation (IES and SES) were better than no treatment for QoL and pad test. Vaginal cones had mixed results. The association of IES with PFMT may improve the efficacy of the latter for QoL and pad test, but the results of individual studies were not consistent. Thus, there is evidence of the use of PFMT on the treatment of SUI, with and without biofeedback.

Realizamos uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de estudos controlados e randomizados que avaliaram o tratamento conservador da incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE). Foram encontrados 1058 resultados depois das buscas iniciais, dos quais 37 trabalhos foram elegíveis de acordo com os critérios de inclusão. Para os desfechos primários, o treinamento muscular do assoalho pélvico (TMAP) foi mais eficaz do que nenhum tratamento em melhorar as escalas de qualidade de vida de incontinência (DM =[1]1,24 DPs; IC95% =[1]1,77 a [1]0,71 DPs), mas o efeito nos pad tests foi impreciso. A combinação do biofeedback com o TMAP teve um efeito incerto na qualidade de vida (DM=[1]4,4 pontos; IC95% =[1]16,69 a 7,89 pontos), mas melhores resultados no pad test, embora com heterogeneidade elevada (DM = 0,9g; IC95% = 0,71 a 1,10g); o grupo com TMAP não foi menos eficaz do que o tratamento individual, e o TMAP domiciliar não foi pior do que o TMAP supervisionado. Tanto a estimulação elétrica intravaginal (EEI) quanto a superficial (EES) foram melhores do que nenhum tratamento para a qualidade de vida e o pad test. Os cones vaginais apresentaram resultados mistos. A associação do EEI com o TMAP pode melhorar a eficácia deste último para a qualidade de vida e o pad test, mas os resultados dos estudos individuais não foram consistentes. Então, existe evidência para o uso do TMAP no tratamento da IUE, com e sem biofeedback.

Tratamento da síndrome da bexiga hiperativa idiopática refratária / Treatment of idiopathic refractory overactive bladder syndrome

A síndrome da bexiga hiperativa é um distúrbio caracterizado pela presença de urgência miccional, podendo ou não haver incontinência urinária associada. Afeta homens e mulheres em iguais proporções, mas tem maior impacto sobre a população feminina, já que a incidência de incontinência é maior. O tratamento de primeira linha consiste em medidas comportamentais, treinamento vesical e fisioterapia, podendo-se associar tratamento farmacológico em casos persistentes. As drogas mais frequentemente utilizadas são os anticolinérgicos, medicações eficazes, porém associadas a efeitos adversos incômodos que frequentemente limitam a aderência. Uma proporção considerável de mulheres não obtém êxito com a combinação de medidas conservadoras e medicações anticolinérgicas, seja por eficácia limitada, seja por efeitos colaterais intoleráveis. Para essa população, modalidades de tratamento de segunda e terceira linha podem trazer alívio sintomático e melhora da qualidade de vida. Além disso, foi recentemente aprovada uma nova classe de drogas para o tratamento da bexiga hiperativa, os agonistas de receptores ?3-adrenérgicos, que prometem eficácia equivalente aos anticolinérgicos sem os efeitos adversos que os limitam...

Overactive bladder syndrome is a condition characterized by urgency, with or without urinary incontinence. It affects men and women equally, but has a greater impact on the female population, given the higher prevalence of urgency-incontinence. First line treatment consists on lifestyle interventions, bladder drills and physical therapy. Pharmacological treatment may be associated in persistent cases. The most commonly used medications are anticholinergics, which are efficacious, but limited by a variety of bothersome adverse effects that impair treatment compliance. A significant proportion of women don?t experience a successful outcome with the combination of conservative measures and treatment with anticholinergics, owing both to limited efficacy and to intolerable adverse effects that lead to treatment discontinuation. For this population, second and third line therapies may provide symptomatic relief, with great improvement in health related quality of life. Also, a new class of drugs, the ?3-adrenergic receptor agonists, has recently been approved for the treatment of overactive bladder, and may provide similar efficacy to currently used anticholinergic drugs without the associated adverse effects...

Infecção por vírus herpes simples na gestação: aspectos epidemiológicos, diagnósticos e profiláticos / Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy: epidemiological, diagnostic, and prophylactic aspects

A infecção por vírus herpes simples (HSV) é uma das mais frequentes doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) e, quando presente no período gestacional, pode determinar uma de suas complicações de maior morbidade, o herpes neonatal. Características epidemiológicas de tal doença foram estudadas pela literatura em diversas instâncias, mas não foram produzidos dados definitivos a respeito do real impacto que tal doença determina. Estratégias diagnósticas e profiláticas também foram sugeridas e testadas, porém diretrizes universalmente aceitas, capazes de reduzir a morbimortalidade de tal complicação, ainda não se encontram em uso. Há muitas controvérsias acerca da abordagem ideal de um caso de infecção herpética que se manifesta na gravidez, seja ela uma primoinfecção ou um caso de recorrência. Sabe-se que a entidade é potencialmente prevenível, porém ainda não existe evidência definitiva de que o custo de tal prevenção seja proporcional ao impacto da infecção

Herpes simplex virus infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and when it affects pregnancy, one of its most morbid complications, neonatal herpes, can ensue. Epidemiological information on this disease has already been studied by literature, but definitive data regarding the real burden of disease have not been produced. Diagnostic and prophylactic strategies have already been suggested and tested, but universally accepted guidelines, capable of diminishing the consequences of disease, are still not in use. There is much controversy on the optimal management of herpes in pregnancy, whether a primo-infection or a reactivation. It is known that the disease is potentially preventable, but there is still no absolute evidence that the cost of such prevention is proportional to the impact of such disease