Genomic history of coastal societies from eastern South America.

Sambaqui (shellmound) societies are among the most intriguing archaeological phenomena in pre-colonial South America, extending from approximately 8,000 to 1,000 years before present (yr BP) across 3,000 km on the Atlantic coast. However, little is known about their connection to early Holocene hunter-gatherers, how this may have contributed to different historical pathways and the processes through which late Holocene ceramists came to rule the coast shortly before European contact. To contribute to our understanding of the population history of indigenous societies on the eastern coast of South America, we produced genome-wide data from 34 ancient individuals as early as 10,000 yr BP from four different regions in Brazil. Early Holocene hunter-gatherers were found to lack shared genetic drift among themselves and with later populations from eastern South America, suggesting that they derived from a common radiation and did not contribute substantially to later coastal groups. Our analyses show genetic heterogeneity among contemporaneous Sambaqui groups from the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast, contrary to the similarity expressed in the archaeological record. The complex history of intercultural contact between inland horticulturists and coastal populations becomes genetically evident during the final horizon of Sambaqui societies, from around 2,200 yr BP, corroborating evidence of cultural change.

Late Holocene dietary and cultural variability on the Xingu River, Amazon Basin: A stable isotopic approach.

Although once considered a 'counterfeit paradise', the Amazon Basin is now a region of increasing interest in discussions of pre-colonial tropical land-use and social complexity. Archaeobotany, archaeozoology, remote sensing and palaeoecology have revealed that, by the Late Holocene, populations in different parts of the Amazon Basin were using various domesticated plants, modifying soils, building earthworks, and even forming 'Garden Cities' along the Amazon River and its tributaries. However, there remains a relatively limited understanding as to how diets, environmental management, and social structures varied across this vast area. Here, we apply stable isotope analysis to human remains (n = 4 for collagen, n = 17 for tooth enamel), and associated fauna (n = 61 for collagen, n = 28 for tooth enamel), to directly determine the diets of populations living in the Volta Grande do Rio Xingu, an important region of pre-Columbian cultural interactions, between 390 cal. years BC and 1,675 cal. years AD. Our results highlight an ongoing dietary focus on C3 plants and wild terrestrial fauna and aquatic resources across sites and time periods, with varying integration of C4 plants (i.e. maize). We argue that, when compared to other datasets now available from elsewhere in the Amazon Basin, our study highlights the development of regional adaptations to local watercourses and forest types.

Traumatic intrusion of primary tooth: follow up until eruption of permanent successor tooth.

This paper presents a clinical case of a 2(1/2)-year-old boy who suffered dental trauma because of a fall from a bike. His father thought that the boy's central upper left incisor had been fractured. The clinical exam showed laceration of the upper maxillary frenum and a possible intrusion of the tooth, as the area was swollen. An upper maxillary occlusal X-ray confirmed the intrusion of the incisor. The procedure adopted was to wait for the re-eruption of the tooth. It was recommended that the boy stop using a pacifier and feeding bottle. The necessity of keeping the affected area clean was also emphasized. The patient was observed and, within 6 months, the central upper left incisor was found in occlusion. The successor permanent tooth was normal after 6 years.

Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in 13- to 14-year-old schoolchildren from southern Brazil.

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in schoolchildren from southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood phase III written questionnaire. The questionnaire was self-applied by 2,948 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 13 to 14 years. The lifetime prevalence rates of symptoms were as follows: wheezing, 40.8%; rhinitis, 40.7%; eczema, 13.6%; self-reported asthma, 14.6%; rhinitis, 31.4%; eczema, 13.4%. Rhinitis was reported by 55% of adolescents with current asthma (60% females vs 46.9% males). Girls 13 to 14 years of age had higher prevalence rates of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema than boys had. Atopic eczema was reported by 42.7% of girls and 31.4% of boys with asthma. The prevalence rates were statistically significant for symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in females. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the sexes in regard to reported asthma and bronchospasm induced by exercise.

[Health services utilization by the adult population in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study]. / Utilização de serviços de saúde pela população adulta de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: resultados de um estudo transversal.

The aim was to describe healthcare utilization by adults in a Brazilian city. The outcomes were medical appointments in the previous month and use of public (Unified National Health System - SUS) versus private healthcare services. A population-based cross-sectional study with 1,098 adults aged 20 years or over was carried out. No medical appointment in the previous month was reported by 623 persons (56.7%, 95%CI: 53.8-59.7). Of the 487 individuals who had consulted a physician, 51.2% used the public healthcare system, 26.9% private care, and 22% other services. Consultation was associated with female gender and older age. Individuals in the intermediate categories for income, schooling, and socioeconomic status consulted less than the corresponding high and low categories. The results suggest that the middle class in this city lacks the purchasing power to seek care in the private sector while also using public services less, thus generally seeking healthcare less frequently.

Utilização de serviços de saúde pela população adulta de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: resultados de um estudo transversal / Health services utilization by the adult population in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as características da população adulta em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, quanto ao uso de serviços de saúde. Avaliaram-se como desfecho: não se consultar com médico no último mês, utilizar serviços do SUS e se consultar nos serviços privados. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com indivíduos de ambos os sexos, de 20 a 69 anos. Das 1.098 pessoas respondentes, 623 (56,7 por cento; IC95 por cento: 53,8-59,7) não haviam se consultado com médico no último mês. Dos 487 indivíduos que tinham se consultado, 51,2 por cento utilizaram os serviços do SUS, 26,9 por cento os serviços privados e 22 por cento outros serviços. Consultar estava associado com sexo feminino e idade elevada. A análise evidenciou que os indivíduos nas categorias intermediárias de renda, escolaridade e classe econômica se consultavam menos do que as correspondentes altas e baixas categorias. Os resultados sugerem que a classe intermediária, por não possuir "capacidade de compra" para serviços privados e/ou por não utilizar o sistema público, tenderia a procurar assistência de saúde com menor frequência.

The aim was to describe healthcare utilization by adults in a Brazilian city. The outcomes were medical appointments in the previous month and use of public (Unified National Health System - SUS) versus private healthcare services. A population-based cross-sectional study with 1,098 adults aged 20 years or over was carried out. No medical appointment in the previous month was reported by 623 persons (56.7 percent, 95 percentCI: 53.8-59.7). Of the 487 individuals who had consulted a physician, 51.2 percent used the public healthcare system, 26.9 percent private care, and 22 percent other services. Consultation was associated with female gender and older age. Individuals in the intermediate categories for income, schooling, and socioeconomic status consulted less than the corresponding high and low categories. The results suggest that the middle class in this city lacks the purchasing power to seek care in the private sector while also using public services less, thus generally seeking healthcare less frequently.

Avaliação da capacidade de percepção da adaptação marginal de coroas totais por cirurgiões-dentistas / Assessing the ability of the perception of full crown’s marginal adaptation by dentists

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de percepção da adaptação marginal à sondagem com dois tipos de instrumentos, executada por cirurgiões dentistas. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo realizado na clínica dos cursos da Unidade de Pós-graduação da Faculdade Ingá/Uningá-Passo Fundo/RS. Para coleta dos dados 44 profissionais de diversos cursos de pós-graduação deram seus pareceres a respeito de diferentes desajustes cervicais previamente confeccionados em uma coroa total metálica fundida sobre o primeiro molar inferior direito de um manequim, utilizando para o exame duas sondas exploradoras de marcas diferentes (Duflex® e Hu-Friedy®). A adaptação de todas as faces foi percebida corretamente por somente 9,0% (4) dos profissionais com a sonda Duflex® e 27,2% (12) com a sonda Hu-Friedy®, o que demonstra uma diferença clínica importante. A adaptação marginal satisfatória e o degrau positivo foram os términos mais facilmente identificáveis à  sondagem, enquanto o degrau negativo e o espaço cervical foram os desajustes mais difí­ceis de serem identificados corretamente pelos profissionais. A sonda Hu-Friedy® possibilitou maior precisão no diagnóstico das faces para todos os grupos de alunos pesquisados.

This investigation aimed at assessing dentist’s ability for marginal fit perception through probing with two types of instruments. This is a descriptive exploratory study developed at the clinics of Postgraduation Unit Ingá/Uningá-Passo Fundo/RS. For data collection, 44 professionals from several post-graduation courses gave their opinions on different marginal misfit, previously done in a cast metallic crown over the right inferior first molar of a manikin. For examination two exploratory probes of different brands (Duflex® and Hu-Friedy®) were used. Correct fit of all walls were observed by only 9.0% (4) of the professionals with Duflex® probe and 27.2% (12) with Hu-Friedy® one, which shows an important clinical difference. Satisfactory marginal fit and positive bend were the most easily terminus found through probing, while negative bend and cervical space were the most difficult misfits to be correctly observed by the professionals. Hu-Friedy® probe favored more precise diagnostic of the walls for all groups of the investigated students.

Immunogenicity of Trypanosoma cruzi strains determined by neutralization test

Los tripomastigotes (trip) de la cepa CA-I de Trypanosoma Cruzi (cepa escasamente letal para el ratón) presentaron anticuerpos adheridos a sus antígenos de membrana cuando se los obtuvo a los 25-28 días pi y se los procesó a 4-C; a 37-C se negativizaron dentro de los 10-15 min. Estos trip liberados de los complejos antígeno-anticuerpo demostraron ser um blanco adecuado para la detección de anticuerpos neutralizantes; es así como trip - CA-I preincubados con un suero anti-RA de conejo (en el que se había demostrado la existencia de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra la cepa homóloga) indujeron en el ratón un pico de parasitemia muy bajo, de breve duración y aparición tardía. Cuando estos trip se preincubaron con un antisuero homólogo el efecto fue menos marcado produciéndose sólo una demora en la curva de parasitemia para alcanzar a partir de los 34 días pi valores que no diferían significativamente de los registrados en el grupo control . Cuando estos sueros se evaluaron empleando como célula blanco trip-RA y la técnica estandar de neutralización, no se registró reactividad en los sueros anti - CA-I (promedio de sobrevida de ratones inoculados con trip-RA preincubados con suero de conejo: a) normal: 13 ñ 1 días, b anti-CA-I: 14 ñ 1 yc) anti-RA: 20 ñ 1). Para la cepa RA se demostró además que la potencia de la capacidad neutralizante de un suero estaba en función del tamaño de la dosis infectante que se había empleado para producir-lo; estos estudios se realizaron con inmunosueros producidos en ratón, y si bien todos los inmunosueros ensayados fueron reactivos, aquéllos preparados con inóculos de hasta 10**2 trip fueron los más potentes...

Trypanossoma cruzi: diferencias en el requerimiento de protectores proteicos presentadas por dos cepas argentinas / Trypanosoma cruzi: differences in the requiriment of proteic protectors presented by 2 Argentinian strains

Se estandarizaron los requerimientos de protectores proteícos para los tripomastigotes de las cepas CA-I y RA de Trypanosoma cruzi. Mientras que para la primera fue necesario 5% de suero o albúmina en las soluciones de lavado y/o de suspensión, para la RA se necesitó 1%. La viabilidad de los parásitos fue establecida por la movilidad evidenciada en las preparaciones microscópicas frescas y por inoculación al ratón. Esta diferencia señala una característica más acerca del comportamiento distinto comunicado para la cepa CA-I con relación a la RA

Caracterización inmunobiologica de una cepa presuntamente atipica de Trypanosoma cruzi / Immunobiological characterization of a presumed atypical straim of Trypanosoma cruzi

Se analisaron para la cepa LP de Trypanosoma cruzi algunas características biológicas e inmunológicas y se las comparó con las presentadas por cepas de referencia, RA y CA-I. La cepa LP produjo niveles de parasistemia próximoss a los inducidos por la RA pero, asemejándose a la cepa CA-I, la elevada parasitemia fue persistente y los ratones sobrevivieron a la infección aguda; sin embargo, alrededor de 40-45 días pi los animales inoculados con LP presentaron una caída en crisis de los parásitos circulantes. Dosis supresoras de infurtimox retardaron la positivación de la parasitemia en los 3 casos y los valores máximos alcanzados fueron una unidad logarítmica menor comparado con los controles sin tratamiento. La respuesta inmune estimulada por la cepa LP en conejo y en ratón fue positiva para las pruebas serológicas convencionales (IFA y AD) al igual que lo ocurrido con las otras 2 cepas. En el caso de la IFA todos los inmunosueros fueron reactivos con cualquiera de los 4 antígenos utilizados (epimastigotes de LP, RA, CA-I y Tulahuén). La cepa LP también estimuló la formación de anticuerpos capaces de interactuar ccon la forma circulante del parásito modificando su virulencia o produciendo su lisis; estos anticuerpos se detectaron tardíamente, lo que podría justificar la prolongada parasitemia presentada por los ratones inoculados con LP. por los resultados aquí obtenidos el comportamiento atípico comunicado previamente para esta cepa dependería de la asociación hospedeiro-parásito más que de características propias de la población parasitaria