[Ability to detect psychiatric disorders by the family physician]. / Capacidad de detección de patología psiquiátrica por el médico de familia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of family physicians to detect psychiatric disorders, comparing the presence of psychiatric disorders detected using validated tests and referrals by family physicians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, two-phase study. LOCATION: Primary healthcare centres in an urban area of Madrid. PARTICIPANTS: Patients between 18 and 65years attending primary healthcare centres for non-administrative purposes. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: To detect psychiatric disorders in the waiting room, an interview was performed using GHQ-28 and MULTICAGE CAD-4 in the screening phase (considered positive: score of 6 or higher on the GHQ-28 or a score 2 or higher on MULTICAGE CAD-4). Patients with a positive score and 20% with negative were recruited for the second phase (case identification) using MINI interview. During family physician consultation, the patient gave his doctor a card with an identification number to record the presence of psychiatric illness in his/her opinion and whether there was treatment with psychotropic drugs. RESULTS: A total of 628 subjects participated. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders corrected by two phase methodology was 31.7% (95%CI: 27.9 to 35.5). Of the 185 patients with a psychiatric disorder detected, 44.2% (95%CI: 36.7 to 51.7) were identified as patients with psychiatric disorders by their family physician. Disorders best detected were: hypomania, dysthymic disorder, depressive episode with melancholic symptoms, and panic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of patients with possible psychiatric disorders detected with validated test have not been identified by their family physician.

Dysfunction of inflammatory pathways in adolescent female patients with anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of Eating Disorders is still unknown. However, a growing body of evidence shows that there are changes in cytokine levels and an alteration in the stress response in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). For this reason, we decided to test whether there are differences in immune parameters involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response between female adolescents with AN and healthy adolescents. METHODS: The sample 27 drug-naïve AN patients the study sample included 27 AN patients at a very early stage of the disease and 23 healthy controls. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained for biochemical study. RESULTS: Plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß were significantly increased in patients with AN, while the levels of prostaglandins PGE2 (proinflammatory) and 15d-PGJ2, (anti-inflammatory) were lower compared with controls. Protein expression in PBMCs of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the activated forms of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and ERK were also increased in the AN group. Expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were significantly decreased in patients. Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation markers -TBARS- were not increased in patients with AN. Components of the biochemical inflammatory response (COX-2, PGE2, TBARS, 15d-PGJ2, ERK, p65 NFκB) and glucocorticoid receptor -GR- expression and the scores on the impulsivity measures in the BARRATT, EDI and BITE questionnaires showed a significant correlation within the AN patients group. CONCLUSIONS: The results for female adolescent patients with AN indicate that there is a dysfunction of intra- and intercellular inflammatory pathways characterized by higher levels of pro-inflammatory parameters in plasma and a decrease in one of the controlling cytoplasmic-nuclear pathways implicated in their modulation (i.e. PPARγ) with, at this very early stage of the disease, no effect on oxidative stress markers plasma levels. Most notably, higher severity of illness (restrictive and purging behaviour) correlated with higher levels of inflammatory markers.

Psychiatric morbidity and predisposing factors in a primary care population in Madrid.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in patients in primary care centers in an urban area of Madrid and to study possible associated risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional month prevalence was evaluated in two phases in an urban area of Madrid. The sample for the first phase included 635 individuals (aged 18-65 years), and the second phase included 320 individuals. Socio-demographic variables (age, sex, educational level, living conditions and country of origin) and clinical variables (psychiatric diagnosis and level of psychosocial stress) were studied. The instruments used for screening were the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-28 item questionnaire and the MULTICAGE-CAD 4test. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) was used in the second phase (in 'possible cases' and 20% of the 'non-cases'). Prevalence was calculated using weighted logistic regression with the observed sampling fractions of the patients in study phase 2 as sample weights. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The month prevalence of mental disorders was 31.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) = [27.6, 35.2]). Anxiety disorders were the most frequent diagnoses with a prevalence of 22.4% (95% CI = [17.8, 27.1]), followed by depressive disorders (16.6%; 95% CI = [12.9, 20.3]), substance abuse or dependence disorders (5.6%; 95% CI = [3.2, 6.9]) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 4.4%; 95% CI = [2.0, 2.8]). Factors associated with mental disorders were the presence of stressful life events in the previous 12 months, Latin American region of origin, being woman aged 25 and 34 years and having a low education level.

Capacidad de detección de patología psiquiátrica por el médico de familia / Ability to detect psychiatric disorders by the family physician

OBJETIVO: Conocer la capacidad de detección de patología psiquiátrica por el médico de familia, comparando la presencia de patología psiquiátrica detectada mediante test validados y la referida por su médico de familia. DISEÑO: Estudio transversal de doble fase. Emplazamiento: Centros de Salud de un área urbana de Madrid. PARTICIPANTES: Pacientes entre 18 y 65 años que acuden a consulta por motivos no administrativos. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Para la detección de posible patología psiquiátrica, en la sala de espera se utilizaron instrumentos de cribado, el GHQ-28 (punto de corte 6 o superior) y el MULTICAGE CAD-4 (punto de corte 2 o superior).como instrumento de identificación de «caso» en la segunda fase se utilizó la entrevista MINI en los pacientes con puntuación positiva en uno de los instrumentos de cribado y un 20% de los negativos. Por otro lado, cuando los pacientes entraban en la consulta entregaban a su médico una tarjeta con un número de identificación para que, de manera ciega, registrase: presencia de patología psiquiátrica actual según su criterio y existencia, o no, de tratamiento actual con psicofármacos. RESULTADOS: Participaron 628 sujetos. La prevalencia de patología psiquiátrica corregida por metodología de doble fase fue del 31,7% (IC95%: 27,9-35,5). De 185 pacientes con patología psiquiátrica detectada, el 44,2% (IC 95%: 36,7-51,7) fueron identificados como pacientes con patología psiquiátrica por su médico de familia. Las patologías mejor identificadas fueron: hipomanía, trastorno distímico, episodio depresivo con síntomas melancólicos y trastorno por angustia. CONCLUSIONES: Un porcentaje importante de pacientes con patología psiquiátrica detectada con test validados no han sido identificados por su médico de familia

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of family physicians to detect psychiatric disorders, comparing the presence of psychiatric disorders detected using validated tests and referrals by family physicians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, two-phase study. LOCATION: Primary healthcare centres in an urban area of Madrid. PARTICIPANTS: Patients between 18 and 65 years attending primary healthcare centres for non-administrative purposes. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: To detect psychiatric disorders in the waiting room, an interview was performed using GHQ-28 and MULTICAGE CAD-4 in the screening phase (considered positive: score of 6 or higher on the GHQ-28 or a score 2 or higher on MULTICAGE CAD-4). Patients with a positive score and 20% with negative were recruited for the second phase (case identification) using MINI interview. During family physician consultation, the patient gave his doctor a card with an identification number to record the presence of psychiatric illness in his/her opinion and whether there was treatment with psychotropic drugs. RESULTS: A total of 628 subjects participated. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders corrected by two phase methodology was 31.7% (95%CI: 27.9 to 35.5). Of the 185 patients with a psychiatric disorder detected, 44.2% (95%CI: 36.7 to 51.7) were identified as patients with psychiatric disorders by their family physician. Disorders best detected were: hypomania, dysthymic disorder, depressive episode with melancholic symptoms, and panic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of patients with possible psychiatric disorders detected with validated test have not been identified by their family physician