RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effects of the type of anesthesia (spinal (SA) vs. general (GA)) used for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recurrence and progression are controversial and our aim is to investigate their associations. METHODS: We identified 300 NMIBC patients who underwent initial TURBT with SA or GA. Cox's regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of anesthesia on tumor recurrence. RESULTS: Among 300 patients, 153 (51.0%) received GA and 147 (49.0%) SA. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate was 59.9% in the GA group, which was significantly lower than that in the SA group (74.4%, p = 0.029). GA (HR 1.57, p = 0.048), male sex (HR 2.72, p = 0.012), and tumor multiplicity (HR 1.96, p = 0.006) were independently associated with tumor recurrence. In a subgroup of 137 patients with high-risk NMIBC, the 5-year RFS rate was 50.3% in the GA group, which was significantly lower than that in the SA group (77.6%, p = 0.020), and GA remained an independent indicator of tumor recurrence (HR 2.35, p = 0.016). However, no significant differences were observed in the RFS rates of low- to intermediate-risk NMIBC patients between the GA and SA groups. CONCLUSIONS: The RFS rate was lower in NMIBC patients who received GA during TURBT than in those who received SA. Volatile anesthesia may increase tumor recurrence, particularly in high-risk NMIBC patients, which may be due to the inhibition of the immune response system during surgery.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Anestesia Geral , Cistectomia , Humanos , Masculino , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/cirurgiaRESUMO
The thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, growing at high temperature (45â) , showed stronger survival under heat shock at 50â than the brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which was unable to grow at 45â. The survival rate of K. marxianus decreased to 10% during heat shock at 50â for 20 min, and to less than 0.01% at 60â for 20 min. Cells with damaged cellular membranes were infrequently observed at 50â and had decreased significantly from heat shock at 60â. The metabolic activity of K. marxianus was retained at 50â, whereas that of S. cerevisiae was not. The trehalose content of K. marxianus was approximately two times that of S. cerevisiae. These results suggest that K. marxianus protects itself from heat shock-induced damage through the use of trehalose (a protective molecule in S. cerevisiae) as well as other different factors.