Emergence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O10:K4 in Thailand.

An emerging serotype O10:K4 of Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been predominantly isolated from outbreaks and sporadic cases in China. Herein, we report the first case of infection due to V. parahaemolyticus O10:K4 isolated from a hospitalized patient with acute diarrhea in Thailand. We sequenced the whole genome of the O10:K4 strain and compared it with those of the pandemic O3:K6 strain, O10:K4 strains in China, and other clinical and environmental strains. The results suggested that the O10:K4 strains are not a mere serotype variant diverged from the pandemic O3:K6 strain, confirming that the O10:K4 strain emergence has spread to Southeast Asia.

Incidence of metachronous gastric cancer in patients whose primary gastric neoplasms were discovered after Helicobacter pylori eradication.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The incidence of metachronous gastric cancer (MGC) in patients whose primary gastric neoplasm is discovered after Helicobacter pylori eradication remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the long-term effect of previous H pylori eradication on development of MGC after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). METHODS: We analyzed prospectively collected data of consecutive patients with successful H pylori eradication more than 1 year before (eradicated group, 180 patients) or after (control group, 602 patients) initial curative ESD. These patients were also followed by endoscopy for over 2 years. Propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were used to adjust for confounding variables during data analysis. The main outcome was the incidence of MGC after initial ESD. RESULTS: In a propensity-matched analysis of 174 pairs, the incidence of MGC was similar in the 2 cohorts (33.9 per 1000 person-years vs 40.8 per 1000 person-years in the control group, P = .454) at a median follow-up of 4.1 years (interquartile range, 3.0-5.6). Incidences were also similar in the 2 groups when data were analyzed using IPTW, even after exclusion of 123 patients with successful H pylori eradication <5 years before initial ESD. Multiple Cox regression analysis revealed age, differentiated-type histology, and initial multiplicity were predictors of MGC in patients after initial curative ESD. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of follow-up surveillance after initial curative ESD should be kept constant, irrespective of whether H pylori eradication is performed before or after initial curative ESD.

Genomic analysis of carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex harbouring mcr-8 and mcr-9 from individuals in Thailand.

The surge in mobile colistin-resistant genes (mcr) has become an increasing public health concern, especially in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). Prospective surveillance was conducted to explore the genomic characteristics of clinical CRE isolates harbouring mcr in 2015-2020. In this study, we aimed to examine the genomic characteristics and phonotypes of mcr-8 and mcr-9 harbouring carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae complex (CRKpnC). Polymerase chain reaction test and genome analysis identified CRKpnC strain AMR20201034 as K. pneumoniae (CRKP) ST147 and strain AMR20200784 as K. quasipneumoniae (CRKQ) ST476, harbouring mcr-8 and mcr-9, respectively. CRKQ exhibited substitutions in chromosomal-mediated colistin resistance genes (pmrB, pmrC, ramA, and lpxM), while CRKP showed two substitutions in crrB, pmrB, pmrC, lpxM and lapB. Both species showed resistance to colistin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 8 µg/ml for mcr-8-carrying CRKP isolate and 32 µg/ml for mcr-9-carrying CRKQ isolate. In addition, CRKP harbouring mcr-8 carried blaNDM, while CRKQ harbouring mcr-9 carried blaIMP, conferring carbapenem resistance. Analysis of plasmid replicon types carrying mcr-8 and mcr-9 showed FIA-FII (96,575 bp) and FIB-HI1B (287,118 bp), respectively. In contrast with the plasmid carrying the carbapenemase genes, the CRKQ carried blaIMP-14 on an IncC plasmid, while the CRKP harboured blaNDM-1 on an FIB plasmid. This finding provides a comprehensive insight into another mcr-carrying CRE from patients in Thailand. The other antimicrobial-resistant genes in the CRKP were blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-11, blaOXA-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-VI, ARR-3, qnrS1, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, catB3, fosA, and qacE, while those detected in CRKQ were blaOKP-B-15, qnrA1, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, fosA, and qacE. This observation highlights the importance of strengthening official active surveillance efforts to detect, control, and prevent mcr-harbouring CRE and the need for rational drug use in all sectors.

Simultaneous endoscopic submucosal dissection for synchronous double early gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of simultaneous endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for synchronous double early gastric cancers. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 832 single gastric cancers from 789 patients treated by single ESD (single group) and 124 synchronous double cancers from 62 patients treated by simultaneous ESD (simultaneous group). RESULTS: The overall rate of en bloc resection and curative resection was comparable between the two groups. Procedure time was significantly longer in the simultaneous group than in the single group (131.0 ± 66.5 and 94.8 ± 64.1 min, respectively, P < 0.001). White blood cell count on the day after ESD was significantly higher in the simultaneous group (9310 ± 2774/µl) than in the single group (8633 ± 2341/µl) (P = 0.032). Length of fasting period after ESD was 1.1 ± 0.5 days in the single group and 1.4 ± 1.1 days in the simultaneous group (P = 0.082). Complications were more frequent in the simultaneous group than in the single group (11.3 vs. 5.4 %, respectively), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.082). Complication rate per one lesion did not differ between the two groups (5.6 vs. 5.4 %, respectively, P = 0.914). Multivariate analysis showed procedure time longer than 150 min was independently predictive for complications of simultaneous ESD (P < 0.042, odds ratio = 6.094). Large tumors, upper portion location and tumors not in the standard guideline criteria were significantly associated with long procedure time. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous ESD for synchronous early gastric cancer can be a feasible and safe option, and it can reduce hospital stay. These results need to be validated by further studies.

Safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes for endoscopic submucosal dissection of early esophagogastric junction cancer.

BACKGROUND: Early esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer is currently being treated in the same way as early gastric cancer, by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), but long-term outcomes are still unknown. Our aim was to retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of ESD in treating early EGJ cancer and compare risk factors in curative and non-curative resection cases. METHODS: Forty-four cases of early EGJ cancer, defined as a Siewert's type II tumor, in 44 patients with a mean age of 70.0 years and a male/female ratio of 90.9:9.1 % were treated by ESD between January 2004 and June 2010. There were 30 standard indication cases; the remaining 14 cases were expanded indication cases. RESULTS: Mean resected specimen and tumor sizes were 35 and 17 mm, respectively, and median procedure time was 121 min, with no bleeding or perforation complications. All cases were resected en bloc with an 84.1 % curative resection rate (37/44). The curative resection rates in the standard and expanded indication cases were 90.0 % (27/30) and 71.4 % (10/14), respectively. There were no significant differences in tumor location, tumor morphology, tumor size, histology of biopsy specimens, or standard versus expanded indication cases with regard to risk factors for curative and non-curative resections. However, submucosal invasion, positive tumor margins, lymphovascular invasion, and some components of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas in just the submucosal layer were significantly more common in the non-curative resection cases. CONCLUSIONS: ESD was a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for early EGJ cancer. For tumors without any submucosal invasion findings, therefore, ESD is an acceptable treatment option, in addition to also being suitable for diagnostic purposes in evaluating the need for surgery.

Flagella-related gene mutations in Vibrio cholerae during extended cultivation in nutrient-limited media impair cell motility and prolong culturability.

IMPORTANCE: Vibrio cholerae undergoes a transition to a viable but non-culturable (VNC) state when subjected to various environmental stresses. We showed here that flagellar motility was involved in the development of the VNC state of V. cholerae. In this study, motility-defective isolates with mutations in various flagella-related genes, but not motile isolates, were predominantly obtained under the stress of long-term batch culture. Other genomic regions were highly conserved, suggesting that the mutations were selective. During the stationary phase of long-term culture, V. cholerae isolates with mutations in the acetate kinase and flagella-related genes were predominant. This study suggests that genes involved in specific functions in V. cholerae undergo mutations under certain environmental conditions.

Spatiotemporal variation in risk of Shigella infection in childhood: a global risk mapping and prediction model using individual participant data.

BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal disease is a leading cause of childhood illness and death globally, and Shigella is a major aetiological contributor for which a vaccine might soon be available. The primary objective of this study was to model the spatiotemporal variation in paediatric Shigella infection and map its predicted prevalence across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Individual participant data for Shigella positivity in stool samples were sourced from multiple LMIC-based studies of children aged 59 months or younger. Covariates included household-level and participant-level factors ascertained by study investigators and environmental and hydrometeorological variables extracted from various data products at georeferenced child locations. Multivariate models were fitted and prevalence predictions obtained by syndrome and age stratum. FINDINGS: 20 studies from 23 countries (including locations in Central America and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and south and southeast Asia) contributed 66 563 sample results. Age, symptom status, and study design contributed most to model performance followed by temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and soil moisture. Probability of Shigella infection exceeded 20% when both precipitation and soil moisture were above average and had a 43% peak in uncomplicated diarrhoea cases at 33°C temperatures, above which it decreased. Compared with unimproved sanitation, improved sanitation decreased the odds of Shigella infection by 19% (odds ratio [OR]=0·81 [95% CI 0·76-0·86]) and open defecation decreased them by 18% (OR=0·82 [0·76-0·88]). INTERPRETATION: The distribution of Shigella is more sensitive to climatological factors, such as temperature, than previously recognised. Conditions in much of sub-Saharan Africa are particularly propitious for Shigella transmission, although hotspots also occur in South America and Central America, the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, and the island of New Guinea. These findings can inform prioritisation of populations for future vaccine trials and campaigns. FUNDING: NASA, National Institutes of Health-The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Clinical characterization of gastric lesions initially diagnosed as low-grade adenomas on forceps biopsy.

AIM: The aim of this study was to elucidate characteristics of gastric lesions that are initially diagnosed as low-grade adenomas and to establish appropriate treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 231 lesions initially diagnosed as gastric adenomas. All forceps biopsy samples were histologically diagnosed as category 3 low-grade adenomas according to the revised Vienna Classification. All patients underwent endoscopic resection with endoscopic findings and post-resection diagnoses evaluated subsequently. RESULTS: Sixty-three lesions were initially diagnosed as depressed adenomas, and 168 lesions were diagnosed as protruding adenomas. The depressed lesions were significantly smaller (11.6 ± 5.0 mm) than the protruding lesions (17.0 ± 10.8 mm) (P < 0.001). Diagnoses reclassified to category 4 mucosal high-grade neoplasia (i.e. high-grade adenoma, adenocarcinoma in adenoma and adenocarcinoma) were more frequent among depressed lesions (52.4%) than among protruding lesions (31.0%) (P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis of all 231 lesions showed that lesion size larger than 20 mm (P < 0.001) and depressed appearance (including central depression) (P < 0.001) were significant independent factors suggesting cancer. For the 168 protruding lesions, lesion size larger than 20 mm (P < 0.001) and central depression (P < 0.001) were significant independent factors suggesting cancer. For the 63 depressed lesions, lesion size larger than 15 mm (P = 0.016) and a moth-eaten appearance (P = 0.017) were significant independent factors in the pre-treatment diagnosis of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Adenocarcinoma lesions were often found in depressed lesions and protruding lesions with central depression. Endoscopic resection for total biopsy is recommended, even if forceps biopsy indicates low-grade adenoma, as pre-treatment biopsy may be inadequate for an accurate histological diagnosis.

Associations Between Eight Earth Observation-Derived Climate Variables and Enteropathogen Infection: An Independent Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Surveillance Studies With Broad Spectrum Nucleic Acid Diagnostics.

Diarrheal disease, still a major cause of childhood illness, is caused by numerous, diverse infectious microorganisms, which are differentially sensitive to environmental conditions. Enteropathogen-specific impacts of climate remain underexplored. Results from 15 studies that diagnosed enteropathogens in 64,788 stool samples from 20,760 children in 19 countries were combined. Infection status for 10 common enteropathogens-adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, Campylobacter, ETEC, Shigella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia-was matched by date with hydrometeorological variables from a global Earth observation dataset-precipitation and runoff volume, humidity, soil moisture, solar radiation, air pressure, temperature, and wind speed. Models were fitted for each pathogen, accounting for lags, nonlinearity, confounders, and threshold effects. Different variables showed complex, non-linear associations with infection risk varying in magnitude and direction depending on pathogen species. Rotavirus infection decreased markedly following increasing 7-day average temperatures-a relative risk of 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.69-0.85) above 28°C-while ETEC risk increased by almost half, 1.43 (1.36-1.50), in the 20-35°C range. Risk for all pathogens was highest following soil moistures in the upper range. Humidity was associated with increases in bacterial infections and decreases in most viral infections. Several virus species' risk increased following lower-than-average rainfall, while rotavirus and ETEC increased with heavier runoff. Temperature, soil moisture, and humidity are particularly influential parameters across all enteropathogens, likely impacting pathogen survival outside the host. Precipitation and runoff have divergent associations with different enteric viruses. These effects may engender shifts in the relative burden of diarrhea-causing agents as the global climate changes.

Sporadic nonampullary duodenal adenoma in the natural history of duodenal cancer: a study of follow-up surveillance.

OBJECTIVES: Although sporadic nonampullary duodenal adenoma (SNDA) is regarded as a precancerous lesion, its natural course is uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of development of adenocarcinoma in SNDA lesions initially diagnosed as showing low-grade dysplasia (LGD; category 3) or high-grade dysplasia (HGD; category 4.1). METHODS: We analyzed 68 SNDAs, diagnosed based on initial and subsequent biopsies, in 66 consecutive patients. Of these, 46 (43 LGD lesions, 3 HGD lesions) were followed up for ≥6 months without treatment (mean 27.7±16.9 months; range 6-72 months), including 8 lesions that were eventually resected during follow-up. Sixteen lesions (eight LGD lesions, eight HGD lesions) were resected immediately, either endoscopically or surgically, and six lesions were excluded because of a short follow-up (<6 months). The histopathological diagnoses and macroscopic changes were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 43 LGD lesions followed up for ≥6 months, 34 (79.1%) showed no histopathological changes during follow-up, whereas the remaining 9 (20.9%) showed progression to HGD, including 2 (4.7%) that progressed eventually to noninvasive carcinoma (category 4.2). Macroscopically, 76.7% (33 of 43) of the LGD lesions showed no notable changes in size, 16.3% (7 of 43) became undetectable, 4.7% (2 of 43) reduced in size, and 2.3% (1 of 43) became larger in size. In contrast, all the three HGD lesions that were followed up for ≥6 months remained unchanged histologically, based on biopsy, and showed no notable macroscopic changes, although one of these HGD lesions resected endoscopically revealed evidence of noninvasive carcinoma. Although we diagnosed all lesions as HGD from biopsy samples, a high percentage of cancers (54.5%, 6 of 11) were diagnosed from resected specimens. A multivariate analysis identified HGD diagnosed at first biopsy and a lesion diameter of ≥20 mm as being significantly predictive of progression to adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: LGD lesions show a low risk of progression to adenocarcinoma, but some risk of progression to HGD, which warrants careful follow-up biopsy. However, HGD lesions and large SNDAs≥20 mm in diameter show a high risk of progression to adenocarcinoma. Therefore, they should be treated immediately.

Diagnosis of undifferentiated type early gastric cancers by magnification endoscopy with narrow-band imaging.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The diagnostic use of magnification endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) to assess histopathologically undifferentiated-type early gastric cancers (UD-type EGCs) is not well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the comparative relationship between ME-NBI images and histopathological findings in UD-type EGCs. METHODS: We analyzed 78 consecutive cases of UD-type EGCs ≤ 20 mm in diameter that underwent ME-NBI ≤ 2 weeks prior to resection. The ME-NBI images were compared with histopathological findings following either endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or surgery. Applying the comparative results, we prospectively evaluated the success of identifying the lateral extent of UD-type EGCs resected by ESD in additional consecutive cases. RESULTS: Lesions with preserved but irregular surface microstructures (S-type based on ME-NBI) showed mucosal atrophy and corresponded histologically to the non-whole-layer type of intramucosal cancer (24/24, 100%). Lesions with an irregular microvasculature type (V-type, for example, corkscrew pattern) or mixed type upon ME-NBI corresponded histopathologically to the non-whole-layer type of intramucosal cancer (15/54, 27.8%), the whole-layer type of intramucosal cancer (27/54, 50.0%) or submucosal (sm) invasion cancer (12/54, 22.2%). Applying these comparative results, we used ME-NBI to successfully predict the lateral extent of cancer, which corresponded to the histopathological lateral extent in all 18 additional consecutive UD-type EGCs resected by ESD. CONCLUSIONS: ME-NBI images of UD-type EGCs were very closely related to the histopathological findings. Thus, ME-NBI can be useful in the pretreatment assessment of the histopathological patterns of cancer development and the lateral extent of such lesions.

Conflicting clinical environment about the management of antithrombotic agents during the periendoscopic period in Japan.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although there are guidelines for the management of antithrombotic agents during the periendoscopic period, gaps between various guidelines create a confusing situation in daily clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to examine the current management of antithrombotic agents during the periendoscopic period in Japan. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study in 12 high-volume endoscopy centers in Japan. A total of 970 outpatients receiving antithrombotic agents underwent endoscopies (705 esophagogastroduodenoscopies and 265 colonoscopies) with or without invasive procedures. Main outcome measures are adverse events in these patients. RESULTS: Need for cessation of antithrombotics before endoscopy was mostly determined by non-gastroenterologists (51%) who are unfamiliar with the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (JGES) guideline, although cessation periods after endoscopy for most patients were determined by endoscopists (78%). Consequently, most patients underwent endoscopy without cessation (25%) or after a cessation period of 6-7 days (33%), indicating low permeation of the JGES guideline in Japan. Among 970 patients, two patients experienced major complications that may be related to thromboembolic events or gastrointestinal bleeding (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0-0.7%). One of these patients died due to sudden onset ventricular tachycardia. Invasive procedures, including 40 biopsies and two mucosal resections, were performed in 42 patients without cessation of antithrombotics, and no patients experienced major complications (95% CI: 0-8.4%). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a conflicting clinical environment due to absence of a unified guideline in Japan. Further accumulation of data is mandatory to establish a unified guideline based upon solid evidence.

Risk factors for delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm.

BACKGROUND: Delayed bleeding is one of the major complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The aim of this study is to determine the incidence rate and clinical factors associated with delayed bleeding, as well as the time interval between bleeding and ESD for gastric neoplasm. METHODS: We investigated 647 lesions in 582 consecutive patients undergoing ESD for gastric neoplasm. RESULTS: Delayed bleeding after ESD was evident in all 28 lesions from 28 patients (4.33% of all specimens, 4.81% of patients), and all achieved endoscopic hemostasis. Resected specimen width (≥40 mm) was the only significant factor associated with delayed bleeding on univariate and multivariate analysis. In early delayed bleeding (bleeding occurring on or before the fourth postoperative day), wide resected specimen and tumor location in the lower third of the stomach were significant risk factors. In late delayed bleeding (bleeding occurring after the fifth operative day), wide resected specimen, tumor location in the middle third of the stomach, hypertension, and high body mass index (≥25 kg/m(2)) were significant factors. Delayed bleeding in patients with tumors in the upper and middle third of the stomach (median 8.0 days; range 1-20 days) occurred significantly later as compared with patients who had tumors in the lower third (median 2.0 days; range 1-34 days). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for delayed bleeding, and the probable underlying mechanism involved, differed depending on the time elapsed between surgery and the bleeding episode.

Endoscopic ultrasonography is valuable for identifying early gastric cancers meeting expanded-indication criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has become a reliable method for predicting the invasion depth of early gastric cancer (EGC). This study evaluated the accuracy of EUS in identifying lesions meeting expanded-indication criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and analyzed clinicopathologic factors influencing the diagnostic accuracy of EUS in assessing tumor invasion depth. METHODS: This study investigated 542 EGCs of 515 patients who underwent EUS pretreatment. The pretreatment EUS-determined diagnosis was compared with the final histopathologic evaluation of resected specimens, and the impact of various clinicopathologic parameters on diagnostic accuracy was analyzed. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of EUS in identifying lesions meeting expanded-indication criteria for ESD was 87.8% (259/295) for differentiated adenocarcinoma (D-type) 30 mm in diameter or smaller, 43.5% (10/23) for D-type tumor larger than 30 mm in diameter, and 75% (42/56) for undifferentiated adenocarcinoma (UD-type) 20 mm in diameter or smaller. Using multivariate analysis, the diagnostic accuracy of EUS in predicting tumor invasion depth was determined to be decreased significantly by ulcerous change and large tumor size (diameter, ≥30 mm). CONCLUSION: For patients with EGC, D-type lesions 30 mm in diameter or smaller and UD-type lesions 20 mm in diameter or smaller can be diagnosed with high accuracy by EUS, but larger D-type lesions (diameter, >30 mm) should be considered carefully in terms of EUS-based treatment decisions. Findings of ulceration and large tumors are associated with incorrect diagnosis of tumor invasion depth by EUS.

Incidence of and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal complications in patients taking low-dose aspirin in Japan.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Low-dose aspirin is widely used for the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, administration of low-dose aspirin is associated with an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications, such as upper gastrointestinal erosions, ulcers and bleeding. The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence and various clinical factors of upper gastrointestinal complications associated with low-dose aspirin treatment. METHODOLOGY: A total of 1213 patients taking low-dose aspirin were evaluated with upper endoscopic examinations. We studied retrospectively the incidence of and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal complications associated with low-dose aspirin use. RESULTS: Of the 1213 patients taking low-dose aspirin, 598 patients and 72 patients were found to have gastroduodenal erosions (57.3%) and peptic ulcers (5.9%), respectively. Of these 72 peptic ulcers, 27 were diagnosed as hemorrhagic ulcers. Previous ulcer history was identified as a risk factor for peptic ulcer and upper gastrointestinal bleeding during low-dose aspirin therapy. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms and no use of gastroprotective agents were also identified as risk factors for peptic ulcers. In this study, the use of a histamine-2 receptor antagonist was indicated as a protective factor for peptic ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose aspirin therapy is associated with an increased risk of developing upper gastrointestinal complications. Administration of a histamine-2 receptor antagonist was effective for the prevention of low-dose aspirin induced peptic ulcers.

Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting enterotoxin A gene of Staphylococcus aureus in pork.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important food-borne pathogen of humans due to ingestion of food containing enterotoxigenic strains. We evaluated the detection of S. aureus enterotoxin A gene (sea) using a loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) method. Specificity of LAMP method was comparable to that of conventional PCR. Both methods correctly identified sea and did not detect 14 other non-Staphylococcus strains. Limit of detections of LAMP assay for direct detection of S. aureus was 10(4) cfu/ml while that of PCR was 10(3) cfu/ml. Both methods were employed for the detection of S. aureus spiked pork samples to assess their sensitivity. LAMP method was able to detect a minimum of 10(3) cfu/g while PCR 10(4) cfu/g of pork sample following incubation in tryptic soy broth for 6 hours. The LAMP assay allows a one-step identification of gene of interest without any specialized equipment and requires less time than conventional PCR, thus suggesting that the LAMP technique might be an appropriate alternative diagnostic method for detecting enterotoxin A gene of S. aureus in food sample.

Corrigendum to: Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Dissemination of Closely Related Epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolates in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa492.].

Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Dissemination of Closely Related Epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolates in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.

We performed whole-genome sequencing of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, where cholera outbreaks occurred, to determine their genetic lineages. Core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates located in same lineage without regional clusters, which suggests that closely related strains circulated in Southeast Asia.