Erratum: Quadrupole Order in the Frustrated Pyrochlore Tb_{2+x}Ti_{2-x}O_{7+y} [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 217201 (2016)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.217201.

Solid-state electron spin lifetime limited by phononic vacuum modes.

Longitudinal relaxation is the process by which an excited spin ensemble decays into its thermal equilibrium with the environment. In solid-state spin systems, relaxation into the phonon bath usually dominates over the coupling to the electromagnetic vacuum1-9. In the quantum limit, the spin lifetime is determined by phononic vacuum fluctuations 10 . However, this limit was not observed in previous studies due to thermal phonon contributions11-13 or phonon-bottleneck processes10, 14,15. Here we use a dispersive detection scheme16,17 based on cavity quantum electrodynamics18-21 to observe this quantum limit of spin relaxation of the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) centre 22 in diamond. Diamond possesses high thermal conductivity even at low temperatures 23 , which eliminates phonon-bottleneck processes. We observe exceptionally long longitudinal relaxation times T1 of up to 8 h. To understand the fundamental mechanism of spin-phonon coupling in this system we develop a theoretical model and calculate the relaxation time ab initio. The calculations confirm that the low phononic density of states at the NV- transition frequency enables the spin polarization to survive over macroscopic timescales.

Critical Thermalization of a Disordered Dipolar Spin System in Diamond.

Statistical mechanics underlies our understanding of macroscopic quantum systems. It is based on the assumption that out-of-equilibrium systems rapidly approach their equilibrium states, forgetting any information about their microscopic initial conditions. This fundamental paradigm is challenged by disordered systems, in which a slowdown or even absence of thermalization is expected. We report the observation of critical thermalization in a three dimensional ensemble of ∼10^{6} electronic spins coupled via dipolar interactions. By controlling the spin states of nitrogen vacancy color centers in diamond, we observe slow, subexponential relaxation dynamics and identify a regime of power-law decay with disorder-dependent exponents; this behavior is modified at late times owing to many-body interactions. These observations are quantitatively explained by a resonance counting theory that incorporates the effects of both disorder and interactions.

Quadrupole Order in the Frustrated Pyrochlore Tb_{2+x}Ti_{2-x}O_{7+y}.

A hidden order that emerges in the frustrated pyrochlore Tb_{2+x}Ti_{2-x}O_{7+y} with T_{c}=0.53 K is studied using specific heat, magnetization, and neutron scattering experiments on a high-quality single crystal. Semiquantitative analyses based on a pseudospin-1/2 Hamiltonian for ionic non-Kramers magnetic doublets demonstrate that it is an ordered state of electric quadrupole moments. The elusive spin liquid state of the nominal Tb_{2}Ti_{2}O_{7} is most likely a U(1) quantum spin-liquid state.

Experimental implementation of assisted quantum adiabatic passage in a single spin.

Quantum adiabatic passages can be greatly accelerated by a suitable control field, called a counter-diabatic field, which varies during the scan through resonance. Here, we implement this technique on the electron spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. We demonstrate two versions of this scheme. The first follows closely the procedure originally proposed by Demirplak and Rice [J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 9937 (2003)]. In the second scheme, we use a control field whose amplitude is constant but whose phase varies with time. This version, which we call the rapid-scan approach, allows an even faster passage through resonance and therefore makes it applicable also for systems with shorter decoherence times.

Anisotropic hysteretic Hall effect and magnetic control of chiral domains in the chiral spin states of Pr2Ir2O7.

We uncover a strong anisotropy in both the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and the magnetoresistance of the chiral spin states of Pr(2)Ir(2)O(7). The AHE appearing below 1.5 K at a zero magnetic field shows hysteresis which is most pronounced for fields cycled along the [111] direction. This hysteresis is compatible with the field-induced growth of domains composed by the 3-in 1-out spin states which remain coexisting with the 2-in 2-out spin ice manifold once the field is removed. Only for fields applied along the [111] direction, we observe a large positive magnetoresistance and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations above a metamagnetic critical field. These observations suggest the reconstruction of the electronic structure of the conduction electrons by the field-induced spin texture.

Hybrid quantum circuit with a superconducting qubit coupled to a spin ensemble.

We report the experimental realization of a hybrid quantum circuit combining a superconducting qubit and an ensemble of electronic spins. The qubit, of the transmon type, is coherently coupled to the spin ensemble consisting of nitrogen-vacancy centers in a diamond crystal via a frequency-tunable superconducting resonator acting as a quantum bus. Using this circuit, we prepare a superposition of the qubit states that we store into collective excitations of the spin ensemble and retrieve back into the qubit later on. These results constitute a proof of concept of spin-ensemble based quantum memory for superconducting qubits.

Therapeutic trials for a rabbit model of EBV-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome (HPS): effects of vidarabine or CHOP, and development of Herpesvirus papio (HVP)-negative lymphomas surrounded by HVP-infected lymphoproliferative disease.

Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (EBV-AHS), which is often associated with fatal infectious mononucleosis or T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD), is a distinct disease characterized by high mortality. Treatment of patients with EBV-AHS has proved challenging. To develop some therapeutic interventions for EBV-AHS, we examined the effectiveness of an antiviral agent (vidarabine) or chemotherapy (CHOP), using a rabbit model for EBV-AHS. Fourteen untreated rabbits were inoculated intravenously with cell-free virions of the EBV-like virus Herpesvirus papio (HVP). All of the rabbits died of HVP-associated (LPD) and hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) between 21 and 31 days after inoculation. Furthermore, three HVP-infected rabbits treated with vidarabine died between days 23 and 28 after inoculation, and their clinicopathological features were no different from those of untreated rabbits, indicating that this drug is not effective at all to treat HVP-induced rabbit LPD and HPS. Three of the infected rabbits that were treated with one course, with an incomplete set of three courses, or with three full courses of CHOP treatment died of HVP-induced LPD and HPS with a bleeding tendency and/or with opportunistic infections. They died on the 26th, 62nd and 105th day after virus inoculation, respectively. CHOP treatment transiently suppressed the HVP-induced LPD and contributed to the prolonged survival time of two infected rabbits. However, it did not remove all of the HVP-infected cells from the infected rabbits, and residual HVP-infected lymphocytes caused recurrences of rabbit LPD and HPS. The most interesting finding of this experiment was observed in the infected rabbit with the longest survival time of 105 days: HVP-negative lymphomas surrounded by HVP-induced LPD developed in the larynx and ileum of this rabbit, causing an obstruction of the lumen. We concluded that these were not secondary lymphomas caused by CHOP treatment, because no suspicious lesions were detected in three uninfected rabbits that were treated with three courses of CHOP for 120 days. It is therefore necessary to clarify the mechanism by which HVP-negative lymphomas associated with HVP-induced LPD can develop. Our data from therapeutic trials using EBV-AHS animal models indicate that vidarabine is not effective as an agent to treat HVP-infected rabbits, and even the cytotoxic chemotherapy of CHOP is not sufficient to cure the HVP-infected rabbits or to prolong the survival time of infected rabbits. Further studies will therefore be required to develop better therapies to treat EBV-AHS.

[Multifocal choroiditis with subretinal fibrosis].

We report 2 cases of multifocal choroiditis associated with subretinal fibrosis on whom the fluorescein fundus angiography (FAG) and the indocyanine green infrared angiography (IA) were performed. Case 1 was a moderately myopic 14-year-old girl who had no ocular symptoms. She had numerous small, round, discrete, partially conflued lesions with subretinal fibrosis scattered in the periphery and one discrete relatively large lesion along the superotemporal arcade in her left fundus. Subretinal fibrosis had progressed in the superior lesion. Some lesions had coalesced into a sword-like pattern over a period of 2 years. Case 2 was a high myopic 18-year-old man who had distorted vision in his right eye. He had some small whitish round lesions with one small choroidal neovascular tissue and subretinal fibrosis in the posterior pole and a sword-like lesion in the inferior periphery. Another choroidal neovascular tissue developed near the macula during the 6-month follow-up period. In FAG, the centers of the lesions hypofluoresced corresponding to the pigmentation and the edges hyperfluoresced. Some of the lesions showed window-defects and others tissue-staining. In IA, all the whole lesions hypofluoresced from an early stage of the angiography and some major choroidal vessels were visible through them. The hypofluorescent areas persisted into the late phase. The hypofluorescent areas of the IA were larger than those seen in FAG and in funduscopy. These findings indicate that the choriocapillaris was initially damaged and consequently the structures of the lesions partly disappeared at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex.

[Combination of radiotherapy with cisplatin in esophageal cancer].

Combination of radiotherapy with Cisplatin was performed in order to improve the results obtained with radiotherapy alone in the treatment of esophageal cancer. The therapeutic effect of this regimen and administration of Cisplatin were analyzed in 7 primary and 8 recurrent esophageal cancer patients from April 1983 to February 1985 in N.I.R.S. Cisplatin 10 mg/m2, without hydration and diuresis, was given daily followed by radiotherapy of 2 Gy daily for five consecutive days. The course was performed for two consecutive weeks and repeated after a one-week withdrawal of Cisplatin alone. Total doses of Cisplatin were 200 mg and the total dosage of radiotherapy including fast neutrons was TDF 110 to 120. Cisplatin 30 to 50 mg/m2 was continued monthly for maintenance every four weeks after the second course. Response rates in primary and recurrent cases were 71.4% and 62.5% respectively. Administration of Cisplatin 10 mg/m2 daily was useful since nausea and vomiting rarely appeared and bone marrow toxicity and renal dysfunction as side effects were mild and reversible. In the combination of radiotherapy with Cisplatin, it seemed most effective to perform radiotherapy immediately after Cisplatin administration, considering the change in serum concentration.

[Effects of combined therapy with irradiation, cisplatin and vindesine in lymph node recurrence of esophageal cancer].

The effects of combined therapy with irradiation, cisplatin and vindesine for lymph node recurrence of esophageal cancer was studied. The subjects were 95 patients with lymph node recurrence, who were divided into the following four treatment groups: Group I: Radiotherapy alone (R) (n = 31); Group II: cisplatin (CDDP) alone (n = 18); Group III: R + CDDP(n = 9); Group IV: R + CDDP + VDS (n = 10). The response rate (CR + PR) of Groups III and IV was 66.7% and 100%, respectively, which was significantly more favorable than 11.1% of Group II. The survival duration after recurrence was prolonged in the order of Group IV, Group III, Group II and Group I. In conclusion, combination therapy using R, CDDP and VDS will be effective for lymph node recurrence of esophageal cancer.

[Over two years survival of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in gastric cancer with liver metastases].

Between 1977 and April in 1989, long-term survivors (over two years) by intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients with liver metastases were examined. The materials were 5 patients (4 synchronous, 1 metachronous metastases) among 21 P0H (+) gastric cancers. The extent of liver metastases shows 1 H1 and 4 H2. Reduction surgery was performed in 4 H2 patients (2 S2 + 3, 1 S4, 1 S6) and postoperative intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy via the catheter in the common hepatic artery was done to control the residual liver metastases. Continuous intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with the regimen of FML (5-FU, MMC, Lentinan) revealed 100% response rate (3 CR, 1 PR). In a patient with metachronous metastases, PR was obtained with MA (MMC, ADM) + one-shot intra-arterial infusion of LAK cells. Among 5 patients, one with synchronous metastases has survived 35 months, followed by a patient who died after 32 months and two patients who died after 27 months. A patient with metachronous metastases has survived for 24 months.

[Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of HCFU (1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil) on non-resectable stomach cancer].

The present study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of a new oral anticancer agent, HCFU, that is, (1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil), against 14 cases of unresectable gastric cancers which were confirmed by the laparotomy. The daily dose was 600mg and given continuously as long as the patients could take the drug orally. The efficacy was examined by X-ray photographs according to the criteria for the judgement of direct effect of the chemotherapy for solid malignant tumor. For the diffuse invasive type of gastric cancer, the changes in the X-ray finding such as stiffness and poor elasticity of gastric wall and malignant relief were also taken into consideration for the judgement. Among 9 patients, in whom the efficacy was measurable, two cases showed "partial response (PR)", two cases were diagnosed as "no change (NC)" and other 5 cases were diagnosed as "progressive disease (PD)". Among 2 partial responders, 1 case showed 85.3% decrease of the tumor size on the X-ray film and the other, who had diffuse invasive gastric cancer, showed much improvement on the X-ray film described above. The survival was around 5 months in "progressive disease" group. On the other hand, the patients with the good response to HCFU such as PR patients and NC patients could obtain a relatively longer survival period.

[A multi-center trial of MY-1, a new biological response modifier, on the immunological parameters of postoperative gastric cancer patients].

A multi-center study was performed to clarify the immunological effects of MY-1, a new biological response modifier, on postoperative gastric cancer patients. A total of 90 patients were randomly allocated either to an MY-1 treated or an untreated group. MY-1 was given 3 times a week from the 4th postoperative day for a period of 3 weeks. Immunological parameters of the patients, such as lymphocyte subsets measured with flow cytometry using various monoclonal antibodies, blast transformation responses against PHA, ConA, and PPD, natural killer activity of peripheral lymphocytes, and skin test for MY-1 and PPD, were evaluated preoperatively, before and after MY-1 treatment. The results of the two color staining method with flow cytometry showed that the population of lymphocytes positive for both OKT8 and Leu15 antigens (suppressor cells) was statistically less, and that the population of lymphocytes positive for OKT8 and negative for Leu15 antigens (killer cells) was statistically increased in patients treated with MY-1 compared with the control group.

[Effects of pre-operative intrahepatic-arterial infusion in liver cancer with special reference to hepatic resection].

The following conclusions were obtained in terms of the histological response of preoperative TAI and TAE in 27 hepatectomized patients with 15 primary and 12 metastatic liver cancers. 1) TAE was superior to TAI in tumor 100% necrosis rate. 2) TAE showed higher necrosis rate than TAI in tumors with capsule formation smaller than 2 cm. 3) Even TAE reveals no histological response in tumors with intracapsular infiltration.

[A cases of antithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency associated with extrahepatic portal occlusion undergoing operation for esophgogastric varices].

A 23-year-old woman developed thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein and underwent an extensive enterectomy. She was diagnosed to have ATIII deficiency with extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis and esophagogastric varices. She was admitted to our department and underwent esophageal mucosal transection and splenectomy. Her activities of ATIII were 46%, but ATIII activities of her family were over 90%. ATIII activities during perioperative period were kept more than 70% following administration of ATIII drug. After splenectomy thrombocythemia which was over 300 x 10(4)/mm3 appeared with severe headache and slight pain of hands. She was discharged on 76th postoperative day with no complications and collapse of esophageal varices.

[A case of fatal graft-versus-host disease following blood transfusion in esophageal cancer documented by homozygous changes of HLA typing].

A 72 year-old Japanese male with esophageal cancer underwent esophagectomy. After seemingly uneventful recovery, he developed high fever on 11 post-operative day (POD), rashes over the whole body on 13 POD and leukopenia on 15 POD. On 22 POD, thrombopenia and parenchymal bleeding of lungs were noted. He died on 26 POD after progressive hypoxia and hypotension. HLA type of peripheral lymphocytes on him changed homozygously to that of the transfused fresh blood. Skin biopsy showed mild leukocyte infiltration in the epidermis and the dyskeratotic keratinocytes were associated with a contiguous lymphocyte, the so-called satellite cell necrosis. In the findings of autopsy, aplastic bone marrow and atrophied spleen, whose weight was 14g, were noted. Based on the clinical picture, skin biopsy and HLA study findings, we diagnosed this case as post-transfusion GVHD. We think that high age, operative injury and preoperative irradiation might be inducement to reveal post-transfusion GVHD in this case.

[Problems in therapy of thoracic esophageal cancer in view of recurrence in the lymph nodes].

The forms of recurrence from the first onset were confirmed in 171 out of 776 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer excised at our Department from 1959 to 1987; 87 patients (50.9%) had recurrence in the lymph nodes. Postoperative radiation in order to prevent recurrence in the lymph nodes was useful for the prevention of recurrence in the cervical lymph nodes, but radiation myelopathy/radiation pneumonitis might be of therapeutic difficulty in patients with recurrence in the areas of radiation. Moreover, patients treated by irradiation were apt to be involved in visceral recurrence. Incidence of recurrence in the lymph nodes was less in patients who had dissection in three areas than that in patients who received dissection in one or two. However, recurrence was observed in the border region between the cervix and the thorax, on the left side of the trachea, in the anterior portion and on the left side of the hilum in the areas of dissection. Useful postoperative chemotherapy is desirable in consideration of the fact that recurrence in the lymph nodes was observed at the posterior region of the pharynx, at the temporal region and in the pelvis and that dissemination and visceral recurrence were increased.

[Benefits and risks associated with dissection of three regional lymph nodes (bilateral cervical, thoracic and abdominal) in thoracic esophageal carcinoma].

To obtain curability safely, we have employed dissection of three regional lymph nodes (the bilateral cervical, thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes) since 1983. The subjects were 111 (three regional group) of 158 patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma operated on our department till 1988. When compared to 207 patients treated during the period from 1973 to 1982 (control group), the background factors of the subjects revealed that the three regional group included more patients with advanced carcinoma and more elderly patients over 70 years of age. Operative results were more favourable in the three regional group (5.3% vs 2.7%), although mean operative time was longer (5 hrs and 2 min vs 8 hrs and 38 min) and mean blood loss was higher (1,098ml vs 1,407ml). Moreover, the incidence of recurrent nerve paralysis was higher. Overall 5-year survival was 20.4% vs 22.3%, showing no significant difference. However, when stage distribution is taken into consideration, results in the three regional group may be regarded as improved. After dissection of the three regional lymphnodes, the pattern of lymph node metastasis of thoracic esophageal carcinoma has been made clearer to give useful information on the site in which further dissection of lymph node is required.

[Anatomic study of the bronchial arteries for operation of esophageal cancer].

In view of the operative field of esophageal cancer, anatomic findings of the bronchial arteries were studied in specimens of 38 cadavers. The number of right and left bronchial arteries were 68 and 61, respectively. The most common branching type was two right and two left arteries, occurring in 36.8% (14/38). Next common type was two right and one left arteries (34.2%). Each specimen had one right intercostobronchial artery and it was considered easy to preserve blood supply to right bronchial artery when cleansing of mediastinal lymphatic chain is performed. But the other 30 right bronchial arteries originating from the aorta coursed, to the area of inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and thus there will be possibility of injury. All of the left bronchial arteries derived from the aorta. The course of 5 left bronchial arteries ran to the area of inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and the one of 41 arteries passed to the area of left tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Therefore, there will be strong possibility of injury to these left bronchial arteries. But the other 19 left bronchial arteries didn't course to any area of lymph nodes, and the arteries can possibly be preserved.