Truncating FLNC Mutations Are Associated With High-Risk Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies.

BACKGROUND: Filamin C (encoded by the FLNC gene) is essential for sarcomere attachment to the plasmatic membrane. FLNC mutations have been associated with myofibrillar myopathies, and cardiac involvement has been reported in some carriers. Accordingly, since 2012, the authors have included FLNC in the genetic screening of patients with inherited cardiomyopathies and sudden death. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the association between truncating mutations in FLNC and the development of high-risk dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. METHODS: FLNC was studied using next-generation sequencing in 2,877 patients with inherited cardiovascular diseases. A characteristic phenotype was identified in probands with truncating mutations in FLNC. Clinical and genetic evaluation of 28 affected families was performed. Localization of filamin C in cardiac tissue was analyzed in patients with truncating FLNC mutations using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Twenty-three truncating mutations were identified in 28 probands previously diagnosed with dilated, arrhythmogenic, or restrictive cardiomyopathies. Truncating FLNC mutations were absent in patients with other phenotypes, including 1,078 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Fifty-four mutation carriers were identified among 121 screened relatives. The phenotype consisted of left ventricular dilation (68%), systolic dysfunction (46%), and myocardial fibrosis (67%); inferolateral negative T waves and low QRS voltages on electrocardiography (33%); ventricular arrhythmias (82%); and frequent sudden cardiac death (40 cases in 21 of 28 families). Clinical skeletal myopathy was not observed. Penetrance was >97% in carriers older than 40 years. Truncating mutations in FLNC cosegregated with this phenotype with a dominant inheritance pattern (combined logarithm of the odds score: 9.5). Immunohistochemical staining of myocardial tissue showed no abnormal filamin C aggregates in patients with truncating FLNC mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Truncating mutations in FLNC caused an overlapping phenotype of dilated and left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies complicated by frequent premature sudden death. Prompt implantation of a cardiac defibrillator should be considered in affected patients harboring truncating mutations in FLNC.

Aportes de la genética al estudio y manejo clínico de las miocardiopatías / Genetic contributions to the study and clinical management of cardiomyopathies

Resumen: Las miocardiopatías son patologías muy heterogéneas asociadas a muerte súbita en jóvenes, cuyo diagnóstico y pronóstico son difíciles de establecer. El estudio genético puede ser una herramienta importante para el abordaje de estos pacientes y sus familias. Son generalmente patologías monogénicas, con penetrancia incompleta y expresividad clínica variable. Múltiples causas genéticas subyacen a la misma patología y un mismo gen puede estar asociado con fenotipos diferentes. La tecnología disponible en la actualidad permite analizar todos los genes importantes para cada fenotipo, con costos y tiempos de entrega de los resultados muy razonables. La rentabilidad del estudio genético depende de cada patología y de la probabilidad pretest de cada paciente particular. La interpretación de un estudio genético es una tarea compleja y un aspecto limitante para una correcta implementación clínica. Depende de múltiples variables y deberá ser realizado por equipos multidisciplinares con experiencia clínica en las patologías y los genes asociados. Un estudio genético positivo aportará mucha información diagnóstica y pronóstica para el paciente y su familia. Esto permitirá hacer recomendaciones en el estilo de vida, seleccionar tratamientos específicos para determinadas patologías, y decidir con más precisión el momento oportuno para implementar técnicas preventivas invasivas. Está demostrado que el screening genético en cascada luego de un resultado positivo es una estrategia costo-efectiva, que permite grandes ahorros en seguimientos clínicos innecesarios para focalizar los recursos en individuos genéticamente predispuestos.

Summary: Cardiomyopathies are heterogeneous diseases associated with sudden death in the young. The diagnosis and associated prognosis is sometimes difficult to establish. The genetic study could be an important tool for the clinical work-up of patients and families with these diseases. Cardiomyopathies are usually monogenic diseases, with incomplete penetrance and variable clinical expressivity. Several genes are associated with the same phenotype, and a particular gene could be related with different diseases. All the genes related with a particular phenotype could be study with the available sequencing technology at a reasonable price and turnaround time for the results. The yield of genetic tests depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and is specifically driven by the clinical pre-test probability of each case. The interpretation of genetic studies is complex and the main challenge for the correct clinical application of the results. Interpretation depends on several variables and should be performed by multidisciplinary teams with clinical and genetic expertise on cardiomyopathies. A positive genetic study could contribute with important diagnostic and prognostic information for the patient and the family. This information could be useful for life-style modifications, specific treatment selection and, in some cases, to decide the correct moment for primary prevention device's implantation. Cascade family screening after a positive genetic diagnosis is a cost-effective strategy for health-care systems.