Toll-Like Receptor 3 Overexpression Induces Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells, whereas Its Activation Triggers Apoptosis.

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an endosomal receptor expressed in several immune and epithelial cells. Recent studies have highlighted its expression also in solid tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa), and have described its role primarily in the proinflammatory response and induction of apoptosis. It is up-regulated in some castration-resistant prostate cancers. However, the role of TLR3 in prostate cancer progression remains largely unknown. The current study experimentally demonstrated that exogenous TLR3 activation in PCa cell lines leads to a significant induction of secretion of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and interferon-ß, depending on the model and chemoresistance status. Transcriptomic analysis of TLR3-overexpressing cells revealed a functional program that is enriched for genes involved in the regulation of cell motility, migration, and tumor invasiveness. Increased motility, migration, and invasion in TLR3-overexpressing cell line were confirmed by several in vitro assays and using an orthotopic prostate xenograft model in vivo. Furthermore, TLR3-ligand induced apoptosis via cleavage of caspase-3/7 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, predominantly in TLR3-overexpressing cells. These results indicate that TLR3 may be involved in prostate cancer progression and metastasis; however, it might also represent an Achilles heel of PCa, which can be exploited for targeted therapy.

Semantic clustering analysis of E3-ubiquitin ligases in gastrointestinal tract defines genes ontology clusters with tissue expression patterns.

BACKGROUND: Ubiquitin ligases (Ub-ligases) are essential intracellular enzymes responsible for the regulation of proteome homeostasis, signaling pathway crosstalk, cell differentiation and stress responses. Individual Ub-ligases exhibit their unique functions based on the nature of their substrates. They create a complex regulatory network with alternative and feedback pathways to maintain cell homeostasis, being thus important players in many physiological and pathological conditions. However, the functional classification of Ub-ligases needs to be revised and extended. METHODS: In the current study, we used a novel semantic biclustering technique for expression profiling of Ub-ligases and ubiquitination-related genes in the murine gastrointestinal tract (GIT). We accommodated a general framework of the algorithm for finding tissue-specific gene expression clusters in GIT. In order to test identified clusters in a biological system, we used a model of epithelial regeneration. For this purpose, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model, following with in situ hybridization, was used to expose genes with possible compensatory features. To determine cell-type specific distribution of Ub-ligases and ubiquitination-related genes, principal component analysis (PCA) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection technique (UMAP) were used to analyze the Tabula Muris scRNA-seq data of murine colon followed by comparison with our clustering results. RESULTS: Our established clustering protocol, that incorporates the semantic biclustering algorithm, demonstrated the potential to reveal interesting expression patterns. In this manner, we statistically defined gene clusters consisting of the same genes involved in distinct regulatory pathways vs distinct genes playing roles in functionally similar signaling pathways. This allowed us to uncover the potentially redundant features of GIT-specific Ub-ligases and ubiquitination-related genes. Testing the statistically obtained results on the mouse model showed that genes clustered to the same ontology group simultaneously alter their expression pattern after induced epithelial damage, illustrating their complementary role during tissue regeneration. CONCLUSIONS: An optimized semantic clustering protocol demonstrates the potential to reveal a readable and unique pattern in the expression profiling of GIT-specific Ub-ligases, exposing ontologically relevant gene clusters with potentially redundant features. This extends our knowledge of ontological relationships among Ub-ligases and ubiquitination-related genes, providing an alternative and more functional gene classification. In a similar way, semantic cluster analysis could be used for studding of other enzyme families, tissues and systems.

Orthotopic model for the analysis of melanoma circulating tumor cells.

Metastatic melanoma, a highly lethal form of skin cancer, presents significant clinical challenges due to limited therapeutic options and high metastatic capacity. Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer dissemination can occur earlier, before the diagnosis of the primary tumor. The progress in understanding the kinetics of cancer dissemination is limited by the lack of animal models that accurately mimic disease progression. We have established a xenograft model of human melanoma that spontaneously metastasizes to lymph nodes and lungs. This model allows precise monitoring of melanoma progression and is suitable for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We have validated a flow cytometry-based protocol for CTCs enumeration and isolation. We could demonstrate that (i) CTCs were detectable in the bloodstream from the fourth week after tumor initiation, coinciding with the lymph node metastases appearance, (ii) excision of the primary tumor accelerated the formation of metastases in lymph nodes and lungs as early as one-week post-surgery, accompanied by the increased numbers of CTCs, and (iii) CTCs change their surface protein signature. In summary, we present a model of human melanoma that can be effectively utilized for future drug efficacy studies.

Circulating tumor cell-derived preclinical models: current status and future perspectives.

Despite the advancements made in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, the stages associated with metastasis remain largely incurable and represent the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. The dissemination of cancer is facilitated by circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which originate from the primary tumor or metastatic sites and enter the bloodstream, subsequently spreading to distant parts of the body. CTCs have garnered significant attention in research due to their accessibility in peripheral blood, despite their low abundance. They are being extensively studied to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer dissemination and to identify effective therapeutic strategies for advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, substantial efforts have been directed towards establishing and characterizing relevant experimental models derived from CTCs, aiming to provide relevant tools for research. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in the establishment of preclinical CTC-derived models, such as CTC-derived xenografts (CDX) and cell cultures, which show promise for the study of CTCs. We discuss the advantages and limitations of these models and conclude by summarizing the potential future use of CTCs and CTC-derived models in cancer treatment decisions and their utility as precision medicine tools.

RNF43 inhibits WNT5A-driven signaling and suppresses melanoma invasion and resistance to the targeted therapy.

RNF43 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and known negative regulator of WNT/ß-catenin signaling. We demonstrate that RNF43 is also a regulator of noncanonical WNT5A-induced signaling in human cells. Analysis of the RNF43 interactome using BioID and immunoprecipitation showed that RNF43 can interact with the core receptor complex components dedicated to the noncanonical Wnt pathway such as ROR1, ROR2, VANGL1, and VANGL2. RNF43 triggers VANGL2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation and clathrin-dependent internalization of ROR1 receptor and inhibits ROR2 activation. These activities of RNF43 are physiologically relevant and block pro-metastatic WNT5A signaling in melanoma. RNF43 inhibits responses to WNT5A, which results in the suppression of invasive properties of melanoma cells. Furthermore, RNF43 prevented WNT5A-assisted development of resistance to BRAF V600E and MEK inhibitors. Next, RNF43 acted as melanoma suppressor and improved response to targeted therapies in vivo. In line with these findings, RNF43 expression decreases during melanoma progression and RNF43-low patients have a worse prognosis. We conclude that RNF43 is a newly discovered negative regulator of WNT5A-mediated biological responses that desensitizes cells to WNT5A.

TGF-ß regulates Sca-1 expression and plasticity of pre-neoplastic mammary epithelial stem cells.

The epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, in tight association with stemness, contributes to the mammary gland homeostasis, evolution of early neoplastic lesions and cancer dissemination. Focused on cell surfaceome, we used mouse models of pre-neoplastic mammary epithelial and cancer stem cells to reveal the connection between cell surface markers and distinct cell phenotypes. We mechanistically dissected the TGF-ß family-driven regulation of Sca-1, one of the most commonly used adult stem cell markers. We further provided evidence that TGF-ß disrupts the lineage commitment and promotes the accumulation of tumor-initiating cells in pre-neoplastic cells.