Pharmacovigilance practice among pediatric neurologists from Poland and Germany.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the pediatric neurologists' knowledge, practice, and barriers to the pharmacovigilance (PV) process in Poland and Germany. METHODS: The research tool was an online anonymous questionnaire on Google Forms e-mailed to pediatric neurologists from Poland and Germany. RESULTS: The questionnaires were handed out to 830 pediatric neurologists and 371 expressed their consent to participate in the study. Most of the neurologists were familiar with the definition of PV and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Only 34.10% of pediatric neurologists from Poland, and 38.88% from Germany believe that many ADRs are preventable and almost most of them believe it is necessary to report ADRs from children with epilepsy. Unfortunately, in opposite to this knowledge, only 37.79% of respondents from Poland and 40.32% from Germany felt co-responsible for reporting ADRs. The main reason for the neurologists not to report ADRs was a conviction that reporting ADRs would be an additional burden generating extra work. CONCLUSION: There is no big difference between the practice of PV by pediatric neurologists in Poland and Germany. System-regulated PV stabilization in the country translates into the practice of maintaining PV. Monitoring the safety of pharmacotherapy and knowledge of risks associated with ADRs should be included in the curricula of academic neurologics courses.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by episodic, gratuitous seizures. Most children with epilepsy (CWE) rely on antiepileptic drugs causing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Many ADRs are preventable if physicians actively participate in pharmacovigilance (PV), which its pivotal role is to ensure the safety of pharmacotherapy by e.g. permanent control of ADRs. The study aimed to compare the pediatric neurologists' (PN) knowledge, practice, and barriers to the PV process in Poland and Germany. The research tool was an online anonymous questionnaire on Google Forms e-mailed to PN from Poland and Germany. Only 34.10% of PN from Poland and 38.88% from Germany believe that many ADRs are preventable and almost most of them believe it is necessary to report ADRs from CWE. Unfortunately, in opposite to this knowledge, only 37.79% of respondents from Poland and 40.32% from Germany felt co-responsible for reporting ADRs. The main reason for the neurologists not to report ADRs was a conviction that reporting ADRs would be an additional burden generating extra work. There is no big difference between the practice of PV by PN in Poland and Germany. System-regulated PV stabilization in the country translates into the practice of maintaining PV.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on mental health among the general population in Poland and on the availability of psychological support.

The objective of this paper was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Poles and the availability of psychiatric and psychological support during the pandemic. A prospective, cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. It was carried out on a sample of 1080 Polish citizens above 18 years old. The majority of Poles (70%) experienced symptoms of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep disturbance (63.79%), anxiety (48.79%), low mood for most of the day (44.63%), sadness, tearfulness (41.29%), and concentration disorders (35.93%) were the mental disorder symptoms reported most often by the survey subjects. To reduce the potential acute and long-lasting effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, decision-makers of the Polish health system should implement stepped multilevel and multi-target psychological support services.

Impact of patient knowledge on hypertension treatment adherence and efficacy: A single-centre study in Poland.

Introduction: Recent studies show that treatment of arterial hypertension is unsuccessful. This is due to the patients' insufficient knowledge of about the therapeutic methods and the consequences of not treating arterial hypertension. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the patients' knowledge concerning therapeutic options, prophylaxis, and complications of arterial hypertension. The study also assessed the effect of such knowledge on hypertension treatment adherence and efficacy. Patients and Methods: The survey included 488 patients (250 female and 238 male), aged over 18 years, diagnosed with and treated in outpatient and inpatient settings at selected healthcare institutions in Poland. A custom-made questionnaire, based on references on this subject, was the key tool in the present study. Information about the course of the disease and evaluation of hypertension treatment efficacy was based on the patients' medical records. Results: The study found that 54.7% of the subjects had good knowledge about arterial hypertension, 40.0% had average knowledge, and 5.3% had poor knowledge. The extent of knowledge about the disease was significantly dependent on the level of education and the place of receiving medical care (p< 0.05). Good knowledge was significantly associated with controlled blood pressure, number of antihypertensive drugs used, frequency of hospitalization, as well as with medication adherence, and healthy lifestyle behaviours (p< 0.05). Conclusions: More than half of the patients presented good knowledge but a large group still had poor knowledge, especially patients with a low level of education and with hypertension treated at a general practitioner's clinic. The results of our study clearly show that knowledge about arterial hypertension affects medication adherence and healthy lifestyle behaviours and improves hypertension treatment efficacy.

A survey of pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes and barriers in pharmaceutical care concept in Poland.

BACKGROUND: The major goals of pharmaceutical care (PC) are to improve the patient's quality of life and ensure safety of pharmacotherapy. Inclusion of a pharmacist in the multidisciplinary team caring for the patient and integration of state-of-the-art pharmaceutical services with medical care and nursing are some of the most important challenges that the health care system in Poland is facing. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the pharmacists attitudes towards practice in, and knowledge of PC in Poland and to identify the barriers in PC provision. METHODS: The study was designed as a multicenter study, conducted among Polish pharmacists. Random sampling technique was employed to select the study group. Face-to-face questionnaire method was used to interview the pharmacists, upon obtaining their prior verbal consent to participate in the study. The study was conducted between January 2017 and September 2019. RESULTS: Only 15% of the pharmacists have ever attended a training on PC. 72% believed PC provision was necessary to ensure pharmacotherapy safety. Only 63% of the pharmacists believed that preventing and solving health-related and drug therapy problems for patients were their responsibilities. The main reason for non-provision of PC by the pharmacists was the lack of time for such activities, lack of legal regulations, lack of organizational facilities. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that implementation of PC is expected in Poland. Educational programs in this respect are urgently needed. PC provision should be included in the curricula of academic pharmaceutical courses.

Economic and clinical evaluation of vagus nerve stimulation therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The medical and social care of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) entails significant costs. Approximately 30 to 40 percent of patients with DRE who underwent vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation achieve an above 50 percent reduction in seizure frequency. The study objective was to analyze the effect of VNS on clinical effects improvement and therapy cost reduction in patients with DRE over a 2-year follow-up period. The second purpose of the study was to compare average costs of VNS treatment of patients with DRE in selected countries, taking into account the purchasing power parity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all the patients who had VNS implanted at our department between 2014 and 2018. Data on clinical events and medical costs were collected prospectively and obtained from medical documentation. We also reviewed relevant literature on costs of VNS therapy in patients with DRE from the last 18 years. RESULTS: Resource utilization and epilepsy-related events were reduced during the follow-up period compared to the baseline. Average total cost was estimated at EUR 7703.59 in year 1 and at EUR 7108.38 in year 2 following VNS implantation. Average direct costs of VNS treatment of patients with DRE over the last 18 years varied between the countries and ranged from EUR 24 790.43 in the United States to EUR 64.84 in the United Kingdom. CONCLUSION: Vagus nerve stimulator is a cost-effective therapy yielding measurable clinical and therapeutic outcomes over the long term. Moreover, the analysis contained in this review highlights the poor consensus of methodological approaches.

Safety of medicines-Pharmacists' knowledge, practice, and attitudes toward pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions reporting process.

PURPOSE: Patients' safety is a public concern in healthcare systems across the world and should be ensured, among others, by pharmacovigilance based on spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Spontaneous ADRs reporting is an important component of the pharmacovigilance system. The role of pharmacists in spontaneous ADRs reporting is crucial in the pharmacovigilance system since it helps to monitor the patients' treatment in real-life conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacists' attitudes to and knowledge on spontaneous ADRs reporting in Poland and to identify the reasons for underreporting of ADRs. METHODS: The study was conducted between January 2016 and January 2018. A self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to pharmacists. The pharmacists were randomly selected from the official database kept by the chief pharmaceutical inspectorate in Poland. RESULTS: Only 16% (n = 84) of the respondents have ever attended a training on pharmacovigilance. Eighty-one percent (N = 422) of pharmacists believe that not all synthetic drugs available on the market were safe. Twenty-eight percent (n = 146) of the respondents were certain about safety of drugs of natural origin, and 16% (n = 84) were of an opinion that adverse reactions following administration of such drugs should not be reported at all. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, there is an increasing awareness of the need to develop pharmacovigilance practices. The current (not fully adhered to in practice) model of pharmacovigilance and its associated tools have been developed for synthetic drugs, and applying these methods to monitor safety of herbal medicines presents unique challenges.

Conventional or Natural Pharmacotherapy and the Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression During Menopause.

Context • Psychoneurological symptoms are present in nearly all women in the perimenopausal period. Key elements of care in the period may include hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Alternatively, phytoestrogens, antidepressant pharmacotherapy, or a combination of hormonal and antidepressant therapies may be recommended. Objective • The study intended to verify whether women who are menopausal believe that a reduction in their symptoms of anxiety and depression depends on the type of pharmacotherapy used. Design • The study was designed as a multicenter study, conducted in public and private, gynecological, outpatient clinics. Setting • The study took place in public and private, gynecological, outpatient clinics in 3 regions of Poland: northwestern, central, and northern. Participants • Potential participants were 1239 women of menopausal age who visited gynecologists at the clinics. Outcome Measures • Participants were divided into 3 subgroups using the divisions of menopause defined by the World Health Organization, either premenopausal, perimenopausal, or postmenopausal. The study evaluated the severity of participants' menopausal symptoms using the Kupperman Index and the severity of their depression and anxiety disorders using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A general mental health assessment was performed using a visual analogue scale, whereas the drugs used were evaluated using a Likert scale. Results • The study found statistically significant differences between the menopausal period and the severity of the menopausal symptoms. The highest efficacy in terms of relief from menopausal symptoms, such as shortness of breath, flushing, or sweating, was observed for a combined HRT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor/serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant therapy. Nevertheless, phytoestrogen therapy was also highly effective. Conclusions • The best method of treatment with the smallest risk of adverse effects together with a high level of patient satisfaction was found to be the phytoestrogen therapy. The women themselves believed that the therapies were effective and largely helped them to stay mentally fit.

Costs of treatment of adult patients with cystic fibrosis in Poland and internationally.

OBJECTIVES: Despite its low prevalence, cystic fibrosis (CF) may have a considerable impact on healthcare system expenditures in terms of direct healthcare costs and lost productivity. This study was aimed at calculation of costs associated with CF treatment in Poland, as well as at comparison of average costs of treatment of CF patients in selected countries, taking into account the purchasing power parity. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: The researchers undertook a retrospective study of adult patients with CF taking into account the broadest social perspective possible. Medical and non-medical direct costs as well as indirect costs were calculated. CF costs estimated by researchers from other countries over the last 15 years were also compared. RESULTS: Total annual treatment cost per one CF patient in Poland was on average EUR 19,581.08. Costs of treatment of CF patients over the last 15 years varied between the countries and ranged from EUR 23,330.82 in Bulgaria to EUR 68,696.42 in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: CF is an international problem. The data in this study could be the baseline for integrated and harmonised approaches for periodical assessment of the future impact of new public policies and interventions for rare diseases at the national and international levels.

Keratin 7 expression in lymph node metastases but not in the primary tumour correlates with distant metastases and poor prognosis in colon carcinoma.

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Alterations in keratin expression, including keratin 7 (K7), are frequent findings in multiple cancers, and they constitute a prognostic factor. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of K7 in the primary tumour and lymph node metastases in two separate cohorts of patients: the first one with lymph node involvement (LN+, 129 cases) and the second one free of LN metastases (LN-, 85 cases). Keratin 7 expression in CRC was analysed on tissue microarrays with immunohistochemistry and evaluated using the h-score. In the LN+ group K7 positivity was identified in 7/129 (5.4%) of primary tumours (PT) and lymph node metastases (LNM); concordance between them was 94% ( 0.396). Keratin 7 was expressed in 8/85 cases (9.4%) in the LN- group. K7 expression in LNM of the LN+ cohort correlated with shorter overall survival (OS) (p = 0.047) and presence of distant metastases at diagnosis (p = 0.005). Expression of K7 in the primary tumour in both cohorts did not correlate with survival. We conclude that the status of K7 expression in metastatic lymph nodes from CRC is a poor prognostic factor.

EFFECT OF THERAPY WITH ANTI-TNF α DRUGS AND DMARD ON DISEASE ACTIVITY AND HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG WOMEN WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the response to 16 and 52 weeks of treatment with adalimumab and etanercept and its effect on disease activity and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients were selected from 2155 medical cards of patients of Connective Tissue Health Centre (Poznan, Poland) who were refractory to conventional treatment with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. To assess the disease activity, Disease Activity Score (DAS28) was used and the measurement of quality of life was evaluated with the Polish version of the WHOQoL-Bref questionnaire. To assess the disability, we have used Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) and to assess the patients' pain caused by RA, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used. The results of the study show a significant decrease in inflammatory activity of the disease and, consequently, an improvement in quality of life after anti-TNF α treatment. Results obtained with TNF-blockers after 52 weeks of treatment in RA objectively show the efficacy of these drugs and also the patients' perception of the effect on their quality of life. Study results also indicate changes in disability caused by RA and patients' pain due to disease between 16 and 52 weeks of treatment.

Analysis of direct costs of hypertension treatment among adolescents in Poland.

In adolescents, arterial hypertension (AH) is diagnosed much more frequently than previously thought--it affects 3.2% of the population aged 11-18. In Poland, at present, there are no cost analyses of treatment arterial hypertension among adolescents. The aim of the conducted studies was to analyze direct medical and non-medical costs in the time horizon of one calendar year (2010) of AH treatment in adolescents in Poland. A retrospective study from the societal perspective was based on data from 480 patients medical history cards obtained from the archives of the hospital. From this group, according to the criteria for inclusion in the study, a research group was selected consisting of 36 patients aged 16-18 years, with a diagnosed and treated hypertension. Analysis covered direct medical costs (costs of pharmacotherapy, doctors' visits and laboratory tests, hospitalization) and direct non-medical costs (cost of transport to the outpatient clinic). Average annual cost of hypertension treatment per patient was 89.96 Euro. The largest part of the structure of total costs related with hypertension treatment in adolescents in Poland were the costs of medical consultation with lab tests and diagnostic examinations--35.04% and pharmacotherapy costs--32.95%, with hospital stays rating somewhat lower with 19.12%, and the smallest part were the costs of the patient's transportation to the hypertension outpatient clinic--12.89%. Early identification of risk factors of such cardiovascular diseases as hypertension as early as in the developmental age, and their subsequent elimination, should be considered a good investment in the reduction of costs associated with hypertension treatment in adulthood.

The Prevalence and Correlates of Anxiety, Stress, Mood Disorders, and Sleep Disturbances in Poland after the Outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian War 2022.

BACKGROUND: The conflict of the Russian-Ukrainian War that began on 24 February 2022 has profoundly changed Europe. The primary objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety, stress, depression, and insomnia among a group of surveyed Poles in the first months after the outbreak of war in 2022. The secondary goal was to analyze potential risk factors for these mental disorders. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted. An anonymous questionnaire was created using Google Forms and distributed through social media from March 2022 to June 2022. The questionnaire included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and an evaluation of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). RESULTS: Overall, 11.26% of 311 participants had depression, 10.29% had anxiety, and 24.12% experienced stress. Further, 62.05% of them declared sleep disturbances, and about 60% of them reported experiencing fears associated with the war. The outcomes of the assessment of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress and sleep disturbance) were associated with following factors: self-reported health status, fear of Russian invasion of Ukraine, and fear of the war extending to Poland. When the results for psychiatric symptoms were categorized into two groups, severe and non-severe, logistic regression analysis was only feasible for the insomnia variable. For this variable, multivariate logistic regression identified key potential factors: age, stress, and fear of Russian invasion of Ukraine. CONCLUSIONS: The respondents were found to be highly concerned about the war. In total, almost half of them manifested symptoms of anxiety, depression, and/or stress. Slightly less than two-thirds had sleep disorders. This study confirms that in a crisis situation, mental health screening is necessary.

Comparative Efficacy of Animal Depression Models and Antidepressant Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Animal models are critical tools in the study of psychiatric disorders; however, none of the current models fully reflect human stress-related disorders, even though most of the knowledge about the mechanisms of depression comes from animal studies. Animal studies are useful in pharmacological research, whereby we can obtain results that translate into patient treatment by controlling environmental factors, especially in behavioural research. The authors systematically reviewed this issue since medical databases provide access to many primary studies. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted based on 25 primary studies. The studies were identified in databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (December 2022) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria established at the beginning of the research and published in the form of a protocol, following the PRISMA and Cochrane Collaboration methodology for secondary studies and CAMARADES (CAMARADES Berlin, QUEST-BIH Charité) for secondary studies on animals. Forest plot analyses were performed (data presented as Mean Difference, Random Model, Inverse Variance), Risk of Bias assessment (Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) evaluation), quality assessment of included studies (Animal research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE)), and a range of data from source publications were compiled in tabular form. The study analysed the popularity of both animal depression models (ADM) and rat strains used in pharmacological research to test the efficacy of antidepressant drugs based on the immobility time (IT) factor (Forced Swimming Test). The study examined selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, namely fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, and escitalopram. Additionally, the study addressed issues concerning the "data availability statement" because precise IT data analysis was impossible in the case of 212 papers. RESULTS: Our data confirm that the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) model is the most popular and versatile model used in preclinical depression research, while the two most popular rat strains were Wistar and Sprague-Dawley. The quality of included papers based on the ARRIVE assessment showed a ratio value equal to 0.63, meaning that studies were of intermediate overall quality. The Risk of Bias assessment based on the SYRCLE tool revealed a high risk related to the blinding and the random outcome assessment. In the meta-analysis, the results indicate that all analysed drugs demonstrated efficacy in reducing IT, and the most analysed drug was fluoxetine (confirmed based on 17 studies (19 models)). The analysis of the efficacy of ADMs showed that the most effective models were CUMS, Flinders Sensitive Line (genetic model), Social Isolation, Restraint Stress, and Low-dose Lipopolysaccharide (pharmacological model). Only 2.35% (5 out of 212) of corresponding authors responded to our data request. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the dominance of the CUMS model and the Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rat strains in preclinical depression research, affirming the efficacy of SSRIs, particularly fluoxetine, in reducing IT. The findings underscore the need for better data availability and methodological improvements despite intermediate overall study quality and notable bias risks. Enhanced transparency and rigorous assessment standards are essential for advancing the reliability of animal models in depression research.

Analysis of Attitudes and Practices towards the Influenza Vaccine in High-Risk Adults in Poland.

This study aimed to understand Poles' attitudes and beliefs towards influenza vaccinations in the flu season of 2022-2023, especially among individuals at risk of flu complications. The cross-sectional survey-based study was carried out on a sample of 810 respondents. The questionnaire was disseminated electronically using social media and e-mail. The majority of respondents (71%) could identify "high-risk groups" recommended for influenza vaccination, and 52.01% of respondents reported receiving influenza vaccination at some point in the past, with 32.12% receiving it in the 2022-2023 flu season and 41.09% in the 2021-2022 season. The majority of respondents declaring acceptance of the vaccine for the 2022-2023 season were in the high-risk group. Only 17.28% of respondents declared receiving both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the 2022-2023 season, with the vast majority being respondents from the "high-risk group" (p < 0.0001). Only 26.12% of respondents declared their intention to continue influenza vaccination in the future. Of those expressing the intention to get vaccinated against the influenza virus in future seasons, 46.79% were from the "high-risk group" (p = 0.0087). Results suggest the need for further interaction and education with healthcare providers and targeted informational efforts for at-risk groups regarding the benefits of flu vaccination.

Medicines prices in International (Geary-Khamis) Dollar. The comparison between regulated and deregulated markets.

BACKGROUND: Affordability of medicines is key for effective healthcare. Thus, we compared medicine prices using International Dollar (I$), which allows confronting the values of different currencies. Besides, we intended to verify if pharmaceutical market deregulation leads to lower medicines prices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted the study between December 2019 and September 2022 collecting data from 21 countries. From the preliminary sampling of 30 medicines, we selected 10 brand names (5 Rx and 5 OTC brands) for the analysis. In each country, we collected price information from 3 pharmacies and then converted them to the I$ using the rates published by the International Monetary Fund. RESULTS: There were differences between regulated and deregulated markets in prices presented in I$. For instance, Aspirin C® (10 soluble pills) was on average I$ 5.41 in Finland (regulated market) and I$ 13.25 in Brazil. The most expensive Xarelto® 20 x 28 pills (I$ 538.40) was in Romania, which in the case of other medicines, was in the group of cheaper countries. There was no statistical significance in price comparison between regulated and deregulated markets. In some cases, however, regulated markets offered lower prices of the same medicine than deregulated markets. CONCLUSION: The analysis revealed differences in I$ prices between countries. Pharmaceutical market regulation does not mean higher prices of medicines. There is a need for affordable medicines. Hence, decision-makers should work on the medicines prices and adjust them to the local economies. I$ could be important in creating pharmaceuticals prices, and the conducted study should encourage other researchers to present their results using this currency.

The Growing Market for Natural Cosmetics in Poland: Consumer Preferences and Industry Trends.

Introduction: The cosmetics industry is one of the most dynamically developing sectors globally, and Europe has the largest share of that market. In Poland, the cosmetics industry is one of the most significant economic segments. Currently, natural cosmetics remain a strongly developing sector of the cosmetics industry. The increasing self-awareness of consumers and the omnipresent trend of being "eco" influence the increased interest in natural cosmetics. The development of the natural cosmetics market is confirmed by the increasing production and growing willingness of consumers to purchase this type of product. Purpose: The study analysed the purchase frequency and the type of cosmetic products consumers choose. The most recognised natural cosmetics brands and certificates confirming their naturalness were also analysed. Additionally, the purchase preferences of consumers choosing natural cosmetics and those not in this category were examined. The focus was on factors affecting the choice of different cosmetic products. Methods: The study was conducted as an anonymous survey of 24 questions (19 single-choice and five multiple-choice questions). Volunteers participated in the study regardless of gender, age, occupation, or income. The survey questionnaires were conducted using Google Forms through a shared link. The study was carried out from October 12, 2021, to January 6, 2022. A total of 807 surveys were collected, and the analysis included 807 completed forms that met the criteria for proper completion. The statistical analysis was performed based on the Pearson Chi2 coefficient with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results obtained in the study indicate that the natural cosmetics market is intensively developing, mainly because of consumers' increasing self-awareness and deepening knowledge of cosmetics. Moreover, the demand for natural cosmetics in Poland will continue to develop steadily in the coming years. Currently, the quality of a cosmetic is more important to consumers than its price. Internet sales channels are developing intensively, and Influencers and recommendations of products by friends and family are the most effective way of promotion. Conclusion: Significant changes in consumer attitudes toward the cosmetics market (after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak) have been observed. From the manufacturers' perspective, it is advised to closely follow market trends and adapt to consumers' changing preferences and requirements. An adequate solution is to popularise and develop the segment of natural cosmetics using various forms of promotion and distribution of products. Further research is recommended to confirm the results regarding the significance of the fast-growing natural cosmetics market in Poland and other countries.

Directions of hyaluronic acid application in cosmetology.

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the human body. It is a component of the intercellular matrix of the dermis and is often used as a raw material in cosmetology. This substance was isolated for the first time in the first half of the twentieth century, while cosmetology treatments and aesthetic medicine have been developing rapidly and gaining popularity. The same applies to companies producing cosmetic care products which contain hyaluronic acid. This is related to the growing desire of the society to improve the quality of the skin and maintain its vitality and firmness. AIMS: The study investigates different directions and possibilities of using hyaluronic acid in cosmetology. Moreover, the paper describes possible side effects observed after hyaluronic acid injections. PATIENTS/METHODS: The study was based on an anonymous questionnaire conducted between October 10, 2021, and February 21, 2022. 513 responses were collected. RESULTS: The awareness and level of knowledge in this field of cosmetology among potential beauty salon clients are on the rise. Hyaluronic acid is used in injections, as well as in care cosmetics, oral and vaginal preparations. Various areas of the face are injected, most often the lips. Face creams are among the most frequently purchased skincare products. CONCLUSIONS: The use of hyaluronic acid in cosmetology is multidirectional. It is mainly focused on skincare and specific anti-aging activities. Treatments of this type help preserve the skin's vitality, which translates into an improved quality of life due to the satisfaction of the need for attractiveness.

Association between Compliance with COVID-19 Restrictions and the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Poland.

During the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic it has become very important to comply with preventive measures. We aimed to assess compliance with applicable restrictions and to explore the links between the level of compliance and the risk of COVID-19. This cross-sectional study included Polish adults who were asked to complete a validated questionnaire. The study period was from 1 November 2020 to 31 January 2021 and a computer-assisted web interview method was chosen to perform the survey. The study involved 562 women and 539 men. COVID-19 was reported in 11.26% of participants. A good level of compliance with the sanitary restrictions was reported for 38.87% of participants, an average level of compliance for 47.96%, and a low level of compliance for 13.17%. A reduced risk of COVID-19 was associated with the following preventive measures: regular use of protective masks, social and physical distancing in public places, regular use of hand sanitizers with high ethanol content, and the use of disposable gloves in public places. Our survey revealed satisfactory public compliance with the pandemic restrictions. Sanitary and epidemiologic measures to prevent the pandemic were shown to be adequate and effective.

The Mental Health of Poles during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has had a profound impact on all aspects of life in the global population, causing above other, psychological problems. AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate the mental health of the Poles during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The study horizon was from 1 June 2021, to 31 December 2021. An anonymous, standardized questionnaire was disseminated electronically by means of social media among Polish adults. The following tests were performed: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). RESULTS: A total of 1306 individuals completed the survey. Of the participants, 77.79% were female at a mean age of 34.89 ± (14.79), 62.25% had higher education, and 56.43% were employed. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep disturbances in this sample were as follows: 50.38%, 43.49%, 61.26%, and 44.74%, respectively. Poor self-estimated health status, the presence of comorbidities, and regular use of nicotine significantly increased the risk of any of the analyzed psychiatric symptoms and sleep disorders. The depression level was significantly associated with age, living alone, health status, and the use of nicotine. Moreover, the level of anxiety was significantly associated with age and health status. The level of stress depended on gender, age, health status, use of nicotine, and being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Sleep disturbances depended on age, health status, the presence of comorbidities, and regular use of drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The Polish population manifested numerous psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a need to afford psychological support to them and ensure their mental health.

Tozinameran (Pfizer, BioNTech) and Elasomeran (Moderna) Efficacy in COVID-19-A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trial Studies.

Background: The objective of this research was to test the efficacy and safety profile of tozinameran (30 µg, BNT162b2, Pfizer, BioNTech) and elasomeran (100 µg, mRNA-1273, Moderna) in COVID-19 prevention in ≥16-year-old patients vaccinated with two doses. Methods: A meta-analysis of the literature was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight RCTs have been selected. The results were presented using the risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A fixed-effect model or random-effect model was applied based on the heterogeneity of the results. Results: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines are efficient in preventing COVID-19 in comparison to a placebo (MH, RR 0.08 [0.07, 0.09] p < 0.00001 (95% CI)). It was found that administering the vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 was associated with a higher proportion of adverse events in comparison to the placebo (IV, RR 2.14 [1.99, 2.29] p < 0.00001 (95% CI)). Administering the vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 was associated with a higher proportion of serious adverse events in comparison to the placebo (MH, RR 0.98 [0.89, 1.08] p = 0.68 (95% CI)). Conclusions: Tozinameran and elasomeran are effective and safe in preventing the occurrence of COVID-19.