Characteristics, Cardiac Involvement, and Outcomes of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome of Childhood Associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Infection.

We report on the presentation and course of 33 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Hemodynamic instability and cardiac dysfunction were prominent findings, with most patients exhibiting rapid resolution following anti-inflammatory therapy.

Are children with SARS-CoV-2 infection at high risk for thrombosis? Viscoelastic testing and coagulation profiles in a case series of pediatric patients.

The coagulopathy of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is well documented in adults, with increases in D-dimer and prothrombin time found to be strong predictors of mortality, and anticoagulation shown to decrease this mortality. Viscoelastic parameters such as elevations in maximum clot firmness (MCF) on rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) have correlated with a hypercoagulable state in adults with SARS-CoV-2. We report our experience in children infected with SARS-CoV-2, with noted elevations in D-dimer and MCF on ROTEM (indicating hypercoagulability). Exploration of viscoelastic testing to provide additional laboratory-based evidence for pediatric-specific risk assessment for thromboprophylaxis in SARS-CoV-2 is warranted.

Pediatric COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis: a case report.

COVID-19 is the illness caused by infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Although myalgia is common in adults, it has not been noted as a common symptom in children. There have been a few reported cases of COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis in adults. This case report describes a 16-year-old boy who presented with fever, myalgias, mild shortness of breath with exertion, and dark-colored urine. COVID-19 PCR was positive. His initial creatinine kinase (CK) level was 427,656 U/L. Serum creatinine was normal for age. He was treated with isotonic intravenous fluids containing sodium bicarbonate to maintain urine output of 100-200 mL/h and urine pH > 7.0. His serum creatinine remained normal throughout the hospital stay and he was discharged on hospital day 12 with a CK of 6526 U/L. To our knowledge, no pediatric cases of COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis have been previously reported. Adult cases of rhabdomyolysis have been reported and a few reports have noted patients with elevated CK levels without rhabdomyolysis. Given this pediatric case of COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis, pediatric clinicians should be aware of this complication and manage fluids appropriately in order to prevent acute kidney injury.

Who Speaks First? Promoting Senior Resident Autonomy on Family-Centered Rounds: A QI Initiative.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Graduated autonomy is fundamental as trainees transition to independent practice. Family-centered rounds (FCR), the leading model of inpatient rounding in pediatrics, is an opportunity for trainees to demonstrate their competence in leading a health care team, which is an entrustable professional activity for all pediatric residents. At our institution, senior residents (SRs) at baseline performed at a novice level on the basis of the Senior Resident Empowerment Actions 21 (SREA-21), a validated tool that is used to assess SR autonomy during FCR. Our objective for this study was to increase the median percentage of SREA-21 domains in which SRs perform at a competent level from 38% to 75% within 6 months. METHODS: Researchers observed 4 FCR encounters weekly and calculated SREA-21 scores after 2 weeks on the basis of actions promoting SR autonomy performed by the SR-hospitalist dyad. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of SREA-21 domains in which the SR achieved a competent score on the SREA-21. We used the model for improvement to identify key drivers and test proposed interventions using serial plan-do-study-act cycles. Interventions included creation of unified inpatient SR expectations, introduction of a SR-hospitalist pre-FCR huddle, auditing of FCR interruptions, and direct feedback to the SR-hospitalist dyad after FCR. Run charts were used to track SR and hospitalist scores on the SREA-21. RESULTS: After multiple plan-do-study-act cycles, there was special cause improvement with a desirable shift upward in the centerline to 100%, which correlated with the project's interventions and surpassed our goal. CONCLUSIONS: Using quality improvement methodology, we improved SR autonomy during FCR, as measured by the SREA-21.

Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Pediatric Retropharyngeal and Parapharyngeal Abscesses.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment of retropharyngeal abscesses (RPAs) and parapharyngeal abscesses (PPAs) includes antibiotics, with possible surgical drainage. Although corticosteroids may decrease inflammation, their role in the management of RPAs and PPAs is unclear. We evaluated the association of corticosteroid administration as part of initial medical management on drainage rates and length of stay for children admitted with RPAs and PPAs. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study using administrative data of children aged 2 months to 8 years discharged with RPAs and PPAs from 2016 to 2019. Exposure was defined as systemic corticosteroids administered as part of initial management. Primary outcome was surgical drainage. Bivariate comparisons were made between patients in the corticosteroid and noncorticosteroid groups by using Wilcoxon rank or χ2 tests. Outcomes were modeled by using generalized linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Of the 2259 patients with RPAs and PPAs, 1677 (74.2%) were in the noncorticosteroid group and 582 (25.8%) were in the corticosteroid group. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or insurance status. There was a lower rate of drainage in the corticosteroid cohort (odds ratio: 0.28; confidence interval: 0.22-0.36). Patients in this group were more likely to have repeat computed tomography imaging performed, had lower hospital costs, and were less likely to have opioid medications administered. The corticosteroid cohort had a higher 7-day emergency department revisit rate, but there was no difference in length of stay (rate ratio 0.97; confidence interval: 0.92-1.02). CONCLUSIONS: Corticosteroids were associated with lower odds of surgical drainage among children with RPAs and PPAs.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and the prothrombotic state: Coagulation profiles and rotational thromboelastometry in a MIS-C cohort.

BACKGROUND: Adults infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have had high rates of thrombosis. A novel condition in children infected with SARS-CoV-2, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), has limited data on their prothrombotic state or need for thromboprophylaxis. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyze the prothrombotic state using coagulation profiles, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) parameters and clinical outcomes, to determine if this could aid in risk stratification for thromboprophylaxis. METHODS: This analysis included patients (<21 years of age) with a diagnosis of MIS-C (n = 40) and controls (presenting with suspicion of MIS-C but later ruled out; n = 26). RESULTS: MIS-C patients had higher levels of inflammatory markers including D-dimer (p < .0001), compared with controls, along with evidence of hypercoagulability on ROTEM with elevated evaluation of fibrinogen activity (FIBTEM) maximum clot firmness (MCF) (p < .05). For MIS-C patients with D-dimers >1000 ng/ml, there was a significant correlation of FIBTEM MCF (p < .0001) with a mean value of 37.4 (standard deviation 5.1). D-dimer >2144 ng/ml was predictive of intensive care unit admission (area under the curve [AUC] 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.99; p < .01; sensitivity: 82%, specificity: 75%), and elevated FIBTEM MCF (AUC 1 for >2500 ng/ml). MIS-C patients (50%) received enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis (in addition to aspirin) with significant improvement in their inflammatory and ROTEM parameters upon outpatient follow-up; none developed symptomatic thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an observed prothrombotic state, none of the MIS-C patients (on aspirin alone or in combination with enoxaparin) developed symptomatic thrombosis. ROTEM, in addition to coagulation profiles, may be helpful to tailor thromboprophylaxis in critically ill MIS-C patients.

Evaluation of a unilateral neck mass in a 16-year-old female: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease with superimposed bacterial lymphadenitis.

The evaluation of pediatric neck masses offers the opportunity for consideration of a diverse range of pathologies, from infectious to neoplastic. A 16-year-old female presented with 2 weeks of worsening swelling and pain of a left-sided neck mass. Findings were consistent with Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus coinfection, but considering profound lymphadenopathy of the supraclavicular, mammillary, and axillary chains, further investigations were undertaken. Hematopathologic examination demonstrated necrotizing lymphadenitis, consistent with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. A diagnosis of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease alongside chronic bacterial lymphadenitis was made on the basis of her response to clindamycin, and the chronic course of her illness and subsequent persistence of the swelling managed on an outpatient basis. The case study describes the initial diagnostic considerations and management as well as a review of the disease pathology.

Early Experience of COVID-19 in a US Children's Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to describe the demographics, clinical presentation, hospital course, and severity of pediatric inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with an emphasis on healthy, immunocompromised, and chronically ill children. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of hospitalized children aged younger than 22 years with COVID-19 infection at Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center at Northwell Health. Cases were identified from patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms who underwent a nucleic acid amplification-based test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were identified. The median age was 10.3 years (interquartile range, 1.4 months to 16.3 years), with 48% of patients older than 12 years and 29% of patients younger than 60 days of age. Fever was present in 86% of patients, lower respiratory symptoms or signs in 60%, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 62%. Thirty-five percent of patients required ICU care. The white blood cell count was elevated in severe disease (P = .0027), as was the C-reactive protein level (P = .0192), compared with mild and moderate disease. Respiratory support was required in 34% of patients. Severity was lowest in infants younger than 60 days of age and highest in chronically ill children; 79% of immunocompromised children had mild disease. One death was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Among children who are hospitalized for COVID-19, most are younger than 60 days or older than 12 years of age. Children may have severe infection requiring intensive care support. The clinical course of immunocompromised patients was not more severe than that of other children. Elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level are associated with greater illness severity.