Employing algal biomass for fabrication of biofuels subsequent to phytoremediation.

An alga belongs to the multi-pertinent group which can add to a significant sector of environment. They show a prevailing gathering of microorganisms for bioremediation due to their significant capacity to inactivate toxic heavy metals. It can easily absorb or neutralize the toxicity of heavy metals from water and soil through phytoremediation. Biosorption is a promising innovation that focuses on novel, modest, and exceptionally successful materials to apply in phytoremediation technology. Furthermore, algal biomass can be used for biofuel generation after phytoremediation using thermochemical or biological transformation processes. The algal components get affected by heavy metals during phytoremediation, but with the help of different techniques, these are yield efficient. The extreme lipid and mineral substances of microalgae have been proven helpful for biofuel manufacturing and worth extra products. Biofuels produced are bio-oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, etc. The reuse capability of algae can be utilized toward ecological manageability and economic facility. In this review article, the reuse and recycling of algal biomass for biofuel production have been represented. This novel technique has numerous benefits and produces eco-friendly and economically beneficial products.

This article explains how algal biomass left over after phytoremediation can be reused and recycled to produce biofuel. It is a novel technique that is cost-effective, demands less time for biofuel production as it does not include cultivation and harvesting time, and produces products that are economically and environmentally beneficial for society.

An assessment of the impact of structure and type of microplastics on ultrafiltration technology for microplastic remediation.

Microplastic, which is of size less than 5 mm, is gaining a lot of attention as it has become a new arising contaminant because of its ecophysiology impact on the aquatic environment. These microplastics are found in freshwater or drinking water and are the major carriers of pollutants. Removal of this microplastic can be done through the primary treatment process, secondary treatment process, and tertiary treatment process. One approach for microplastic remediation is ultrafiltration technology, which involves passing water through a membrane with small pores to filter out the microplastics. However, the efficiency of this technology can be affected by the structure and type of microplastics present in the water. New strategies can be created to improve the technology and increase its efficacy in removing microplastics from water by knowing how various types and shapes of microplastics react during ultrafiltration. The filter-based technique, that is, ultrafiltration has achieved the best performance for the removal of microplastic. But with the ultrafiltration, too some microplastic that are of sizes less than of ultrafiltration membrane passes through the filter and enters the food chain. Accumulation of this microplastic on the membrane also leads to membrane fouling. Through this review article, we have assessed the impact of the structure, size, and type of MPs on ultrafiltration technology for microplastic remediation, with that how these factors affect the efficiency of the filtration process and challenges occur during filtration.

Carbon nanotube-based nano-biosensors for detecting heavy metals in the aquatic environment.

The identification of harmful metal ions in aquatic environments is a global concern since these contaminants can have serious consequences for plants, animals, humans, and ecosystems. A biosensor is a type of analytical equipment that combines a biological recognition element and a physical transducer to detect biological signals to produce a detectable indication proportionate to the concentration of the samples being analysed. The analyte spreads from the fluid to the biosensor's superficial. The analyte responds precisely and competently with the biosensor's biological component. The physicochemical properties of the transducer surface change as a result of this process. The visual or electric properties of the transducer surface alter as a result of this. The signal that is detected is an electrical signal. With the help of carbon-based nano-biosensors, metals from the aquatic environment can easily be detected, which is much simpler, less time-consuming, and less expensive as well.