Interventions for Integrating Behavioral Health into HIV Settings for US Adults: A Narrative Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses, 2010-2020.

Mental health and substance use disorders can negatively affect physical health, illness management, care access, and quality of life. These behavioral health conditions are prevalent and undertreated among people with HIV and may worsen outcomes along the entire HIV Care Continuum. This narrative review of tested interventions for integrating care for HIV and behavioral health disorders summarizes and contextualizes findings from systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted in the past decade. We sought to identify gaps in research that hinder implementing evidence-based integrated care approaches. Using terms from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration-Health Resources & Services Administration standard framework for integrated health care, we searched PubMed and PsycInfo to identify peer-reviewed systematic reviews or meta-analyses of intervention studies to integrate behavioral health and HIV published between 2010 and 2020. Among 23 studies identified, only reviews and meta-analyses that described interventions from the United States designed to integrate BH services into HIV settings for adults were retained, leaving six studies for narrative review by the study team. Demonstrated benefits from the relatively small literature on integrated care interventions include improved patient- and service-level outcomes, particularly for in-person case management and outreach interventions. Needed are systems-level integration interventions with assessments of long-term outcomes on behavioral health symptoms, HIV viral suppression, HIV transmission rates, and mortality. HIV, primary care, and other providers must include behavioral health as a part of overall healthcare and must play a central role in behavioral health care delivery. Research is needed to guide their way.

Barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence-based integrated HIV and behavioral health care: perspectives from seven federal ending the HIV epidemic jurisdictions.

The federal Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative was created to reduce new US HIV infections, largely through pre-exposure prophylaxis and HIV treatments that reduce HIV transmissibility to zero. Behavioral health disorders (mental health and substance use) remain significant barriers to achieving EHE goals. Addressing behavioral health (BH) disorders within HIV primary care settings has been promoted as a critical EHE strategy. Implementation of efficacious HIV-BH care integration and its impact on HIV-related health outcomes is not well documented. In a federally-funded, exploratory phase implementation science study, we used the Collective Impact Framework to engage partners in seven EHE jurisdictions about the feasibility, acceptability, and sustainability of implementing HIV-BH integration interventions within local HIV settings. Partners concluded that full integration will remain the exception unless health systems invest in collaborative practice, professional training, appropriate health technology, and inter-system communication. Partners supported smaller incremental improvements including transdiagnostic approaches to reinforce each team member's sense of value in the shared endeavor. This early phase implementation science study identified research and implementation gaps that are critical to fill to end the HIV epidemic. Both the Collective Impact Framework and implementation science show promise for guiding future implementation of evidence-based HIV-BH intervention integration.

Interventions to address the mental health of adolescents and young adults living with or affected by HIV: state of the evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescents and young adults (AYA) remain vulnerable to HIV-infection and significant co-morbid mental health challenges that are barriers to treatment and prevention efforts. Globally millions of AYA are living with HIV (AYALH) and/or have been affected by HIV in their families (AYAAH), with studies highlighting the need for mental health programmes. With no current guidelines for delivering mental health interventions for AYALH or AYAAH, a scoping review was undertaken to explore current evidence-based mental health interventions for AYALH and AYAAH to inform future work. METHODS: The review, targeting work between 2014 and 2020, initially included studies of evidence-based mental health interventions for AYALH and AYAAH, ages 10 to 24 years, that used traditional mental health treatments. Given the few studies identified, we expanded our search to include psychosocial interventions that had mental health study outcomes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We identified 13 studies, seven focused on AYALH, five on AYAAH, and one on both. Most studies took place in sub-Saharan Africa. Depression was targeted in eight studies with the remainder focused on a range of emotional and behavioural symptoms. Few studies used evidence-based approaches such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; psychosocial approaches included mental health treatments, group-based and family strengthening interventions, economic empowerment combined with family strengthening, group-based mindfulness and community interventions. Eleven studies were randomized control trials with four pilot studies. There was variation in sample size, treatment delivery mode (individual focus, group-based, family focus), and measures of effectiveness across studies. Most used trained lay counsellors as facilitators, with few using trained mental health professionals. Eleven studies reported positive intervention effects on mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the need for mental health interventions for AYALH and AYAAH, we know surprisingly little about mental health treatment for this vulnerable population. There are some promising approaches, but more work is needed to identify evidence-based approaches and corresponding mechanisms of change. Given limited resources, integrating mental health treatment into healthcare settings and using digital health approaches may support more standardized and scalable treatments. Greater emphasis on implementation science frameworks is needed to create sustainable mental health treatment for AYALH and AYAAH globally.

"Those People Motivate and Inspire Me to Take My Treatment." Peer Support for Adolescents Living With HIV in Cape Town, South Africa.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and psychosocial support to manage stigma and disclosure is essential for adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV). Peer support groups can help ALHIV and their families live successfully with HIV. This qualitative study aimed to examine adolescent and caregiver perspectives on peer support groups. Three themes emerged: (1) peer support encouraged adherence to ART, (2) serostatus disclosure outside the family was perceived as difficult, and (3) the peer support group fostered fundamental and meaningful peer relationships for ALHIV. Caregivers felt peer support groups increased self-acceptance and adherence for ALHIV across 3 domains: (1) as motivation for families and adolescents, (2) to increase adolescent independence and maturity, and (3) to help adolescents accept their HIV status and live successfully with HIV. These data highlight the importance of psychosocial support groups for ALHIV and caregivers, illustrating the benefits of a safe space with trusted relationships and open communication.