Trends and Correlates of Age-Disparate Sexual Partnerships in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

ABSTRACT: This national survey demonstrates age-disparate (≥5 years; AD-5) sexual partnerships remain common among males and females aged 20 to 29 years in the United States (2005-2016). Females reported more older AD-5 partners, and males reported more younger AD-5 partners. Having AD-5 partners was associated with greater lifetime and recent number of sexual partners.

Changes in Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence Among U.S. Children Aged 1-5 Years: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

Data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) indicate that the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies among US children aged 1-5 years was 20.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.0, 29.0) in 2011-2012 and 28.2% (95% CI: 23.1-34.0) in 2017-2018 (adjusted prevalence difference, +7.6% [95% CI: -.4, +15.6]).

Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Among Female Adults in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common nationally notifiable sexually transmitted infection in the United States; however, the seroprevalence of C. trachomatis infection is unknown. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1725 females aged 18 to 39 years who provided serum and urine samples in the 2013 through 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Presence of anti-C. trachomatis Pgp3 immunoglobulin G (IgG) was determined using both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiplex bead array (MBA). Weighted seroprevalence estimates were calculated. Correlates of seroprevalence were examined by multivariable Poisson regression. RESULTS: In 2013 through 2016, overall seroprevalence of C. trachomatis Pgp3 IgG was 30.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.5-35.0) as measured by ELISA and 29.4% (95% CI, 25.8-33.0) as measured by the MBA assay. Overall agreement between tests was 87.1% (1503/1725). There was a high positive agreement by the MBA assay with current detection of chlamydia in urine (86% [36/42]), a past-year diagnosis of chlamydia (81.8% [27/33]), and a history of treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease (60.7% [37/61]). Seroprevalence of C. trachomatis Pgp3 IgG, as measured by MBA, was significantly higher among non-Hispanic Blacks (68.0%; adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 2.7 [95% CI, 2.3-3.3]), Mexican Americans (30.9%; aPR = 1.5 [95% CI, 1.2-1.9]), and other Hispanics (35.0%; aPR = 1.9 [95% CI, 1.4-2.5]) compared with non-Hispanic Whites (21.4%). A higher lifetime number of sexual partners and a younger age at sexual debut was also associated with higher seroprevalence. CONCLUSION: Both the ELISA and MBA serologic assays revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to C. trachomatis Pgp3 in young adult females in the US household population. There were major racial/ethnic disparities in exposure to C. trachomatis, with increased vulnerability among non-Hispanic Black females.

Importance of Lifetime Sexual History on the Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Among Unvaccinated Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: Implications for Adult HPV Vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Although the United States Food and Drug Administration recently approved the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for individuals aged 27-45 years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention did not change its guidelines for routine HPV vaccination. Since recommendations for adult vaccination emphasize shared clinical decision-making based on risk of new infections, we examined the relationship between HPV prevalence and sexual behavior. METHODS: This study was conducted among 5093 HPV-unvaccinated, sexually experienced adults aged 18-59 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2013-2016). For each sex and age group, adjusted prevalences of 9-valent vaccine-specific, high-risk, and any HPV infection were estimated by number of lifetime sexual partners (LTSPs) using logistic regression. An analysis restricted to persons who did not have a new sexual partner in the past year (ie, removing those at highest risk of newly acquired HPV) was also conducted. RESULTS: In each age group, genital HPV prevalence was higher among persons with >5 LTSPs compared with 1-5 LTSPs in both males and females. There were only slight reductions in HPV prevalence after removing participants who reported a new sexual partner in the past year. For example, among females aged 27-45 years with >5 LTSPs, the adjusted prevalence of 9-valent vaccine-type HPV infection was 13.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.9%-17.0%) in the full population compared to 12.1% (95% CI, 8.8%-15.4%) among those with no new sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalent HPV infection was primarily reflective of cumulative exposures over time (higher LTSPs). New exposures had limited impact, emphasizing the need to consider sexual history in the decision-making process for adult HPV vaccination.

Blood transfusions in gunshot-wound-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The United States (US) leads all high-income countries in gunshot wound (GSW) deaths. However, previous US studies have not evaluated the national blood transfusion utilization patterns in hospitalized GSW patients. METHODS: Data from 2016 to 2017 were analyzed from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) and Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer emergency department (ED) and inpatient databases, respectively. Using stratified probability sampling, weights were applied to generate nationally representative estimates. Multivariable Poisson-regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) of blood transfusion. RESULTS: There were 168,315 ED visits and 58,815 hospitalizations (age = 18-90 years) following a GSW. The majority of hospitalizations were men (88.5%), age 18-24 years (31.8%), and assault-related GSW (51.3%). Blacks had the largest proportion (48.7%) overall of all GSW hospitalizations; Whites accounted for the highest proportion of intentional self-harm injuries (72.4%). Blood transfusions occurred in 12.7% of hospitalizations (12.0% red blood cell [RBC], 4.9% plasma, and 2.5% platelet transfusions). Only 1.9% of cases were associated with transfusion of all three blood components. Hospitalizations with major/extreme severity of illness had significantly higher prevalence of transfusion versus those with mild/moderate severity [crude PR = 4.79 (95%CI:4.15-5.33, p < .001)]. Overall, 8.2% of hospitalizations with GSW died, of whom 26.8% required blood transfusions, which was significantly higher than survivors [crude PR = 2.34 (95%CI:2.10-2.61, p < .001)]. The vast majority (95%) of the transfusions among those who died were within 48 h since admission. CONCLUSIONS: Gun-related violence is a public health emergency in the US, and GSWs are a source of significant mortality, blood utilization, and health care costs.

Comparative changes of pre-operative autologous transfusions and peri-operative cell salvage in the United States.

BACKGROUND: With improved safety of allogeneic blood supply, the use of preoperative autologous donations (PADs) and perioperative autologous cell salvage (PACS) has evolved. This study evaluated temporal trends in PAD and PACS use in the United States. METHODS: The National Inpatient Sample database, a stratified probability sample of 20% of hospitalizations in the United States, was used to compare temporal trends in hospitalizations reporting use of PADs and PACS from 1995 to 2015. Factors associated with their use were examined between 2012 and 2015 with use of multivariable Poisson regression. Sampling weights were applied to generate nationally representative estimates. RESULTS: There was a steady decrease in hospitalizations reporting PAD transfusions from 27.90 per 100 000 in 1995 to 1.48 per 100 000 hospitalizations in 2015 (P-trend <.001). In contrast, PACS increased from a rate of 1.16 per 100 000 in 1995 to peak of 20.51 per 100 000 hospitalizations in 2008 and then steadily declined (P-trend<.001). Higher odds of PACS and PADs were observed in older patients, elective procedures (vs urgent), and urban teaching/nonteaching hospitals (vs rural hospitals) (P < .001). PACS was more common in hospitalizations in patients with higher levels of severity of illness as compared to those with minor severity (adjusted prevalence ratio [adjPR], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08-2.73; P<.001), while PADs were performed less often in patients with higher underlying severity of illness (All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups, 4 vs 1, adjPR, 0.61; 95% CI, [0.39-0.95]; P = .028). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant decrease in PAD red blood cell transfusions, while PACS has increased and subsequently decreased; PACS plays an important role in surgical blood conservation. The subsequent decline in PACS likely reflects further optimization of transfusion practice through patient blood management programs and improvement of surgical interventions.

Malaria parasitemia among blood donors in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a leading transfusion associated infectious risk in endemic areas. However, the prevalence of malaria parasitemia has not been well characterized in blood donor populations. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium in red blood cell (RBC) and whole blood (WB) units after the rainy season in Uganda. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between May and July 2018, blood was collected from the sample diversion pouch of 1000 WB donors in Kampala and Jinja, Uganda. The RBC pellet from ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulated blood was stored at -80°C until testing. DNA was extracted and nested PCR was used to screen samples at the genus level for Plasmodium, with positive samples further tested for species identification. RESULTS: Malaria parasitemia among asymptomatic, eligible blood donors in two regions of Uganda was 15.4%; 87.7% (135/154) of infections were with P. falciparum, while P. malariae and P. ovale were also detected. There were 4.3% of blood donors who had mixed infection with multiple species. Older donors (>30 years vs. 17-19 years; aPR = 0.31 [95% CI = 0.17-0.58]), females (aPR = 0.60 [95% CI = 0.42-0.87]), repeat donors (aPR = 0.44 [95% CI = 0.27-0.72]) and those donating near the capital city of Kampala versus rural Jinja region (aPR = 0.49 [95% CI = 0.34-0.69]) had a lower prevalence of malaria parasitemia. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of asymptomatic blood donors residing in a malaria endemic region demonstrate evidence of parasitemia at time of donation. Further research is needed to quantify the risk and associated burden of transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM) in order to inform strategies to prevent TTM.

Individual- and hospital-level correlates of red blood cell, platelet, and plasma transfusions among hospitalized children and neonates: a nationally representative study in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with red blood cell (RBC), plasma, and platelet transfusions in hospitalized neonates and children across the United States have not been well characterized. METHODS: Data from the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) 2016 were analyzed. KID is a random sample of 10% of all uncomplicated in-hospital births and 80% of remaining pediatric discharges from approximately 4200 US hospitals. Sampling weights were applied to generate nationally representative estimates. Primary outcome was one or more RBC transfusion procedures; plasma and platelet transfusions were assessed as secondary outcomes. Analysis was stratified by age: neonates (NEO; ≤28 d), and nonneonates (PED; >28 d and <18 y). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Among 5,604,984 total hospitalizations, overall prevalence of transfusions was 1.07% (95% CI, 0.94%-1.22%) for RBCs, 0.17% (95% CIs, 0.15%-0.21%) for plasma and 0.35% (95% CI, 0.30%-0.40%) for platelet transfusions. RBC transfusions occurred among 0.43% NEO admissions and 2.63% PED admissions. For NEO admissions, RBC transfusion was positively associated with nonwhite race, longer length of hospitalization, highest risk of mortality (aOR, 86.58; 95% CI, 64.77-115.73) and urban teaching hospital location. In addition to the above factors, among PED admissions, RBC transfusion was positively associated with older age, female sex (aOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.13), and elective admission status (aOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.46-1.80). Factors associated with plasma and platelet transfusions were largely similar to those associated with RBC transfusion, except older age groups had lower odds of plasma transfusion among PED admissions. CONCLUSIONS: While there is substantial variability in the proportion of neonates and nonneonatal children transfused nationally, there are several similar, yet unique, nonlaboratory predictors of transfusion identified in these age groups.

Prescription Antibiotic Use Among the US population 1999-2018: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance has been identified as a public health threat both in the United States and globally. The United States published the National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic Resistance in 2014, which included goals to reduce inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) years 1999-2018. Weighted prevalence of past 30-day nontopical outpatient antibiotic use was calculated, as well as the change in prevalence from 1999-2002 to 2015-2018 and 2007-2010 to 2015-2018, both overall and for subgroups. Associations with past 30-day nontopical outpatient antibiotic use in 2015-2018 were examined using predictive margins calculated by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of past 30-day nontopical outpatient antibiotic use adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty status, time of year of the interview, and insurance status from 1999-2002 to 2015-2018 changed significantly from 4.9% (95% CI, 3.9% to 5.0%) to 3.0% (95% CI, 2.6% to 3.0%), with the largest decrease among children age 0-1 years. From 2007-2010 to 2015-2018, there was no significant change (adjusted prevalence ratio [adjPR], 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.2). Age was significantly associated with antibiotic use, with children age 0-1 years having significantly higher antibiotic use than all other age categories >6 years. Being non-Hispanic Black was negatively associated with antibiotic use as compared with being non-Hispanic White (adjPR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4 to 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: While there were declines in antibiotic use from 1999-2002 to 2015-2018, there were no observed declines during the last decade.

Clostridioides difficile Prevalence in the United States: National Inpatient Sample, 2016 to 2018.

Data from the National Inpatient Sample indicate that Clostridioides difficile prevalence decreased from 10.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.9-10.3) to 8.6 (95% CI = 8.5-8.8) per 1000 hospital discharges between 2016 and 2018, after accounting for age, sex, and race. There was heterogeneity in the prevalence and decrease in prevalence by geographic region in the United States.

Perioperative Transfusions and Venous Thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Annual incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) including postoperative VTE in hospitalized children is rising significantly. A growing body of evidence supports the role of red blood cells (RBCs) in pathologic thrombosis. In this study, we examined the association of perioperative RBC transfusion with postoperative VTE in pediatric patients. METHODS: The pediatric databases of the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Project from 2012 to 2017 were used. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between perioperative RBC transfusion status and the development of new or progressive VTE within 30 days of surgery. The analyses were age stratified, as follows: neonates (≤28 days), infants (>28 days and <1 year), and children (≥1 year). RESULTS: In this study, we included 20 492 neonates, 79 744 infants, and 382 862 children. Postoperative development of VTE was reported in 99 (0.48%) neonates, 147 (0.2%) infants, and 374 (0.1%) children. In all age groups, development of VTE was significantly more common among patients with a perioperative RBC transfusion than patients without a perioperative RBC transfusion (neonates: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.5-6.7; infants: aOR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.7-3.6; children: aOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7-2.9). Among children who received an intra- or postoperative transfusion, the weight-based volume of RBCs (mL/kg) transfused was associated with postoperative VTE in a dose-dependent manner: second tertile (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.3-4.1) and third tertile (odds ratio = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.3-7.4) versus first tertile. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative RBC transfusions are independently associated with development of new or progressive postoperative VTE in children, infants, and neonates. These findings need further validation in prospective studies and emphasize the need for evidence-based perioperative pediatric blood transfusion decisions.