Meat-Borne-Parasite: A Nanopore-Based Meta-Barcoding Work-Flow for Parasitic Microbiodiversity Assessment in the Wild Fauna of French Guiana.

French Guiana, located in the Guiana Shield, is a natural reservoir for many zoonotic pathogens that are of considerable medical or veterinary importance. Until now, there has been limited data available on the description of parasites circulating in this area, especially on protozoan belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa; conversely, the neighbouring countries describe a high parasitic prevalence in animals and humans. Epidemiological surveillance is necessary, as new potentially virulent strains may emerge from these forest ecosystems, such as Amazonian toxoplasmosis. However, there is no standard tool for detecting protozoa in wildlife. In this study, we developed Meat-Borne-Parasite, a high-throughput meta-barcoding workflow for detecting Apicomplexa based on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing platform using the 18S gene of 14 Apicomplexa positive samples collected in French Guiana. Sequencing reads were then analysed with MetONTIIME pipeline. Thanks to a scoring rule, we were able to classify 10 samples out of 14 as Apicomplexa positive and reveal the presence of co-carriages. The same samples were also sequenced with the Illumina platform for validation purposes. For samples identified as Apicomplexa positive by both platforms, a strong positive correlation at up to the genus level was reported. Overall, the presented workflow represents a reliable method for Apicomplexa detection, which may pave the way for more comprehensive biomonitoring of zoonotic pathogens.

Effect of the time to antivenom administration on recovery from snakebite envenoming-related coagulopathy in French Guiana.

BACKGROUND: Snakebite (SB) envenoming is an acute emergency requiring an early care delivery. We aimed to search for the time to reach healthcare facilities in various regions of French Guiana (FG) and to assess the impact of time to antivenom (AV) on the correction of coagulation parameters in these patients. METHODOLOGY: This is a prospective observational study conducted in Cayenne General Hospital between January 1st, 2016, and July 31st, 2022. We included all patients hospitalized for SB envenoming less than 48h after the bite, and receiving antivenom (AV). We assessed the time lapse between SB and medical attention and the time needed to return of the coagulation parameters to normal. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Overall, 119 patients were investigated, and 48.7% were from remote areas. The median time from SB to AV therapy was 09:15 h (05:32-17:47). The time was longer in patients from remote rural locations. AV was dispensed within the first six hours after the SB in 45 cases (37.8%). Time from SB to reaching normal plasma fibrinogen concentration was 23:27 h (20:00-27:10) in patients receiving AV≤6h vs. 31:23 h (24:00-45:05) in those receiving AV>6h (p<0.001). Whereas, the time from AV administration to reach normal fibrinogen dosage was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients from rural settings in FG suffer from a delay in AV administration after SB envenoming leading to an extended time in which patients are coagulopathic. Once AV is administered, clotting parameters recover at a similar rate. Supplying remote healthcare facilities with AV and with medical teams trained on its use should be planned.

[Sacroiliitis with Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae revealing tricuspid endocarditis, the first case reported on the Guiana Shield: clinical case and review of the literature]. / Sacro-Iliite à Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae révélant une endocardite tricuspide, premier cas rapporté sur le bouclier des Guyanes : cas clinique et revue de la littérature.

We report here an atypical case of acute sacroiliitis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae revealing tricuspid endocarditis in a 53-year-old woman without medical history. She was admitted to Cayenne hospital because of intense right hip and thigh pain, associated with fever. A right sacroiliitis was visible on the computed tomography (CT) scan, confirmed on MRI. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a large mobile tricuspid vegetation. Blood cultures were positive for E. rhusiopathiae. CT scan showed pulmonary alveolar opacities, consistent with septic emboli. Clinical improvement was obtained under ceftriaxone followed by ciprofloxacin for 6 weeks of treatment. We present a review of bone and joint infections caused by E. rhusiopathiae. So far, not a single case has been reported in Latin America.

AIDS-related Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum infection: 25 years experience of French Guiana.

OBJECTIVE: Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum infection is a major AIDS-defining illness in French Guiana. Although it affects South and Central American countries, the number of published cases is low. We present the largest series of AIDS-related histoplasmosis. The aim of this work is to describe clinical features and to help optimize investigations in settings where antigen detection methods are not available. DESIGN: Two hundred cases of AIDS-related histoplasmosis, diagnosed in the hospitals of French Guiana, were included retrospectively between 1982 and 2007. RESULTS: At the time of diagnosis, 92% of patients did not receive highly active antiretroviral therapy. CD4 cell count was less than 100 cells/microl for 80% of them. Most patients had fever, lymphadenopathies, and pulmonary and digestive symptoms. Neurological signs and skin/mucosal locations were less common. Other opportunistic infections were associated in 36.6% of cases (mostly tuberculosis). In most of the patients, lactic dehydrogenase was at least four times the normal value, and there was a moderate increase of aspartate aminotransaminase but not alanine aminotransaminase levels. Bone marrow aspirations were useful, but cultures of liver and lymphadenopathy specimens were the most contributive. Following treatment initiation, 17.5% died within a month. Presumptive treatment was started before diagnostic confirmation in 14.3% of the cases. CONCLUSION: In high prevalence settings, histoplasmosis often revealed AIDS in severely immunodeficient and poorly followed patients. In the absence of a quick sensitive technique, skin smear and fungal tissue cultures are contributive. Nevertheless, given the diagnostic delays and the poor prognosis, presumptive treatment with amphotericin B-containing regimens should be recommended when clinical and epidemiological contexts are evocative.