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The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) applications has experienced tremendous growth in recent years, bringing forth numerous benefits and conveniences. However, this expansion has also provoked ethical concerns, such as privacy breaches, algorithmic discrimination, security and reliability issues, transparency, and other unintended consequences. To determine whether a global consensus exists regarding the ethical principles that should govern AI applications and to contribute to the formation of future regulations, this paper conducts a meta-analysis of 200 governance policies and ethical guidelines for AI usage published by public bodies, academic institutions, private companies, and civil society organizations worldwide. We identified at least 17 resonating principles prevalent in the policies and guidelines of our dataset, released as an open source database and tool. We present the limitations of performing a global-scale analysis study paired with a critical analysis of our findings, presenting areas of consensus that should be incorporated into future regulatory efforts.
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Lockdown and social distancing due to COVID-19 affected the mental health and lifestyle of the population. However, there is insufficient evidence of alterations in eating behavior. Our study seeks to describe the relationship between eating behavior and eating habits among Chilean adults during the confinement period. A sample of 760 Chilean subjects was analyzed, who answered surveys using Google Forms, considering demographic characteristics, social distancing, dietary habits and EB. More than half of the participants consider that their dietary intake increased during confinement. Changes in dietary intake were analyzed according to food group, and a decrease in the consumption of fish, fruits and dairy products was observed, while legumes, processed foods and soft drinks showed an increase, which represents risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. When analyzing eating behavior, a greater difficulty in stopping eating was observed when faced with external stimuli; increased intake associated with complex emotional situations, and when isolating the group that decreased their intake of unhealthy foods, a greater ability to limit their intake for weight control was reported. Our results are similar to other studies, and they reinforce that confinement is related to eating behavior, leading to changes in eating habits, which indicates that, at the public health level, post-pandemic nutritional strategies, should be focused on regulating eating behavior in order to guide habits towards healthy eating.
El confinamiento y distanciamiento social debido al COVID-19 afectó la salud mental y hábitos de vida de la población. Sin embargo, no existe suficiente evidencia de alteraciones en la conducta alimentaria (CA). Nuestro estudio busca establecer la relación entre la conducta alimentaria y los hábitos alimentarios en adultos chilenos durante el periodo de confinamiento. Se analizó una muestra de 760 sujetos chilenos, quienes contestaron encuestas mediante Google Forms, considerando características demográficas, distanciamiento social, hábitos dietéticos y (CA). Más de la mitad de los participantes considera que su ingesta alimentaria aumentó durante el confinamiento. Se analizó los cambios en ingesta según grupo de alimentos, y se observó una disminución en la ingesta de pescados, frutas y lácteos, mientras que legumbres, alimentos procesados y bebidas azucaradas presentaron un aumento, lo cual representa factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Al analizar la CA se observó una mayor dificultad para dejar de comer frente a estímulos externos, aumento de la ingesta asociado a situaciones emocionales complejas, y al aislar al grupo que disminuyó su ingesta de alimentos no saludables se reportó una mayor capacidad para limitar la ingesta para el control del peso. Nuestros resultados son similares con otros estudios, y refuerzan que el confinamiento se relaciona con la CA, conduciendo a cambios en los hábitos de alimentación, lo cual nos indica que, a nivel de salud pública, las estrategias nutricionales post-pandemia, deben estar enfocadas en regular la CA con el objetivo de guiar los hábitos a una alimentación saludable.
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Resumen Introducción. Todos los días las personas toman diferentes decisiones relacionadas con su elección de alimentos, lo que a su vez determina sus hábitos alimenticios. El sistema de recompensa del cerebro (SRC) permite asociar ciertas situaciones con una sensación de placer, lo que influye en la posterior elección de alimentos. Objetivo. Describir cómo influye el SRC en el proceso de elección de comida en adultos de mediana edad y en adultos mayores autosuficientes. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed y SciELO. Se buscaron artículos escritos en inglés y español y publicados entre 1996 y 2018 utilizando los siguientes términos (en ambos idiomas): "elección de la comida", "sistema de recompensa", "nutrición", "adulto", "adulto mayor", "estado nutricional" y "envejecimiento". Resultados. 50 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Solo 1 estudio estaba escrito en español; 22 fueron realizados en adultos mayores y el resto en adultos entre 20 y 40 años. Conclusiones. Teniendo en cuenta el escaso número de estudios sobre la conducta alimentaria en general, y en particular sobre la elección de comida en adultos mayores y de mediana edad, es necesario realizar más estudios en Latinoamérica sobre los procesos que subyacen al SRC y su relación con la elección de comida, y cómo estos cambian con la edad para predecir posibles conductas alimentarias e implementar intervenciones efectivas, pues una dieta saludable es esencial para un envejecimiento saludable.
Abstract Introduction: Every day, people make different decisions regarding the food they choose, which in turn determine their eating habits. The reward system (RS) allows associating certain situations to pleasure, which influences subsequent food choices. Objective: To describe how the RS influences the selection of foods in middle-aged and self-reliant older adults. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and SciELO. Articles written in English and Spanish and published between 1996 and 2018 were included in the search; the following search terms (in both languages) were used: "food choice", "reward system", "nutrition", "adult", "elderly", "nutritional status" and "aging". Results: 50 articles met the inclusion criteria. Only 1 study was written in Spanish; 22 were conducted on older adults and the rest on adults between 20 and 40 years old. Conclusions: Studies on eating behavior in general and on food choice in older and middle-aged adults in particular, are scarce. Therefore, further research in the Latin-America is needed to analyze the processes underlying the RS and its relationship to food choice, and how these processes change as people age in order to predict possible eating behaviors and implement effective interventions, since a healthy diet is essential for healthy aging.