Low frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease despite high prevalence of CMV viraemia in patients with advanced HIV infection: a clinical and immunological 48-week follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and CMV-specific immune response recovery after antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation in patients with advanced HIV infection. METHODS: A prospective observational study of patients with HIV infection and CD4 counts of < 100 cells/µL was carried out (September 2015 to July 2018). HIV viral load (VL), CD4 count and CMV VL were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at baseline and at 4, 12, 24 and 48 weeks, and CMV-specific immune response was determined by QuantiFERON-CMV assay at baseline and 48 weeks. All patients were started on ART but only those with CMV end-organ disease (EOD) received anti-CMV treatment. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients with a median age of 43.6 [interquartile range (IQR) 36.7-52.4] years were included in the study. At baseline, the median CD4 count was 30 cells/µL (IQR 20-60 cells/µL) and the median HIV VL was 462 000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (IQR 186 000-1 300 000 copies/mL). At baseline, 32% patients had detectable CMV viraemia but none had detectable CMV viraemia at 48 weeks. Only one of 53 (1.9%) patients developed EOD during follow-up. Seven (13.2%) patients were lost to follow-up and six (11.3%) died; none of the deaths was related to CMV. Similar percentages of patients had a CMV-specific immune response at baseline (71.7%) and at 48 weeks (70.0%). The magnitude of this response tended to increase over time [median 1.63 (IQR 0.15-5.77) IU/mL at baseline vs. median 2.5 (IQR 0.1-8.325) IU/mL at 48 weeks; P = 0.11]. We did not find any risk factors associated with 48-week mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of CMV viraemia in patients with advanced HIV infection remains high, achieving a good immunological recovery through ART is enough to suppress CMV viraemia, without an increased risk of CMV EOD. The prevalence of a CMV-specific immune response was high and endured over time.

Recovery of the physiological status in professional basketball players using NESA neuromodulation treatment during different types of microcycles in season: A preliminary randomized clinical trial.

The purpose of the study was to describe and compare recovery status after official basketball competition in players who underwent NESA neuromodulation treatment (NNT) in weeks with one or two matches. The recovery parameters of 12 professional male basketball players (mean ± SD, age: 20.6 ± 2.7 yr; height: 197.8 ± 11.7 cm; and body mass: 89.0 ± 21.2 kg) that competed in the LEB Plata (Spanish third division) were monitored 2 days after match-play over 6 weeks, and included: 1) the Hooper Test, which combines four subjective variables (sleep, stress, fatigue and soreness); 2) common biochemical markers (e.g., testosterone, cortisol and ratio T:C); and 3) lowest heart rate [HR], average HR, HR variability, sleep duration, awake time during night and onset latency before asleep). Players that completed NNT presented differences compared to the control group in sleep data. For instance, the lowest HR (p < 0.001), average HR (p < 0.001) and total awake time (p = 0.04) were significantly reduced in the NNT group. On the contrary, the control group presented greater values than the NNT group in the subjective Hooper Test, although only stress presented significant differences (Control 2.5 ± 1.2 vs. NNT cost or 3.2 ± 0.9; p = 0.01). Additionally, there were no significant differences in recovery parameters between weeks with one or two matches. In conclusion, the results suggest that players that underwent NNT tended to improve their sleep quality. Nevertheless, player's values in the biochemical markers and wellness status remained similar in both groups. The fact that no significant differences were found between weeks with one or two matches could help basketball professionals to determine that a congested schedule does not seem to negatively alter recovery status. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04939181?term=NCT04939181, NCT04939181.

[Double lumen tube insertion in awake patients through the AirTraq laryngoscope in 2 cases of expected difficult airway]. / Intubación con tubo de doble luz mediante laringoscopio Airtraq en dos pacientes despiertos con vía aérea díficil prevista.

The likelihood of difficult airway in thoracic surgery increases in the presence of associated cancer of the pharynx or larynx. The difficulty is greater when a double lumen tube must be inserted in these conditions, and various newly developed optical devices offer solutions for managing such cases. We report on 2 patients with expected difficult airway who were scheduled for lung resection. In both cases, intubation was accomplished through the AirTraq laryngoscope while the patient remained awake. Awake patient tolerance is facilitated by this laryngoscope, because the tube can be inserted without changing the position of the tongue or placing pressure on the vallecula.

Sex difference in coexpression by galanin neurons accounts for sexual dimorphism of vasopressin in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

Vasopressin (VP) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are steroid sensitive and sexually dimorphic. The number of VP messenger RNA (mRNA)-expressing neurons is larger in male than in female rats. This initial observation suggested that sexual dimorphism resulted from enhanced proliferation and/or survival of VP neurons after gonadal hormone exposure during the critical perinatal period. However, galanin (GAL) and VP mRNAs were recently reported to be coexpressed in the BNST of adult male rats, and GAL gene expression, unlike VP gene expression, is not sexually dimorphic. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the sex difference in VP cell number in the BNST results from a sex difference in the number of GAL neurons dedicated to express the VP gene. To test this hypothesis, double in situ hybridization histochemistry was performed for GAL and VP mRNAs in the BNST of adult male and female rats. For quantification, the posterior BNST was divided into its two anatomical regions: medial (BSTM) and lateral (BSTL) divisions. Extending previous results for the whole BNST, the number of GAL-expressing cells in either the BSTM or the BSTL was not sexually dimorphic. A significant sex difference was found in the number of GAL cells coexpressing VP in the BSTM (mean +/- SE, male, 124 +/- 8; female, 56 +/- 6; P < or = 0.0001), but not in the BSTL (male, 80 +/- 9; female, 83 +/- 15). Accordingly, the number of cells expressing GAL mRNA only was significantly lower (P < or = 0.002) in the BSTM of male (43 +/- 5) than in female (85 +/- 9) rats. Evidence is provided that the reduced incidence of coexpression of VP by GAL neurons in the BSTM of female rats may account for the reported sex difference in VP cell number in the entire BNST. The results suggest that gonadal hormones in the perinatal period may not influence the proliferation and/or survival of VP neurons in the BNST per se but influence, instead, the capacity of GAL neurons to synthesize VP.

Galanin in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala of the rat: lack of sexual dimorphism despite regulation of gene expression across puberty.

Neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the medial amygdala (AMe) coexpress vasopressin and galanin (GAL) in the adult male rat. Here, we have asked whether GAL gene expression, like vasopressin gene expression in these same neurons, exhibits sexual dimorphism and whether GAL pathways in the BNST and AMe are activated with puberty in female rats as we have previously observed in male rats. In Exp 1, in situ hybridization histochemistry and quantitative autoradiography were used to compare GAL gene expression in the BNST and AMe of prepubertal (24-day-old) and adult (90-day-old) male and female rats. In the BNST, both the number of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons (F = 41.98; P < or = 0.0001; males, P < or = 0.007; females, P < or = 0.001) and the intensity of labeling (F = 40.35; P < or = 0.0001; males, P < or = 0.004; females, P < or = 0.002) were significantly increased in adult compared to prepubertal animals of both sexes. In the AMe of both males (P < or = 0.001) and females (P < or = 0.001), the intensity of labeling was significantly enhanced across puberty (F = 66.29; P < or = 0.0001); however, the number of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons in this region did not change. We found no evidence for sexual dimorphism of GAL gene expression in either brain region. In Exp 2, we replicated our observations of a lack of sexual dimorphism of GAL gene expression in the BNST of adult male and female rats. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that GAL neurons in the BNST and AMe are steroid sensitive in both sexes. However, our failure to detect any differences in either the number of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons or the level of expression between male and female rats at either age indicates that these pathways do not exhibit sexual dimorphism.

Estrogen receptor and neurotensin/neuromedin-N gene expression in the preoptic area are unaltered with age in Fischer 344 female rats.

The sensitivity of hypothalamic centers to estrogenic regulation may be impaired with age and contribute to the loss of reproductive function in female rats. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that aging is associated with alterations in the level of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene and/or the neurotensin/neuromedin-N (NT/N) gene in the preoptic area (POA) of female rats. We have used in situ hybridization histochemistry and quantitative autoradiography to compare ER gene expression and NT/N gene expression in the POA of ovariectomized and ovariectomized/estradiol-treated female rats at 3, 11, and 20 months of age. We found no evidence for an age-related impairment of either ER or NT/N gene expression in two subdivisions of the POA: the anterior medial preoptic nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus. Likewise, estrogenic regulation of both ER messenger RNA levels and NT/N messenger RNA levels did not differ across age groups. These results indicate that transcription of the ER gene within the POA is not reduced with age and suggest that the receptor translated within the POA functions normally in old female rats. Our observations do not support a role for impaired expression of the ER gene or impaired estrogenic induction of NT/N gene expression by preoptic neurons in the development of reproductive acyclicity with aging.

Galanin receptors in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of aged Fischer 344 male rats.

Galanin (GAL) has been proposed to be an inhibitory modulator of cholinergic memory pathways because it acts within the hippocampus to inhibit the release and antagonize the postsynaptic actions of acetylcholine. Here we have used: 1) slice binding and quantitative autoradiography to assess the density and occupancy of GAL receptors; and 2) in situ hybridization histochemistry to assess expression of the GALR1 receptor subtype in the ventral hippocampus of 3-month-old and 21-month-old Fischer 344 male rats. We detected a small but significant (p < or = 0.0003) age-related reduction in 125I-GAL binding-site density in the ventral hippocampus and entorhinal cortex under standard binding conditions. Post-hoc analysis indicated that this reduction with age persisted in the CA1 radiatum and entorhinal cortex following GTP-induced desaturation to unmask pre-existent GAL receptors occupied by endogenous ligand. It was not associated with a significant change in peak GALR1 gene expression in the hippocampus. Because a portion of GAL receptors in this region have been postulated to function as presynaptic auto-receptors on cholinergic fiber terminals, the reduction in GAL binding sites with age may be a consequence of age-related alterations in GAL receptor expression by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons which project to the ventral hippocampus.

Vasopressin and galanin mRNAs coexist in the nucleus of the horizontal diagonal band: a novel site of vasopressin gene expression.

Vasopressin (VP) neurons have been identified in several brain regions where VP has been hypothesized to act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. In many sites, VP is colocalized with the neuropeptide galanin (GAL). Here, using single in situ hybridization histochemistry, we have identified a novel group of neurons within the nucleus of the horizontal diagonal band of Broca (HDB) that express the VP gene and have assessed the distribution of these cells in adult male and female rats (90 days old, n = 7/group). VP mRNA-expressing neurons were scattered throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the HDB, and the number of VP neurons detected unilaterally ranged from 1 to 17 cells per 20 microns section. Using double in situ hybridization histochemistry on alternate sections, we have assessed the number of cells expressing VP and/or GAL mRNA in the diagonal band and have determined the extent of their colocalization. Approximately 50% of all VP-expressing neurons in the HDB coexpressed GAL mRNA, and 33% of GAL-expressing neurons in this region coexpressed VP mRNA. No sex differences were detected in the number of neurons expressing either VP or GAL mRNA or in the incidence of coexpression of VP and GAL mRNAs in this region. VP neurons in the HDB exhibited a low level of expression, and cellular VP mRNA content did not differ between male and female rats. However, sex differences were present in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) of these same rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Nerve growth factor induces galanin gene expression in the rat basal forebrain: implications for the treatment of cholinergic dysfunction.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a potential treatment for cholinergic dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In rats, NGF activates gene expression of the acetylcholine synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and prevents age- and lesion-induced degeneration of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons. Cholinergic neurons in the BF coexpress galanin (GAL), a neuropeptide that has been shown to impair performance on memory tasks possibly through the inhibition of cholinergic memory pathways. NGF up-regulates both ChAT and GAL gene expression in cultured pheochromocytoma cells; however, the effect of chronic in vivo NGF administration on GAL gene expression within the BF has not been studied. We used in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography to assess GAL and ChAT gene expression within the BF of adult male rats following chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NGF or cytochrome c. We now report that, in addition to stimulating ChAT gene expression, NGF strongly up-regulated the GAL gene in the rat cholinergic BF. NGF had no effect on GAL gene expression in other noncholinergic forebrain regions. NGF induction of GAL gene expression in the BF was specific, because gene expression for another neuropeptide, neurotensin, present within noncholinergic BF neurons was unchanged. Our data provide the first evidence that in vivo NGF administration up-regulates GAL gene expression in the cholinergic BF. These results suggest that the concurrent induction of GAL in the BF could limit the ameliorating actions of NGF on cholinergic dysfunction.

Few cholinergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain coexpress galanin messenger RNA.

The concept that galanin (GAL) is cosecreted with acetylcholine (ACh) into the ventral hippocampus is a major component of the current model delineating GAL regulation of the cholinergic memory pathways in the rat. Although GAL-immunoreactivity coexists in 50-70% of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BF) of colchicine-treated rats, the actual coexistence of these neurotransmitters in the basal state may be lower, because colchicine treatment was recently shown to both induce GAL gene expression and inhibit choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene expression in this brain region. We have used single and double in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine the distribution and coexistence of GAL and ChAT mRNAs in the BF of male and female rats. Compared with other forebrain regions, few GAL mRNA-expressing neurons are present within the cholinergic fields of the BF. The greatest number of GAL mRNA-expressing cells in this region are located within the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band; but, even in this region, they represent only a small percentage (<20%) of ChAT mRNA-expressing cells. Our results indicate that few cholinergic neurons in the rat BF coexpress GAL mRNA and suggest that, in the basal state, GAL is not widely cosecreted with ACh into hippocampal memory centers.

Activation of galanin pathways across puberty in the male rat: galanin gene expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala.

Galanin and vasopressin are coexpressed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala of the male rat. In adult males, the level of gene expression for both peptides in these regions is dependent on circulating levels of testosterone. We hypothesized that galanin messenger RNA levels would be enhanced in adult males compared with prepubertal males due to the rise in plasma testosterone levels. We used in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography to measure galanin messenger RNA in cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala of prepubertal and adult male rats. Our results show that significantly (P < or = 0.05) more galanin messenger RNA expressing neurons are detectable in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of adult compared with prepubertal male rats. In contrast, no differences were observed between the groups in the number of labeled neurons detected within the medial amygdala. However, the average labeling intensity was significantly enhanced in both the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (P < or = 0.001) and medial amygdala (P < or = 0.001) of adult compared with prepubertal animals. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that gonadal hormones regulate galanin gene expression in some brain regions and suggest that the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis which occurs naturally with puberty is associated with activation of galanin pathways in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala.

Activation of galanin pathways across puberty in the male rat: assessment of regional densities of galanin binding sites.

Galanin-like immunoreactivity and galanin messenger RNA levels increase across puberty in neurons of gonadal steroid-dependent brain nuclei. We hypothesized that this activation and the associated increase in endogenous galanin release would result in changes across puberty in both galanin binding density and the level of receptor occupancy. Here we have assessed the density of galanin binding sites in several brain regions of prepubertal and adult male rats with or without GTP to induce dissociation of endogenous galanin from its binding sites. The developmental changes in the level of receptor occupancy were used as an indirect measure of changes in neuropeptide release from galanin expressing neurons. In standard binding conditions (buffer preincubation), 125I-labeled galanin binding showed a generalized decline in adult brains (34-68%) compared with prepubertal levels in most regions of the telencephalon and diencephalon. Following preincubation with 10(-5) M GTP, galanin binding showed a dramatic increase in most regions of the adult (152-504%) and several regions of the prepubertal brain (132-245%) over their standard binding levels. However, this increase was greatest in adult animals. Finally, although preincubation of brain slices with GTP eliminated most of the apparent age-related differences observed in standard binding conditions, several brain regions of the adult brain continued to show a significant reduction (38-76%) in 125I-labeled galanin binding compared with prepubertal animals. Only one region, the lateral preoptic area, exhibited enhanced 125I-labeled galanin binding in adult (160%) compared with prepubertal brain after GTP preincubation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A new precise microcomputer based rotometer.

The rotometer described here consists of a data acquisition system made of several reed relays which are activated by a small moving magnet when the animal performs rotations. The apparatus has an angular discrimination which is dependent on the number of reed relays used. A simple interface is used to normalize the pulses produced when the reed relay contacts are closed. This normalized output closes key contacts in the keyboard of a microcomputer resulting in ASCII strings. A simple BASIC program is used for computation of various turn fractions. The program also calculates the total number of movements over time, allowing the assessment of activity vs. time.

Galanin gene expression declines with adulthood in the cholinergic fields of the horizontal diagonal band of male rats.

The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) influences learning and memory processes, perhaps by inhibiting cholinergic function. We recently reported that, in the rat, the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB) exhibits the highest level of GAL mRNA coexpression by basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons and, in the HDB, virtually all GAL mRNA-expressing neurons correspond to the cholinergic cell type. Since GAL gene expression is induced across puberty in many brain regions, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry and quantitative autoradiography to assess GAL gene expression across the rostro-caudal extent of the HDB in prepubertal and adult male rats and to determine whether GAL gene expression is also regulated during maturation in this BF region. Our results show that the number of GAL mRNA-expressing cells per section is significantly reduced in the HDB with adulthood. Post-hoc analysis indicated that these age-associated differences in the number of GAL mRNA-expressing cells per section could be ascribed to the rostral and central subregions of the HDB. Age-related differences in the labeling intensity of GAL mRNA-expressing neurons were also detected in the rostral and central subregions of the HDB. No age-associated differences in GAL gene expression were found in the caudal HDB subregion. These results suggest that: (1) in contrast to other brain regions, GAL gene expression in the cholinergic BF may be negatively regulated by factors concomitant with puberty; and (2) the inhibition of cholinergic function by cosecreted GAL may be enhanced prior to puberty within cholinergic neurons of the rostral and central aspects of the HDB.

Altered alpha 1-adrenoceptor binding in intact and adrenalectomized obese Zucker rats (fa/fa).

While many autonomic and metabolic defects associated with genetic obesity in the Zucker rat are corrected by adrenalectomy (Adx), brain adrenoceptor function has not been examined in this context. Here, 3 weeks after Adx or sham surgery, brains of 11 weeks old lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) male Zucker rats were assayed for alpha 1-([3H]prazosin; [3H]PRZ) and alpha 2-adrenoceptor ([3H]paraminoclonidine; [3H]PAC) binding by autoradiography. By genotype, obese rats had 19-256% higher [3H]PRZ binding than lean rats in the amygdala (central [ACN], basolateral [ABL], basomedial [ABM] and medial [MAN] nuclei [n.]), hypothalamus (dorsomedial n. [DMN] and lateral [LH]) and somatosensory cortex. In the ABL and ACN, increased maximal binding (Bmax) in obese rats was associated with decreased affinity (increased Kd). Three weeks after surgery, sham-operated obese rats gained 27% more weight than lean rats but lean and obese Adx rats gained the same amount of weight. Adx reduced [3H]PRZ binding in both lean and obese rats by 37-70% in the amygdala (ABM, ACN, MAN) compared to sham-operated rats. But, Adx selectively reduced [3H]PRZ binding only in lean rats in the ABL, DMN, ventromedial hypothalamic n. (VMN) and ventroposteromedial thalamic n. In most areas, decreases in maximal binding (Bmax) associated with Adx were accompanied by decreases in Kd. Unlike [3H]PRZ binding, there was no consistent genotype difference in [3H]PAC binding although Adx was followed by increased binding in obese and decreased binding in lean rats in the ABL. In only the VMN, obese rats had a 21% higher alpha 2- to alpha 1-adrenoceptor ratio than lean rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Histaminergic drugs in the rat caudate nucleus: effects on learned helplessness.

The effect of pharmacological manipulation of histaminergic receptors in the caudate nucleus (CN) has been examined in rats previously submitted to inescapable electric shock to produce learned helplessness (LH). Histamine H1 agonist 2-tiazolylethyl amine (TEA) microinjection produced protective effects, preventing the activity and cognitive loss typical in LH. Injection of the H1 antagonist astemizole (AZ) produced effects symmetrical to those produced by TEA, further reducing activity and impairing cognitive functions. The histamine H2 agonist 4-methyl-histamine (4MH) produced a shift on the side preference for rotation that interfered in the learning tests and obscured the effects of this drug on LH. Injection of the H2 antagonist cymetidine (CYM) caused LH-like effects in control animals. Thus, brain histamine seems to play a relevant role in the control of motor and cognitive functions of the CN.

[Modifications of evoked otoacoustic emissions: study of age groups]. / Modificaciones de las otoemisiones acústicas provocadas: estudio de grupos de edad.

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) recordings make it possible to assess cochlear normality objectively by informing of the integrity of active mechanisms. TEOAE recorded in different age groups give us information for diagnostic procedures and reflect the effects of cochlear aging and degenerative processes. Two thousand three hundred sixty-seven TEOAE recordings were made in persons with normal hearing ranging in age from 3 days to 50 years. The findings did not vary from the first year of life until the fourth decade, when TEOAE indicated cochlear aging, although the hearing threshold remained unchanged.

[Influence of the contralateral acoustic stimulation on the acoustic otoemissions: response modulation by the efferent olivocochlear system]. / Influencia de la estimulación acústica contralateral sobre las otoemisiones acústicas: modulación de la respuesta por el sistema eferente olivococlear.

We have correlated in 16 patients (32 ears), the modifications de EOEs before and after sound stimulation of the contralateral ear. The recording of the EOEs has been performed in a sound proof room with ILO 88 from Otodynamics Ltd., the analysis has been made with the ILO 88 V.3.5 software. We have tried to study the modulator rol of the medial efferent coclear system on the external ciliated cells. In the results we observe a decrease of the amplitude in the EOEs when the contralateralmears is stimulated a white noise, in relation with the nonstimulation situation. When pures tones are used contralateral stimulation the decrease in the EOEs amplitude takes place in the same frequency spectrum as the pure tone used.

Defective glucoregulation of brain alpha 2-adrenoceptors in obesity-prone rats.

Only half the male Sprague-Dawley rats fed high-energy diets develop diet-induced obesity (DIO); the rest are diet resistant (DR). It has been established that rats prone to develop DIO have decreased basal brain alpha 2-adrenoceptor levels compared with DR-prone rats and that DIO- but not DR-prone rats show glucose-induced increases in plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels. Because it has also been shown that alpha 2-adrenoceptors modulate ingestive and autonomic functions and are responsive to changes in plasma glucose levels, we tested the hypothesis that DIO- and DR-prone rats would regulate these receptors differently by using hyperinsulinemic clamping to vary plasma glucose levels. Rats with low glucose-induced plasma NE responses (DR-prone) showed significant positive correlations (r = 0.724-0.919) between plasma glucose levels and alpha 2-adrenoceptor ([3H]paraminoclonidine) binding in 5 of 17 brain areas (anterior, ventromedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nucleus; medial and basomedial amygdalar nucleus) assessed by autoradiographic techniques. Near-significant correlations were also seen in the paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus. High glucose-induced NE responders (DIO-prone) showed such a correlation only in the arcuate nucleus (r = 0.726). There was little glucoregulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The defective ability of DIO-prone rats to alter brain alpha 2-adrenoceptors to changes in plasma glucose levels might underlie their predisposition to become obese on diets high in sucrose.