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Organizational culture in sports affects well-being, performance, and overall success. Although team culture has been explored within able-bodied teams, little is known about culture development within parasport. Using a descriptive case study approach, our study examined the culture development and experiences of an elite parasport team. Two semistructured individual telephone interviews were conducted with nine participants (athletes and staff), and one athlete-participant completed one interview. An inductive thematic analysis revealed two themes: approach to culture development and team culture components. Culture development was linked with facilitative leadership and important resources. This supported the team to create their shared values and mechanisms, including a behavioral framework, other artifacts (e.g., shared language and team motto), and a relaxed environment. These helped to maintain their agreed culture and benefited their well-being, progress, and team cohesion. Our results offer a starting point regarding research into the culture of elite parasport and have practical implications for managers, coaches, and psychologists.
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Esportes , Humanos , Atletas , Liderança , Cultura Organizacional , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This research forum describes the use of the intervention mapping for adaptation (IMA) framework to develop and evaluate a novel intervention for athletes with mild eating disorder (ED) symptoms. METHODS: The six IMA steps were followed. In step 1 (needs assessment), we conducted a systematic review of athlete ED interventions and held interviews/focus groups with athletes and sports professionals to inform intervention format and delivery. In step 2 (intervention search), needs assessment information guided the search for an evidence-based intervention suitable for adaptation to athletes. In steps 3 and 4 (intervention development), the identified intervention was adapted and feedback sought from athletes and sport professionals. In steps 5 and 6 (implementation and evaluation), a feasibility study was conducted with athletes (n = 35; females: n = 27; Mage = 27.1). RESULTS: The review highlighted poor evidence for the acceptability and relative efficacy of existing interventions, which were all delivered face-to-face in groups. Interview/focus group data suggested a need for more accessible intervention formats (e.g., self-help). One non-athlete self-help intervention was determined suitable for adaptation to athletes, and adaptations were made. Initial feedback suggested the adapted intervention was relevant within sport settings. The feasibility study revealed that the intervention (MOPED-A: Motivational and Psycho-Educational Self-Help Programme for Athletes with Mild Eating Disorder Symptoms) can be feasibly implemented, is acceptable to athletes and shows potential for reducing ED symptoms. DISCUSSION: IMA is a useful framework for developing participant-centered and evidence-based interventions. The findings and approach taken provide a framework for other researchers and clinicians in developing similar interventions in the ED domain. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: The novel self-help intervention described in this article was developed using intervention mapping and provides promise as a tool for reducing eating disorder symptoms in athletes. We describe how adopting and systematically following a health intervention development approach, such as intervention mapping, can ensure that eating disorder interventions are participant-centered, contextually relevant, and evidence-based, which in turn could help to maximize their reach and effectiveness.
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Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Esportes , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Atletas , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapiaRESUMO
Mass participation sports event (MPSE)s have been identified as a potential referral pathway for engaging inactive patients in regular physical activity. This study aimed to review evidence of physical activity behaviour and associated health-related outcomes of engaging in MPSEs among the general population. A systematic review was performed of quantitative studies that examined the relationship between MPSEs and physical activity behaviour or secondary outcomes (e.g. physical activity motivation or confidence, physical or mental health) or any intervention to maintain physical activity following MPSEs. Search methods included searching five electronic databases and checking reference lists. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A total of 2079 papers were identified, 142 were independently assessed for eligibility and 39 were included. Data from prospective cohort studies suggested that levels of physical activity achieved in training for MPSEs tended to drop in the months after, but increases were reported in some studies of novice participants. Interventions involving health promotion materials provided post-event led to small increases in physical activity. Perceived benefits of participating in MPSEs included physical and mental health, fitness, self-efficacy and social connections. Existing evidence suggests that MPSEs can act as a motivator to initiate exercise in preparation for the event, but there is limited evidence on how best to sustain physical activity post-event. Given the short duration of most studies, longer prospective analyses are needed to delineate patterns of habitual and event-related activity and account for seasonal effects.
Mass participation sporting events can be attractive to low-active participants as well as regular exercisers, with a notable proportion identified as low active (one-fifth). Overall levels of physical activity tend to decline after event completion, suggesting that training in preparation for events was not maintained. There is some evidence of increased exercise post-event reported among novice participants, though evidence is limited on effective ways to sustain exercise after event completion. Regularly held events such as parkrun or booster interventions following events helped maintain exercise levels over 12 months.
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Exercício Físico , Esportes , Humanos , Comportamento de Massa , MotivaçãoRESUMO
Running is an example of vigorous activity that leads to important health benefits if maintained. Beginner running groups provide supportive training programs to help people progress from walking to sustained running. This study explored the characteristics of individuals joining beginner running groups and the outcomes they achieve. New members of beginner running groups (n = 141; mean age 43 years, 122 female) completed online assessments at the start of their group program with 63 participants (45%) also completing a follow-up assessment at the end of the program. Validated scales were used to assess exercise behavior, mental wellbeing, self-efficacy, running identity and social physique anxiety. The majority of participants had low exercise levels at the start of the program (63%, n = 89). By the program end, 47 participants (75% of those completing the follow-up assessment) reported meeting the training goal (running for 30 minutes continuously) with self-efficacy, program adherence and younger age representing significant predictors of success. Significant improvements in exercise levels, mental wellbeing, self-efficacy, running identity and social physique anxiety were observed by the end of the program. In conclusion, beginner running programs attract low active individuals and may lead to improved levels of exercise and psychological outcomes. Additional research is needed to examine the extent to which improvements are sustained longer term.
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OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to assess the feasibility of undertaking a study evaluating the novel Motivational and Psycho-Educational Self-Help Programme for Athletes with Mild Eating Disorder Symptoms (MOPED-A). A mixed-methods approach was adopted to explore the feasibility of recruiting and retaining participants, and to evaluate the acceptability of measures, procedures and the intervention. A secondary aim was to explore the potential efficacy of MOPED-A in reducing athletes' eating disorder symptoms. METHOD: Thirty-five athletes were recruited. Participation involved completing MOPED-A over a 6-week period and completing self-report measures at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2) and 4-week follow-up (T3). A subsample (n = 15) completed an interview at T2. RESULTS: Retention was good throughout the study (n = 28; 80%). Quantitative and qualitative feedback suggested the format, delivery, content and dosage of MOPED-A were acceptable. Athletes valued that the intervention was tailored to them, and this facilitated both participation and completion. Over a third of participants reported disclosing their eating difficulties and deciding to seek further support. Large reductions in eating disorder symptoms were detected at T2 and sustained at T3. CONCLUSIONS: The MOPED-A intervention can be feasibly implemented, is acceptable to participants, and demonstrates potential for reducing symptoms in athletes. A larger, controlled trial is warranted.
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Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Motivação , Estudos de Viabilidade , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Humanos , AutorrelatoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Positive and negative influences from teammates (e.g., supportive teammate friendships, modelling of teammates' disordered eating) have been associated with athletes' eating/exercise psychopathology. However, research is yet to explore how an athlete's psychological well-being and gender may impact upon these relationships. This study aimed to explore whether psychological well-being mediates the relationship between teammate influences and eating/exercise psychopathology, and to determine whether gender moderates the significant mediation effects identified. METHOD: Athletes (N = 195, mean age 18.35 years, n = 110 female, n = 81 lean sport athletes) completed a survey three times over an 8-month period exploring teammate influences, psychological well-being (self-esteem, anxiety, depression) and eating/exercise psychopathology. Mediation and moderated-mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Higher levels of anxiety significantly mediated the positive relationships between bulimia modelling and teammate pressure with eating and exercise psychopathology. Higher levels of depression significantly mediated the positive relationship between teammate pressure and body dissatisfaction, and the negative relationship between supportive friendships and body dissatisfaction. Higher levels of self-esteem mediated both inverse relationships between supportive friendships and a lower drive for thinness (fully) and body dissatisfaction (partially). Gender did not significantly moderate any mediation relationships. DISCUSSION: Male and female athletes with poor psychological well-being (i.e., high levels of anxiety or depression) are more susceptible to negative teammate influences, while athletes with good psychological well-being (i.e., high self-esteem) reap the protective benefits of supportive teammate friendships. Understanding the circumstances under which teammates are influential is vital for the development of targeted intervention and prevention strategies to reduce athlete eating and exercise psychopathology.
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Atletas/psicologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Negociação/métodos , Psicopatologia/métodos , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the nature of interventions addressing eating psychopathology in athletes, identify the characteristics of successful interventions, and review the efficacy of interventions at reducing or preventing eating psychopathology. METHOD: SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO were searched to identify studies addressing eating psychopathology in athletes, which included an outcome measure of disordered eating. RESULTS: Seventeen studies (11 randomised controlled trials, six nonrandomised trials) reporting data on 13 interventions were included. The methodological quality was observed to be generally low. All interventions (11 implemented in North America) were delivered face to face in groups with variable duration and intensity. Thirteen studies reported significant reductions in athletes' eating psychopathology following the intervention, with seven reporting sustained effects (small to moderate). Successful interventions were characterised by higher intervention dosage, higher retention, and incorporated a focus on self-esteem and self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: The complex nature of interventions, combined with a lack of evaluation data and poor methodological quality, limits the scaling and refinement of many interventions. Future research should explore other modes of delivery, collect evaluation data, and adhere to clearer study reporting. Doing this will consequently improve the development and delivery of effective eating psychopathology interventions offered to athletes more widely.
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Atletas/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Psicopatologia/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Teammates have a powerful influence on athletes' eating attitudes/behaviours, but less is known about the relative importance of teammate influence mechanisms. The primary aim of this study was to explore the relationships and predictive associations between teammate influences (e.g., modelling of teammates' disordered eating; supportive teammate friendships) and athletes' eating and exercise attitudes and behaviours. A further aim was to identify the presence of any gender differences. Athletes (Nâ¯=â¯1172, mean age 24 years, nâ¯=â¯727 female) completed a survey exploring multiple teammate influences, eating and exercise attitudes and behaviours, and psychological wellbeing (anxiety, depression, self-esteem). Many significant relationships were identified between teammate influences and eating/exercise psychopathology. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that a perceived pressure from teammates to lose weight/change shape and perceptions that teammates engaged in disordered eating practices were the best predictors of higher eating and exercise psychopathology. Supportive teammate friendships was the best predictor of lower eating psychopathology and higher levels of healthy exercise behaviours. Encouragement/discouragement to eat healthily were also significant predictors. Teammate influences explained more variance in exercise than eating psychopathology, and total variance explained by teammates was higher for females compared to males. Teammates may have a positive and negative influence on the eating and exercise attitudes/behaviours of athletes; however, gender differences are apparent. Understanding teammate influences on the eating and exercise practices of athletes is important for the development of team-based interventions to reduce or prevent disordered eating and exercise. Future research should explore these relationships longitudinally, considering the role of moderating factors (e.g., sport type, stage of season).
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Atletas/psicologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Influência dos Pares , Adolescente , Adulto , Atitude , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicopatologia , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between the use of food intake and activity monitoring tools with compulsive exercise, eating psychopathology, and psychological wellbeing. METHOD: Participants (N = 352; mean age 21.90 years) indicated their use of activity and food intake monitoring tools, and completed the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET), Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). RESULTS: Users of monitoring tools reported significantly higher CET and EDE-Q scores than nonusers. Positive associations were detected between the frequency of activity monitoring tool use with CET and EDE-Q scores. Participants who reported using monitoring tools primarily to manage weight and shape reported higher levels of eating and compulsive exercise psychopathology than those who reported using tools to improve health and fitness. DISCUSSION: Features of compulsive exercise and eating psychopathology are elevated among users of food intake and activity monitoring tools; and particularly among those who report using the tools for weight and shape purposes. Longitudinal and experimental research is needed to further our understanding of these observed associations, and specifically to explore the prospective relationships between monitoring tool use, eating psychopathology, and compulsive exercise.
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Comportamento Compulsivo/psicologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Psicopatologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The present study assessed the suitability of the Compulsive Exercise Test (athlete version; CET-A) for identifying female athletes with clinically significant features related to or comparable with eating psychopathology. Three hundred and sixty-one female athletes (including 12 with a clinically diagnosed eating disorder) completed the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire and the CET-A. Receiver operating curve analysis was employed to identify a cut-off value on the CET-A, which could indicate clinically significant features related to or comparable with eating psychopathology among female athletes. The analysis demonstrated that a CET-A score of 10 successfully discriminated female athletes with a current eating disorder. The results suggest that the CET-A may be a suitable tool for detecting eating psychopathology in female athletes. Additional longitudinal research is needed to evaluate the predictive value of the CET-A. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Atletas/psicologia , Comportamento Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Adulto , Atletas/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Compulsivo/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The present study used an open-ended survey to collect information about current eating practices and coping strategies among 218 retired female athletes. An inductive and deductive thematic analysis revealed three themes relevant to the intuitive eating framework-permission to eat; recognizing internal hunger and satiety cues; and eating to meet physical and nutritional needs. Athletes described feeling liberated with regards to their eating following retirement from sport, and for some this included an alleviation of disordered eating practices. These changes, however, required an effortful process of recalibration, during which athletes had to relearn and reinterpret their body's physiological signals of hunger and satiety. Additional research is needed to understand just how this process unfolds and how retired athletes can be supported in developing a healthier and more adaptive approach to eating.
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Atletas/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Fome/fisiologia , Intuição/fisiologia , Aposentadoria/psicologia , Saciação/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Clinical eating disorders are common among athletes; however research has yet to explore the process of seeking and receiving treatment for an eating disorder in this population. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 female athletes currently receiving treatment for an eating disorder. A total of three themes emerged: challenges to treatment seeking, feeling out of place, and coping with exercise transitions. Athletes reported low levels of eating disorder literacy and lacked motivation to engage with therapy due to a lack of perceived relevance. Athletes found it challenging to relinquish exercise behaviours in treatment and expressed concerns around managing a return to sport. It may be necessary to provide additional support to athletes when embarking on and leaving treatment programs, particularly with regards to managing expectations about exercise.
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Atletas/psicologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Adulto , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
High dropout rates and poor levels of engagement are well documented for patients with eating disorders. Utilising motivational techniques and providing psycho-education have been suggested as ways to reduce treatment disengagement. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a newly developed motivational and psycho-educational (MOPED) guided self-help intervention for people with eating disorders on engagement and retention in therapy. Patients who received MOPED pre-treatment (n = 79) were compared with a diagnosis-matched group of patients receiving treatment as usual (TAU; n = 79). The study found that patients receiving MOPED had a higher engagement rate than those within the TAU group. Specifically, patients in the anorexic spectrum were found to present with both higher rates of engagement and completion of therapy when issued with MOPED in comparison with TAU. Self-help packages using motivational style could be a valuable and cost-effective intervention for patients with eating disorders.
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Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Motivação , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Autocuidado/psicologia , Adulto , Anorexia Nervosa/psicologia , Anorexia Nervosa/terapia , Bulimia Nervosa/psicologia , Bulimia Nervosa/terapia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pacientes Desistentes do Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This research aimed to construct and psychometrically test a measure of multiple sociocultural dimensions (i.e. family, peers, media) theoretically associated with exercise behaviours/attitudes in adolescents; the Sociocultural Influences on Exercise Behaviours in Adolescents Questionnaire (SIEBAQ). METHODS AND MEASUREMENT: Part 1 of this study focused on measure construction and psychometric testing, involving item generation and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to refine the item pool, with 905 adolescents (Mage 13.66 years (SD = 0.94); girls = 442). Part 2 sought to explore the convergent validity of the SIEBAQ (n = 846; n = 414 girls). RESULTS: EFA resulted in a 47-item measure with a nine-factor structure (including social media modelling, parent exercise expectations, peer co-participation; α = 0.72-0.92). Correlations revealed weak-moderate significant relationships between the SIEBAQ and related constructs (e.g. compulsive exercise, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance). Regression analyses with the SIEBAQ identified social media modelling of exercise as a significant predictor of compulsive exercise in boys and girls. Proving exercise ability to significant others also significantly predicted compulsive exercise outcomes. CONCLUSION: This newly developed measure holds promise. Further psychometric testing and validation of the SIEBAQ is the recommended next step to confirm the measure's nine-factor structure identified through EFA.
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In the absence of a single comprehensive systematic review of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions across all settings, we reviewed the methodological quality, effectiveness and efficacy of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions on irrational/rational beliefs. We explored the impact of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy on wider outcomes (e.g., mental health) and identified the characteristics of successful interventions. PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed were systematically searched up to December 2023 with 162 Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy intervention studies identified which included a validated measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Where possible, effect size for irrational/rational belief change was reported and data was analysed through a qualitative approach. Using the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool, methodological quality within the Sport and Exercise domain was assessed as good, whilst all other domains were considered low in quality, with insufficient detail provided on intervention characteristics and delivery. Most studies were conducted in the United States, within the Education domain, and assessed irrational beliefs in non-clinical adult samples. Overall, studies reported significant reductions in irrational beliefs, increases in rational beliefs and improvements in mental health outcomes (e.g., depression). More successful interventions were delivered by trained Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy practitioners, adopted the ABC framework and were longer in duration. We highlight the importance of designing and conducting rigorous future Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy research to generate clearer insights as to its impact on irrational/rational beliefs and mental health outcomes.
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Terapia Comportamental , Humanos , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Saúde MentalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) is a condition that is associated with negative health and performance outcomes in athletes. Insufficient energy intake relative to exercise energy expenditure, resulting in low energy availability, is the underlying cause, which triggers numerous adverse physiological consequences including several associated with musculoskeletal (MSK) health and neuromuscular performance. PURPOSE: This commentary aims to (1) discuss the health and performance implications of REDs on the skeletal and neuromuscular systems and (2) examine the role that MSK training (ie, strength and plyometric training) during treatment and return to performance following REDs might have on health and performance in athletes, with practical guidelines provided. CONCLUSIONS: REDs is associated with decreases in markers of bone health, lean body mass, maximal and explosive strength, and muscle work capacity. Restoration of optimal energy availability, mainly through an increase in energy intake, is the primary goal during the initial treatment of REDs with a return to performance managed by a multidisciplinary team of specialists. MSK training is an effective nonpharmacological component of treatment for REDs, which offers multiple long-term health and performance benefits, assuming the energy needs of athletes are met as part of their recovery. Supervised, prescribed, and gradually progressive MSK training should include a combination of resistance training and high-impact plyometric-based exercise to promote MSK adaptations, with an initial focus on achieving movement competency. Progressing MSK training exercises to higher intensities will have the greatest effects on bone health and strength performance in the long term.
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Desempenho Atlético , Deficiência Energética Relativa no Esporte , Humanos , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Volta ao Esporte/fisiologia , Exercício Pliométrico , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologiaRESUMO
Different family interactions related to body weight and shape may co-occur and represent a broader 'family body culture'. This may be important in the context of COVID-19 due to a heightened focus on body weight/shape, and many young adults living back with their families. This study aimed to, first, explore relationships between different family body-related interactions to assess the presence of a family body culture, and second, explore relationships between aspects of family body culture, disordered eating and mental health among young adult females during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 233 females aged 18-25 years who completed measures of family body culture (family fat talk; family weight concern; family weight teasing), disordered eating, anxiety and depression. Results showed all aspects of family body culture were significantly, positively related. Engaging in fat talk with family members (self fat talk) was a key correlate of disordered eating, anxiety and depression. Family concern with weight was also significantly associated with disordered eating. Findings suggest that among some families there is a more problematic family body culture with a greater importance placed on body weight and shape through various body-related interactions. Additionally, findings highlight two key aspects of family body culture related to disordered eating and wellbeing among young adult females. Specifically, vocalising critical remarks about one's own body when with family and an environment that may indirectly communicate a high importance of body weight and shape (e.g., via dieting). These should be considered in future family interventions to support healthy eating behaviours.
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COVID-19 , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Imagem Corporal/psicologia , Saúde Mental , Pandemias , Satisfação Pessoal , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/epidemiologia , Peso CorporalRESUMO
COVID-19 has caused unprecedented disruption to everyday life. Unsurprisingly, this has resulted in increased prevalence of poor mental wellbeing. While previous mental health issues have been consistently flagged as a risk factor, the absence of these may also leave individuals vulnerable due to a lack of psychological coping strategies. This study explored the change in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and trauma in 167 females who provided data at four timepoints over the course of the first year of the pandemic. There was a significant effect of time on the extent of the change in depression but, for all wellbeing measures, those with current or previous mental health issues experienced a similar magnitude of change as those with no previous issues. This suggests that low-risk individuals may be faring worse, relatively. Ensuring that this group is not overlooked will be imperative in protecting and re-building the wellbeing of the nation.
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BACKGROUND: Research to date has identified a relationship between exercise in adolescence and 4 sociocultural influences: peers, family, media, and technology. Less is known, however, about the role that these sociocultural influences play in driving adolescents' exercise behaviors and attitudes, particularly social media and fitness tracking technology use. This study aimed to investigate how and why sociocultural factors are linked to exercise behaviors and attitudes in adolescent boys and girls. METHODS: Eight focus groups were conducted in UK secondary schools with fifty-five 12- to 16-year-old adolescents (M = 14.11; SD = 1.49; n = 27 females). Following transcription and thematic analysis, 2 key themes were identified: (1) exercise pressures and (2) modeling exercise behaviors and attitudes. RESULTS: Exercise pressures were reported to stem from parental and peer expectations around exercise, and from feeling pressure to meet externally prescribed fitness tracking technology goals. Adolescents also reported modeling the exercise behaviors of their parents or peers for social affiliation and as a means to achieve socially endorsed "ideal" body types. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need for exercise interventions to consider the importance of exercise-related messages from others and tendencies toward conformity as a result of sociocultural expectations around exercise in adolescents.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Exercício Físico , Adolescente , Atitude , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Associado , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
Critical comments from parents or coaches about weight or shape have been associated with athletes' body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. However, research is yet to explore how critical comments from an athlete's teammates may impact on eating and exercise psychopathology. This study aimed to (1) explore whether athletes who reported receiving a teammate critical comment have higher eating/exercise psychopathology and poorer psychological wellbeing versus matched athletes who have not, (2) determine whether gender differences exist in the perceived severity of critical comments and (3) evaluate the moderating role of gender when establishing the relative importance of explicit teammate critical comments versus implicit teammate influences (e.g., modelling) on eating/exercise psychopathology. Athletes (N = 646, Mage=23 years, n = 391 female) completed a survey exploring explicit/implicit teammate influences, psychological wellbeing (self-esteem, anxiety, depression) and eating/exercise psychopathology. Athletes receiving a teammate critical comment (n = 323) had significantly higher eating/exercise psychopathology, anxiety, and lower self-esteem compared to those who had not (n = 323). Females (n = 196) perceived the severity of the comment to be significantly worse than males (n = 127). Explicit critical comments had a greater influence on athletes' eating/exercise psychopathology versus implicit teammate influences. Disordered eating/compulsive exercise prevention efforts with athlete populations should highlight the detrimental impact that athletes' comments can have on teammates' wellbeing and body satisfaction.