Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 14 de 14
Filtrar
1.
Cell ; 179(3): 589-603, 2019 10 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31607513

RESUMO

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have focused primarily on populations of European descent, but it is essential that diverse populations become better represented. Increasing diversity among study participants will advance our understanding of genetic architecture in all populations and ensure that genetic research is broadly applicable. To facilitate and promote research in multi-ancestry and admixed cohorts, we outline key methodological considerations and highlight opportunities, challenges, solutions, and areas in need of development. Despite the perception that analyzing genetic data from diverse populations is difficult, it is scientifically and ethically imperative, and there is an expanding analytical toolbox to do it well.


Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Técnicas de Genotipagem/métodos , Genética Humana/métodos , Confiabilidade dos Dados , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional/métodos , Genética Populacional/normas , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/normas , Técnicas de Genotipagem/normas , Genética Humana/normas , Humanos , Linhagem
2.
Nature ; 604(7906): 437-446, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35444317

RESUMO

The human reference genome is the most widely used resource in human genetics and is due for a major update. Its current structure is a linear composite of merged haplotypes from more than 20 people, with a single individual comprising most of the sequence. It contains biases and errors within a framework that does not represent global human genomic variation. A high-quality reference with global representation of common variants, including single-nucleotide variants, structural variants and functional elements, is needed. The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium aims to create a more sophisticated and complete human reference genome with a graph-based, telomere-to-telomere representation of global genomic diversity. Here we leverage innovations in technology, study design and global partnerships with the goal of constructing the highest-possible quality human pangenome reference. Our goal is to improve data representation and streamline analyses to enable routine assembly of complete diploid genomes. With attention to ethical frameworks, the human pangenome reference will contain a more accurate and diverse representation of global genomic variation, improve gene-disease association studies across populations, expand the scope of genomics research to the most repetitive and polymorphic regions of the genome, and serve as the ultimate genetic resource for future biomedical research and precision medicine.


Assuntos
Genoma Humano , Genômica , Genoma Humano/genética , Haplótipos/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Análise de Sequência de DNA
4.
Am J Hum Genet ; 107(1): 72-82, 2020 07 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32504544

RESUMO

Genetics researchers and clinical professionals rely on diversity measures such as race, ethnicity, and ancestry (REA) to stratify study participants and patients for a variety of applications in research and precision medicine. However, there are no comprehensive, widely accepted standards or guidelines for collecting and using such data in clinical genetics practice. Two NIH-funded research consortia, the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) and Clinical Sequencing Evidence-generating Research (CSER), have partnered to address this issue and report how REA are currently collected, conceptualized, and used. Surveying clinical genetics professionals and researchers (n = 448), we found heterogeneity in the way REA are perceived, defined, and measured, with variation in the perceived importance of REA in both clinical and research settings. The majority of respondents (>55%) felt that REA are at least somewhat important for clinical variant interpretation, ordering genetic tests, and communicating results to patients. However, there was no consensus on the relevance of REA, including how each of these measures should be used in different scenarios and what information they can convey in the context of human genetics. A lack of common definitions and applications of REA across the precision medicine pipeline may contribute to inconsistencies in data collection, missing or inaccurate classifications, and misleading or inconclusive results. Thus, our findings support the need for standardization and harmonization of REA data collection and use in clinical genetics and precision health research.


Assuntos
Coleta de Dados/normas , Testes Genéticos/normas , Adulto , Criança , Etnicidade , Feminino , Variação Genética/genética , Genômica/normas , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina de Precisão/normas , Proibitinas , Inquéritos e Questionários
7.
Hum Mutat ; 39(11): 1713-1720, 2018 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30311373

RESUMO

The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Ancestry and Diversity Working Group highlights the need to develop guidance on race, ethnicity, and ancestry (REA) data collection and use in clinical genomics. We present quantitative and qualitative evidence to characterize: (1) acquisition of REA data via clinical laboratory requisition forms, and (2) information disparity across populations in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) at clinically relevant sites ascertained from annotations in ClinVar. Our requisition form analysis showed substantial heterogeneity in clinical laboratory ascertainment of REA, as well as marked incongruity among terms used to define REA categories. There was also striking disparity across REA populations in the amount of information available about clinically relevant variants in gnomAD. European ancestral populations constituted the majority of observations (55.8%), allele counts (59.7%), and private alleles (56.1%) in gnomAD at 550 loci with "pathogenic" and "likely pathogenic" expert-reviewed variants in ClinVar. Our findings highlight the importance of implementing and supporting programs to increase diversity in genome sequencing and clinical genomics, as well as measuring uncertainty around population-level datasets that are used in variant interpretation. Finally, we suggest the need for a standardized REA data collection framework to be developed through partnerships and collaborations and adopted across clinical genomics.


Assuntos
Variação Genética/genética , Alelos , Etnicidade , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Mutação , Proibitinas
8.
Nature ; 538(7624): 161-164, 2016 10 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27734877
10.
Genome Med ; 14(1): 6, 2022 01 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35039090

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Identification of clinically significant genetic alterations involved in human disease has been dramatically accelerated by developments in next-generation sequencing technologies. However, the infrastructure and accessible comprehensive curation tools necessary for analyzing an individual patient genome and interpreting genetic variants to inform healthcare management have been lacking. RESULTS: Here we present the ClinGen Variant Curation Interface (VCI), a global open-source variant classification platform for supporting the application of evidence criteria and classification of variants based on the ACMG/AMP variant classification guidelines. The VCI is among a suite of tools developed by the NIH-funded Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Consortium and supports an FDA-recognized human variant curation process. Essential to this is the ability to enable collaboration and peer review across ClinGen Expert Panels supporting users in comprehensively identifying, annotating, and sharing relevant evidence while making variant pathogenicity assertions. To facilitate evidence-based improvements in human variant classification, the VCI is publicly available to the genomics community. Navigation workflows support users providing guidance to comprehensively apply the ACMG/AMP evidence criteria and document provenance for asserting variant classifications. CONCLUSIONS: The VCI offers a central platform for clinical variant classification that fills a gap in the learning healthcare system, facilitates widespread adoption of standards for clinical curation, and is available at https://curation.clinicalgenome.org.


Assuntos
Variação Genética , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Testes Genéticos , Genômica
11.
Pharmgenomics Pers Med ; 12: 257-271, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31686892

RESUMO

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed important links between genetic markers across the human genome and phenotypic traits, including risk factors for disease. Studies have shown that GWAS continue to be overwhelmingly conducted on people of primarily European descent, despite the fact that the vast majority of human genomic variation is present in non-European populations such as those in Africa. To enhance our understanding of diversity in the pharmacogenomics and precision medicine literature, this review provides a window into the representation of biogeographical populations that have been studied for pharmacogenetic traits, such as enzyme metabolism and adverse drug response. Using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ontology search terms in PubMed, studies were identified that are either population-based, or include a description of the study population on the basis of biological or environmental diversity. The results of this scoping review indicate that the majority of relevant papers (>95% of studies tagged in PubMed with MeSH terms "precision medicine" or "pharmacogenetics", N=23,701) are not annotated with the "population group" MeSH term, suggesting that the majority of studies in this literature are not population-based, or the authors chose not to describe the study population. Among those studies related to pharmacogenetics or precision medicine that are specific to human population groups (N=1006) and were included in the analysis after filtering and screening on eligibility criteria (N=192), the majority of single-population studies included individuals of African, Asian, and European origins, or genetic ancestry. Combining studies of single and multiple populations, 33% involve participants of Asian origin or ancestry; 30% European; 24% African; 10% Hispanic or Latino; and < 3% American Indian or Alaska Native. These data provide a baseline for future comparison, indicating which biogeographic groups have informed the pharmacogenomic knowledgebase specific to diverse human populations. Challenges and potential solutions to improve diversity in the field and in genetics research more broadly are discussed.

12.
Clin Pharmacol Ther ; 105(5): 1256-1262, 2019 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30506572

RESUMO

The varying frequencies of pharmacogenetic alleles among populations have important implications for the impact of these alleles in different populations. Current population grouping methods to communicate these patterns are insufficient as they are inconsistent and fail to reflect the global distribution of genetic variability. To facilitate and standardize the reporting of variability in pharmacogenetic allele frequencies, we present seven geographically defined groups: American, Central/South Asian, East Asian, European, Near Eastern, Oceanian, and Sub-Saharan African, and two admixed groups: African American/Afro-Caribbean and Latino. These nine groups are defined by global autosomal genetic structure and based on data from large-scale sequencing initiatives. We recognize that broadly grouping global populations is an oversimplification of human diversity and does not capture complex social and cultural identity. However, these groups meet a key need in pharmacogenetics research by enabling consistent communication of the scale of variability in global allele frequencies and are now used by Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB).


Assuntos
Genética Populacional/métodos , Mapeamento Geográfico , Farmacogenética/métodos , Grupos Populacionais , Classificação , Frequência do Gene , Variação Genética , Humanos , Testes Farmacogenômicos , Grupos Populacionais/classificação , Grupos Populacionais/genética , Topografia Médica
13.
PLoS One ; 13(8): e0200250, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30142216

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Lower vitamin D levels are found in people with schizophrenia and depressive disorders, and also associated with neuroimaging abnormalities such as reduced brain volume in both animals and humans. Reduced whole brain and increased ventricular volume are also systematically reported in schizophrenia. Even though vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as a risk mechanism for schizophrenia there exist no studies to date of the association between vitamin D levels and brain volume in this population. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between vitamin D levels and brain phenotypes in psychotic disorders, and assessed possible interactions with genetic variants in vitamin D receptor (VDR) and other genetic variants that play a role in vitamin D levels in the body. METHODS: Our sample consisted of 83 psychosis patients and 101 healthy controls. We measured vitamin D levels as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. All participants were genotyped and neuroimaging conducted by structural magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Vitamin D levels were significantly positively associated with peripheral grey matter volume in patients (ß 860.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 333.4-1466, p < .003). A significant interaction effect of BSML marker (rs1544410) was observed to mediate the association between patient status and both white matter volume (ß 23603.3; 95% CI 2732.8-48708.6, p < .05) and whole brain volume (ß 46670.6, 95% CI 8817.8-93888.3, p < .04). Vitamin D did not predict ventricular volume, which rather was associated with patient status (ß 4423.3, 95% CI 1583.2-7267.8p < .002) and CYP24A1 marker (rs6013897) (ß 2491.5, 95% CI 269.7-4978.5, p < .04). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study of the association between vitamin D levels and brain volume in patients with psychotic disorders that takes into account possible interaction with genetic polymorphisms. The present findings warrant replication in independent samples.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Psicóticos/sangue , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico por imagem , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Vitamina D3 24-Hidroxilase/genética , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Encéfalo/patologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Transtornos Psicóticos/genética , Vitamina D/sangue , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/patologia
14.
BMC Proc ; 10(Suppl 7): 357-362, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27980662

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Estimating relationships among subjects in a sample, within family structures or caused by population substructure, is complicated in admixed populations. Inaccurate allele frequencies can bias both kinship estimates and tests for association between subjects and a phenotype. We analyzed the simulated and real family data from Genetic Analysis Workshop 19, and were aware of the simulation model. RESULTS: We found that kinship estimation is more accurate when marker data include common variants whose frequencies are less variable across populations. Estimates of heritability and association vary with age for longitudinally measured traits. Accounting for local ancestry identified different true associations than those identified by a traditional approach. Principal components aid kinship estimation and tests for association, but their utility is influenced by the frequency of the markers used to generate them. CONCLUSIONS: Admixed families can provide a powerful resource for detecting disease loci, as well as analytical challenges. Allele frequencies, although difficult to adequately estimate in admixed populations, have a strong impact on the estimation of kinship, ancestry, and association with phenotypes. Approaches that acknowledge population structure in admixed families outperform those which ignore it.

SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA