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1.
Molecules ; 28(23)2023 Nov 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38067489

RESUMO

Pharmaceutical companies are investigating more source matrices for natural bioactive chemicals. Friedelin (friedelan-3-one) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from various plant species from different families as well as mosses and lichen. The fundamental compounds of these friedelane triterpenoids are abundantly found in cork tissues and leaf materials of diverse plant genera such as Celastraceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae. They possess many pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Friedelin also has an anti-insect effect and the ability to alter the soil microbial ecology, making it vital to agriculture. Ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and acid hydrolysis extract friedelin with reduced environmental impact. Recently, the high demand for friedelin has led to the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and gene overexpression plasmids to produce friedelin using genetically engineered yeast. Friedelin with low cytotoxicity to normal cells can be the best phytochemical for the drug of choice. The review summarizes the structural interpretation, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, quantification, and various forms of pharmacological significance.


Assuntos
Triterpenos , Humanos , Triterpenos/química , Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos
2.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol ; 39(7): 171, 2023 Apr 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37101059

RESUMO

Characterization of new potential probiotics is desirable in the field of research on probiotics for their extensive use in health and disease. Tribes could be an unusual source of probiotics due to their unique food habits and least dependence on medications and consumption of antibiotics. The aim of the present study is to isolate lactic acid bacteria from tribal fecal samples of Odisha, India, and characterize their genetic and probiotic attributes. In this context one of the catalase-negative and Gram-positive isolates, identified using 16S rRNA sequencing as Ligilactobacillus salivarius, was characterized in vitro for its acid and bile tolerance, cell adhesion and antimicrobial properties. The whole genome sequence was obtained and analyzed for strain level identification, presence of genomic determinants for probiotic-specific features, and safety. Genes responsible for its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions were detected. The secreted metabolites were analyzed using high resolution mass spectroscopy; the results indicated that the antimicrobial potential could be due to the presence of pyroglutamic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, homoserine, and glutathione, and the immuno-modulating activity, contributed by the presence of short chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. So, to conclude we have successfully characterized a Ligilactobacillus salivarius species with potential antimicrobial and immunomodulatory ability. The health-promoting effects of this probiotic strain and/or its derivatives will be investigated in future.


Assuntos
Ligilactobacillus salivarius , Probióticos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Genômica
3.
Prostate ; 80(15): 1341-1352, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32835423

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The role of microbiota in the pathophysiology of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), especially in creating an inflammatory milieu may not be avoided. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial composition of BPH tissues, its association with inflammation and check the effect of clinically isolated bacteria on prostate epithelial cells. METHODS: The study includes 36 patients with a pathological diagnosis of BPH. Following strict aseptic measures, tissues were collected after transurethral resection of prostate, multiple pieces of the resected tissues were subjected to histopathological analysis, bacterial culture and genomic DNA extraction. Microbial composition was analyzed by culture and/or next-generation sequencing methods. Annotation of operational taxonomy unit has been done with an in-house algorithm. The extent of inflammation was scored through histological evaluation of tissue sections. The effect of clinical isolates on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and induction of DNA-damage in the prostate epithelial cells were evaluated. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis of the BPH tissues showed the presence of inflammation in almost all the tissues with a varied level at different regions of the same tissue section and the level of overall inflammation was different from patients to patients. Microbial culture of tissue samples showed the presence of live bacteria in 55.5% (20 out of 36) of the patient tissues. Majority of the isolates were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, E. coli and Micrococcus spp. Further, V3 16S rRNA sequencing of the DNA isolated from BPH tissues showed the presence of multiple bacteria and the most common phylum in the BPH tissues were found to be Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The E. coli, isolated from one of the tissue was able to activate NF-κB and induce DNA damage in prostate epithelial cells. Phospho-histone γH2A.X staining confirmed the presence of cells with damaged DNA lesion in BPH tissues and also correlated with the severity of inflammation. CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that the BPH tissues do have a divergent microbial composition including the commonly found E. coli (phylum Proteobacteria), and these bacteria might contribute to the BPH-associated inflammation and/or tissue damage. The BPH-associated E. coli induced NF-κB signaling and DNA damage in prostate epithelial cells in vitro.


Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Inflamação/microbiologia , Próstata/microbiologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Humanos , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Próstata/patologia , Próstata/cirurgia , Hiperplasia Prostática/patologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/cirurgia , Ressecção Transuretral da Próstata
4.
J Nanobiotechnology ; 15(1): 44, 2017 Jun 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28606090

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the potential to serve as an alternative to antibiotic. AMPs usually exert bactericidal activity via direct killing of microbial pathogens. Reports have proposed that by harnessing innate immune activation, AMPs can regulate pathogen invasion and may control infection. It has been reported that AMPs could be utilized to activate the innate mucosal immune response in order to eliminate pathogenic infections. This way of controlling pathogen infection, by activating host immunity, confers the potential to the select AMPs to alleviate the problem of antibiotic resistance. Among various AMPs tested LL-37 and indolicidin, showed promise to be potential candidates for eliciting enhanced host innate immune responses. LL-37 and indolicidin had exhibited substantial innate immune activation in both human and murine macrophages. Dosage for each of the AMPs, however, was high with adverse side effects. RESULTS: In this study, we reported that upon conjugation with carbon nanotubes (CNT), each AMP remained biologically functional at a concentration that was 1000-fold less than the dosage required for free AMP to remain active in the cells. CONCLUSIONS: Current study also revealed that while indolicidin induced signalling events mediated through the TNFRSF1A pathway in THP1 cells, followed by activation of NFκB and c-JUN pathways, treatment of cells with LL-37 induced signalling events by activating IL1R, with subsequent activation of NFκB and NFAT2. Thp1 cells, primed with CNT conjugated LL-37 or indolicidin, are protected against Salmonella typhimurium infection at 16 h post challenge.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Animais , Antibacterianos/química , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/química , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Camundongos , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/microbiologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Infecções por Salmonella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Salmonella/imunologia , Salmonella typhimurium/imunologia , Catelicidinas
5.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38345744

RESUMO

Isolation and characterization of probiotics from traditional fermented food have contributed many beneficial strains to the field of health and nutritional sciences. Handia, a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage popular in different parts of Odisha, was our source of isolation. This study characterizes one such potential bacteria, Levilactobacillus brevis ILSH3 (H3) isolated from Handia. The investigation for the probiotic attributes as per ICMR-DBT guidelines qualified the checkpoint assays like acid and bile tolerance, bile salt hydrolase activity, antimicrobial properties, and pathogen exclusion ability. The whole genome sequence of H3 (2,460,966 bp in size with GC content of 45.62%) was subjected to comparative genome analysis for its taxonomic identification and validation of probiotic potential. Various genes pertaining to its probiotic potential were identified in the genome and it showed zero matches against any pathogenic families. Metabolite profiling of cell-free supernatant using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of essential amino acids, short-chain fatty acids, antimicrobial molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, and flavor/aroma-enhancing compounds. Immunomodulatory property investigation using Bioplex and qRT-PCR showed a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in L. brevis ILSH3-treated Caco-2 cells. Collectively, the results demonstrate that this Handia-origin bacteria Levilactobacillus brevis ILSH3 possesses desirable attributes of a probiotic, which is now open for nutritional and health biologists to explore. This new probiotic strain may show promising results when utilized in healthcare or functional foods.

6.
Front Microbiol ; 13: 878297, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35711771

RESUMO

Background: Dysbiosis/imbalance in the gut microbial composition triggers chronic inflammation and promotes colorectal cancer (CRC). Modulation of the gut microbiome by the administration of probiotics is a promising strategy to reduce carcinogenic inflammation. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Methods: In this study, we presented a systematic network, meta-analysis, and molecular docking studies to determine the plausible mechanism of probiotic intervention in diminishing CRC-causing inflammations. Results: We selected 77 clinical, preclinical, in vitro, and in vivo articles (PRISMA guidelines) and identified 36 probiotics and 135 training genes connected to patients with CRC with probiotic application. The meta-analysis rationalizes the application of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of CRC. An association network is generated with 540 nodes and 1,423 edges. MCODE cluster analysis identifies 43 densely interconnected modules from the network. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of the top scoring and functionally significant modules reveal stress-induced metabolic pathways (JNK, MAPK), immunomodulatory pathways, intrinsic apoptotic pathways, and autophagy as contributors for CRC where probiotics could offer major benefits. Based on the enrichment analyses, 23 CRC-associated proteins and 7 probiotic-derived bacteriocins were selected for molecular docking studies. Results indicate that the key CRC-associated proteins (e.g., COX-2, CASP9, PI3K, and IL18R) significantly interact with the probiotic-derived bacteriocins (e.g., plantaricin JLA-9, lactococcin A, and lactococcin mmfii). Finally, a model for probiotic intervention to reduce CRC-associated inflammation has been proposed. Conclusion: Probiotics and/or probiotic-derived bacteriocins could directly interact with CRC-promoting COX2. They could modulate inflammatory NLRP3 and NFkB pathways to reduce CRC-associated inflammation. Probiotics could also activate autophagy and apoptosis by regulating PI3K/AKT and caspase pathways in CRC. In summary, the potential mechanisms of probiotic-mediated CRC prevention include multiple signaling cascades, yet pathways related to metabolism and immunity are the crucial ones.

7.
Biosci Rep ; 42(3)2022 03 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35234249

RESUMO

Inteins are auto-processing domains that implement a multistep biochemical reaction termed protein splicing, marked by cleavage and formation of peptide bonds. They excise from a precursor protein, generating a functional protein via covalent bonding of flanking exteins. We report the kinetic study of splicing and cleavage reaction in [Fe-S] cluster assembly protein SufB from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu). Although it follows a canonical intein splicing pathway, distinct features are added by extein residues present in the active site. Sequence analysis identified two conserved histidines in the N-extein region; His-5 and His-38. Kinetic analyses of His-5Ala and His-38Ala SufB mutants exhibited significant reductions in splicing and cleavage rates relative to the SufB wildtype (WT) precursor protein. Structural analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that Mtu SufB displays a unique mechanism where two remote histidines work concurrently to facilitate N-terminal cleavage reaction. His-38 is stabilized by the solvent-exposed His-5, and can impact N-S acyl shift by direct interaction with the catalytic Cys1. Development of inteins as biotechnological tools or as pathogen-specific novel antimicrobial targets requires a more complete understanding of such unexpected roles of conserved extein residues in protein splicing.


Assuntos
Exteínas , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Histidina/genética , Inteínas/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Processamento de Proteína
8.
Chem Biol Drug Des ; 97(4): 865-892, 2021 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33314595

RESUMO

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are getting prodigious interest currently in the biomedical and diagnostic field as an extremely powerful tool because of their potentiality to hybridize with natural nucleic acids. Although PNA has strong affinity and sequence specificity to DNA/RNA, there is a considerable ongoing effort to further enhance their special chemical and biological properties for potential application in numerous fields, notably in the field of therapeutics. The toolbox for backbone modified PNAs synthesis has been extended substantially in recent decades, providing a more efficient synthesis of peptides with numerous scaffolds and modifications. This paper reviews the various strategies that have been developed so far for the modification of the PNA backbone, challenging the search for new PNA systems with improved chemical and physical properties lacking in the original aegPNA backbone. The various practical issues and limitations of different PNA systems are also summarized. The focus of this review is on the evolution of PNA by its backbone modification to improve the cellular uptake, sequence specificity, and compatibility of PNA to bind to DNA/RNA. Finally, an insight was also gained into major applications of backbone modified PNAs for the development of biosensors.


Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Ácidos Nucleicos Peptídicos/química , Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodos , DNA/química , DNA/metabolismo , Sondas de Ácido Nucleico/química , Sondas de Ácido Nucleico/metabolismo , Ácidos Nucleicos Peptídicos/metabolismo , RNA/química , RNA/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo
9.
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins ; 13(4): 1138-1156, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33537958

RESUMO

With the alarming rise of infected cases and deaths, COVID-19 is a pandemic, affecting 220 countries worldwide. Until now, no specific treatment is available against SARS-CoV-2. The causal virus SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects lung cells, leading to respiratory illness ranging in severity from the common cold to deadly pneumonia. This, with comorbidities, worsens the clinical outcome, particularly for immunosuppressed individuals with COVID-19. Interestingly, the commensal gut microbiota has been shown to improve lung infections by modulating the immune system. Therefore, fine-tuning of the gut microbiome with probiotics could be an alternative strategy for boosting immunity and treating COVID-19. Here, we present a systematic biological network and meta-analysis to provide a rationale for the implementation of probiotics in preventing and/or treating COVID-19. We have identified 90 training genes from the literature analysis (according to PRISMA guidelines) and generated an association network concerning the candidate genes linked with COVID-19 and probiotic treatment. The functional modules and pathway enrichment analysis of the association network clearly show that the application of probiotics could have therapeutic effects on ACE2-mediated virus entry, activation of the systemic immune response, nlrp3-mediated immunomodulatory pathways, immune cell migration resulting in lung tissue damage and cardiovascular difficulties, and altered glucose/lipid metabolic pathways in the disease prognosis. We also demonstrate the potential mechanistic domains as molecular targets for probiotic applications to combat the viral infection. Our study, therefore, offers probiotics-mediated novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 warfare.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Probióticos , Antivirais , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2
10.
Chemosphere ; 282: 131135, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34470171

RESUMO

Hexavalent chromium is a highly toxic element generated due to indiscriminate chromite mining in Sukinda, Odisha. In the present research investigation a relatively higher Cr(VI) resistant (900 mg L-1) bacterium CWB-54 was isolated from the chromite mine water. Based on the biochemical and molecular analysis the strain (CWB-54) was identified as Exiguobacterium mexicanum. When this bacterium was grown at 35 °C, 100 rpm, pH~8.0, and fructose as an electron donor, it could reduce the total hexavalent chromium (100 mg L-1) supplemented in the medium within 33 h of incubation period. Though experiment was carried out to study the effect of Mn, Ni, Cd, Hg and Zn on Cr(VI) reduction by the strain E. mexicanum it has been observed that in the presence of Cd and Hg, Cr(VI) reduction drastically decreased. Characterization of Cr(VI) reduced product by SEM-EDX and TEM analysis revealed intracellular and extracellular Cr(III) deposition in the bacterium, which is assumed to be Cr(OH)3 precipitate in nanometric size. But the extracellular chromate reductase enzyme production is found to be negligible as compared to the intracellular enzyme production. The increased concentration of Cr(VI) above (1000 mg L-1) also showed the genotoxic effect on the DNA. Several reports have been published on Exiguobacterium sp. on different scientific aspect but the current report on the reduction of toxic Cr(VI) by a new species E. mexicanum is a novel one which established the potentiality of this microorganism for a broad area of application.


Assuntos
Exiguobacterium , Solo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Cromo , Oxirredução
11.
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins ; 11(3): 887-904, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29909486

RESUMO

Gut microbiota play important role in maintaining health. Probiotics are believed to augment it further. We aimed at comparing effects of probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Bacillus clausii (BC) (a) on the gut microbiota abundance and diversity and (b) their contributions to control intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation in Th1- and Th2-biased mice following Salmonella infection. We report how could gut microbiota and the differential immune bias (Th1 or Th2) of the host regulate host responses when challenged with Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of either of the probiotics. LA was found to be effective in ameliorating the microbial dysbiosis and inflammation caused by Salmonella infection, in Th1 (C57BL/6) and Th2 (BALB/c)-biased mouse. BC was able to ameliorate Salmonella-induced dysbiosis and inflammation in Th2 but not in Th1-biased mouse. These results may support probiotics LA as a treatment option in the case of Salmonella infection.


Assuntos
Bacillus clausii/fisiologia , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Disbiose/tratamento farmacológico , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactobacillus acidophilus/fisiologia , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Salmonella/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Diarreia/imunologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Disbiose/imunologia , Disbiose/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Infecções por Salmonella/imunologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia
12.
Biol Open ; 7(8)2018 Aug 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30082376

RESUMO

Regulation of adipogenesis, the root cause for obesity, is very poorly understood. However, studies have presented evidence of immuno-metabolic regulation of adipose tissue during periods of chronic psychological stress, leading to adverse conditions related to stress manifestation, including visceral obesity and atherosclerosis. Despite pronounced association of hormonal markers of stress with dys-regulated metabolic states, the contributing signalling events are yet to be established. It is apparent that to understand contributing signalling events we need a model. Although an in vivo model is preferred, it is difficult to establish. The current report, therefore, presents an in vitro model system for the simulation of adipose tissue in a chronic stress micro-environment by growing pre-adipocytes with macrophages in the presence and absence of stress hormones. In this report, effects of cortisol and serotonin on the kinetics of immune and metabolic changes in adipocytes and macrophage (alone and co-cultured) was studied through whole genome transcriptome profiling. A transition from pro- to anti-inflammatory response in the immune profile of pre-adipocytes, with increasing time in co-culture with macrophages, was observed. This transition was reversed by stress hormones cortisol and/or serotonin.

13.
Eur J Cell Biol ; 97(7): 483-492, 2018 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30097291

RESUMO

Epidemiological studies implicate stress as an important factor contributing to the increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders. Studies have correlated visceral obesity and atherosclerosis with hyper-cortisolemia, a sequela of chronic psychological stress in humans and animals. Although several hormonal markers of stress have been associated with various metabolic disorders, the mechanism by which these hormones alter metabolic functions have not been established. We used an in vitro model system, culturing 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages in the presence or absence of cortisol, to analyze cell signaling pathways mediating changes in metabolic functions. Our analysis revealed that cortisol up-regulated the expression and function of two serotonin (S) receptors, HTR2c and HTR5a. HTR2c and HTR5a were also directly involved in mediating cortisol enhanced adipogenesis when pre-adipocytes were cultured alone or in the presence of macrophages. Finally, cortisol treatment of pre-adipocytes co-cultured with macrophages enhanced adipogenesis in both macrophages and pre-adipocytes.


Assuntos
Adipócitos/imunologia , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/farmacologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Receptor 5-HT2C de Serotonina/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Adipogenia/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Técnicas de Cocultura , Lipídeos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7 , Receptor 5-HT2C de Serotonina/genética , Receptores de Serotonina/genética , Serotonina/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos
14.
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins ; 8(2): 73-84, 2016 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27038159

RESUMO

Probiotic and potential probiotic bacterial strains are routinely prescribed and used as supplementary therapy for a variety infectious diseases, including enteric disorders among a wide range of individuals. While there are an increasing number of studies defining the possible mechanisms of probiotic activity, a great deal remains unknown regarding the diverse modes of action attributed to these therapeutic agents. More precise information is required to support the appropriate application of probiotics. To address this objective, we selected two probiotics strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus MTCC-10307 (LA) and Bacillus clausii MTCC-8326 (BC) that are frequently prescribed for the treatment of intestinal disorders and investigated their effects on the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Our results reveal that LA and BC are potent activators of both metabolic activity and innate immune responses in these cells. We also observed that LA and BC possessed similar activity in preventing infection simulated in vitro in murine macrophages by Salmonella typhimurium serovar enterica.


Assuntos
Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Lactobacillus acidophilus/fisiologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Probióticos , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiologia , Animais , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Células RAW 264.7
15.
PLoS One ; 10(4): e0123905, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25876153

RESUMO

Antibiotic resistance is concern of today's world. Search for alternative molecules, for treatment and immune stimulation, remains at the forefront. One such group of biomolecules with promise, along the line of immune stimulation or therapy, is host defense peptide (HDP). These molecules, however, are required at a higher dose to be effective which leads to high cost. To alleviate such problems, an aid can be used to achieve similar efficacy but at a smaller effective dose of the immune stimulant. We hypothesised that by conjugating HDPs with carbon nanotubes and/or gold nanoparticles, it would be possible to stimulate a protective immune response in host system at a lower dosage of HDP. In this report, we characterized, using biophysical methodologies, conjugation of Indolicidin, as a representative of HDP. We further established efficacy of peptide-nanomaterial conjugates in activating innate immunity and protecting against pathogen infection in vitro at a significantly small dose.


Assuntos
Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/química , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Ouro/química , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Citocinas/genética , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Humanos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/ultraestrutura , Camundongos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , NF-kappa B/genética , Nanotubos de Carbono/ultraestrutura , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiologia , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Termodinâmica
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