RESUMO
Infection with Aphanomyces invadans is a serious fish disease with major global impacts. Despite affecting over 160 fish species, some of the species like the common carp Cyprinus carpio are resistant to A. invadans infection. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptomes of head kidney of common carp experimentally infected with A. invadans. In time course analysis, 5288 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DEGs), of which 731 were involved in 21 immune pathways. The analysis of immune-related DEGs suggested that efficient processing and presentation of A. invadans antigens, enhanced phagocytosis, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and increased recruitment of leukocytes to the sites of infection contribute to resistance of common carp against A. invadans. Herein, we provide a systematic understanding of the disease resistance mechanisms in common carp at molecular level as a valuable resource for developing disease management strategies for this devastating fish-pathogenic oomycete.
Assuntos
Carpas/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/genética , Infecções/genética , Transcriptoma , Animais , Aphanomyces/patogenicidade , Carpas/imunologia , Carpas/microbiologia , Quimiocinas/genética , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/metabolismo , Infecções/imunologia , FagocitoseRESUMO
Columnaris disease, caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is one of the important bacterial diseases responsible for large-scale mortalities in numerous freshwater fishes globally. This disease can cause up to 100% mortality within 24â¯h of infection and is considered to be a cause of concern for aquaculture industry. Despite being a serious disease, scarce information is available regarding host-pathogen interaction, particularly the modulation of different immune genes in response to F. columnare infection. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to study expression of important immune regulatory genes, namely IL-1ß, iNOS, INF-γ, IL-10, TGF-ß, C3, MHC-I and MHC-II in gills and kidney of Catla catla following experimental infection with F. columnare. The expression analysis of immune genes revealed that transcript levels of IL-1ß, iNOS, IL-10, TGF-ß, C3 and MHC-I were significantly up-regulated (pâ¯<â¯0.05) in both the organs of the infected catla. IFN-γ and MHC-II were up-regulated in gills of infected catla whereas, both the genes showed down-regulation in kidney. The results indicate that important immune genes of C. catla are modulated following infection with F. columnare. The knowledge thus generated will strengthen the understanding of molecular pathogenesis of F. columnare in Indian major carp C. catla.
Assuntos
Carpas/genética , Carpas/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Animais , Infecções por Flavobacteriaceae/imunologia , Flavobacterium/fisiologiaRESUMO
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) is an important candidate species for diversification of freshwater aquaculture in India. However, high mortality rate during larval rearing is the most serious bottleneck in commercial production of this species. A proper understanding of the ontogenic development of digestive system provides the basis to understand the nutritional physiology of larvae and develop appropriate feeding strategies. In the present study, the ontogenical development of the digestive tract in H. fossilis larvae was studied from hatching until 30 day post-hatching (dph) at 29 °C. At hatching (2.8 ± 0.2 mm standard length, SL), the digestive tract was undifferentiated and attached dorsally to the yolk sac. At 1 dph (2.9 ± 0.2 mm SL), the mouth opened and oral valves were visible. At 2 dph (3.0 ± 0.3 mm SL), goblet cells were observed in the buccoparyngaeal cavity. At this age, exogenous feeding started and the intestine was differentiated into the anterior and posterior regions, and the rudimentary liver and pancreas were also seen. Small supranuclear vacuoles were observed in the enterocytes of the posterior intestine at 2 dph. Zymogen granules were observed in acinar cells of pancreas by 3 dph, and islets of Langerhans were visible at 4 dph (3.5 ± 0.1 mm SL). At the same age, most of the yolk sac reserves were consumed, whereas they were completely exhausted by 5 dph (3.9 ± 0.5 mm SL). Between 4 and 6 dph, the liver elongated in size and started to accumulate lipids in the hepatocytes. Gastric glands were detected at 4 dph, and the pyloric sphincter was completely differentiated at 9 dph (6.1 ± 0.4 mm SL) as an epithelial fold that separated stomach from the anterior intestine. By 13 dph (8.6 ± 0.2 mm SL), profuse gastric glands were visible inside longitudinal mucosal folds of the stomach. The formation of gastric glands and their development were noticed as the last events in the development of the digestive tract in H. fossilis. This indicated the end of the larval period and the commencement of the juvenile stage. Considering these observations, it is suggested that H. fossilis larvae have a morphologically complete digestive tract by 13 dph. The findings of the study on the development of the digestive system in H. fossilis may help in synchronising the larval stage of development and feeding strategies and would be helpful in improving larval rearing techniques for catfish species.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trato Gastrointestinal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Envelhecimento , Animais , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
SUBJECT AND METHODS: A total of 40 patients (M:F::26:14; age range: 37-84yrs; mean: 64.1yrs) with known chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (ranging from mild to severe), referred for a stress myocardial perfusion study, were included in this study over a period of one year. All patients underwent adenosine stress in a titrated protocol and pre-infusion of short acting bronchodilator salbutamol 2 puffs few minutes prior to start adenosine infusion. In a fraction of 26 patients, pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed and used in addition to clinical examination to classify the severity of pulmonary obstruction. On the basis of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) on PFT, 4 patients had a mild disease (FEV1 60%-80%), 17 had a moderate obstructive disease (FEV1 41%-59%) and 4 had severe COPD/asthma (FEV1 <40%) while 2 patients had normal >95% FEV1. Post-stress questionnaire to assess subjective tolerance and symptoms were undertaken for all patients. RESULTS: The results demonstrated an excellent tolerance to adenosine infusion in this group of patients, with adequate stress achieved in all. None had complaints of severe dyspnoea or respiratory distress requiring medical intervention. Thirteen patients had mild to moderate degree dyspnoea during infusion. The study included a significant number of 23 elderly patients (>65 years), who showed better tolerance than the younger patients. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study in patients with COPD who referred for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, the feasibility and safety of adenosine in a graded protocol along with a good pre-stress assessment and a short acting bronchodilator treatment was documented.
Assuntos
Adenosina/farmacologia , Asma/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem de Perfusão do Miocárdio/efeitos adversos , Imagem de Perfusão do Miocárdio/métodos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/diagnóstico por imagem , Segurança , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenosina/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Asma/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/fisiopatologia , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton ÚnicoRESUMO
Chlamydial infections are recognised as causative agent of epitheliocystis, reported from over 90 fish species. In the present study, the farmed striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (14-15 cm, 70-90 g) with a history of cumulative mortality of about 23% during June and July 2015, were brought to the laboratory. The histopathological examination of gills from the affected fish revealed presence of granular basophilic intracellular inclusions, mostly at the base of the interlamellar region and in gill filaments. A concurrent infection with Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. and Dactylogyrus spp. was observed in the gills. The presence of chlamydial DNA in the gills of affected fish was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. BLAST-n analysis of these amplicons revealed maximum similarity (96%) with Candidatus Actinochlamydia clariae. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, it was inferred that the epitheliocystis agents from striped catfish were novel and belonged to the taxon Ca. Actinochlamydia. It is proposed that epitheliocystis agents from striped catfish will be named as Ca. Actinochlamydia pangasiae. The 16S rRNA gene amplicons from novel chlamydiae were labelled and linked to inclusions by in situ hybridisation. This is the first report of epitheliocystis from India in a new fish host P. hypophthalmus.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato , Chlamydiales/classificação , Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Brânquias/patologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Animais , Chlamydiales/genética , Chlamydiales/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Brânquias/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/patologia , Índia , Filogenia , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
A disease outbreak was reported in adult koi, Cyprinus carpio koi, from a fish farm in Kerala, India, during June 2015. The clinical signs were observed only in recently introduced adult koi, and an existing population of fish did not show any clinical signs or mortality. Microscopic examination of wet mounts from the gills of affected koi revealed minor infestation of Dactylogyrus sp. in a few koi. In bacteriological studies, only opportunistic bacteria were isolated from the gills of affected fish. The histopathological examination of the affected fish revealed necrotic changes in gills and, importantly, virus particles were demonstrated in cytoplasm of gill epithelial cells in transmission electron microscopy. The tissue samples from affected koi were negative for common viruses reported from koi viz. cyprinid herpesvirus 3, spring viraemia of carp virus, koi ranavirus and red sea bream iridovirus in PCR screening. However, gill tissue from affected koi carp was positive for carp edema virus (CEV) in the first step of nested PCR, and sequencing of PCR amplicons confirmed infection with CEV. No cytopathic effect was observed in six fish cell lines following inoculation of filtered tissue homogenate prepared from gills of affected fish. In bioassay, the symptoms could be reproduced by inoculation of naive koi with filtrate from gill tissue homogenate of CEV-positive fish. Subsequently, screening of koi showing clinical signs similar to koi sleepy disease from different locations revealed that CEV infection was widespread. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection with CEV in koi from India.
Assuntos
Carpas/virologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Iridoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Aquicultura , Carpas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Células Cultivadas , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/virologia , Brânquias/virologia , Índia , Iridoviridae/classificação , Iridoviridae/genéticaRESUMO
Macrophages play a significant role in non-specific defense mechanisms of all vertebrates against pathogens. One critical element in the area of fish immunology is the unavailability of in-vitro model of immune cells. Therefore, it is essential to develop methods for harvesting and culture of macrophages for assessing innate immune functions of rohu, Labeo rohita, an important culture fish of India. Head kidney leukocytes from were isolated by density gradient sedimentation, so as to exclude other cells. Among isolated leukocytes, only macrophages showed the unique property of sustained adherence on plastic surfaces. These cells exhibited optimum growth at 28 degrees C in L-15 containing 20% FBS. Cultured head kidney macrophages (HKM) demonstrated the property of phagocytosis as evidenced by engulfment of yeast cells. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (20 microg/ml) resulted in functional activation of macrophages as seen by enhanced reactive oxygen and nitrite production; and lysosomal enzyme activity. These results show that in-vitro model of HKM cells can be used to study the role of macrophages in innate immune responses against various immunomodulators.
Assuntos
Cyprinidae/imunologia , Rim Cefálico/imunologia , Macrófagos/fisiologia , Animais , Separação Celular , Rim Cefálico/citologia , Lisossomos/enzimologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Nitritos/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
The oomycete Aphanomyces invadans causes epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), a World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed disease that has seriously impacted a wide range of fish worldwide. Currently, only three conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are recommended for the detection of A. invadans. The robust quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay has recently become more important due to its highly accurate nature and the applicability of qPCR-based environmental DNA (eDNA) detection in the monitoring of pathogens in aquatic environments. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel TaqMan probe-based qPCR method to sensitively and quantitatively detect A. invadans. The assay limit of detection was determined using 10-fold serial dilutions of linearized A. invadans plasmid. Assay sensitivity was assessed in the presence of interfering substances and compared to three WOAH-listed primers using the mycelia and zoospores of A. invadans with and without fish muscle tissue. The assay specificity was also theoretically and experimentally assessed against other oomycetes, fish muscle tissue, and water samples. The assay's repeatability and reproducibility were determined. In this study, the limit of detection of the developed assay was 7.24 copies of A. invadans genomic DNA per reaction (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.75 to 19.05 copies/reaction). The assay showed the same sensitivity in the presence of other substances. Compared to the WOAH-recommended PCR assays, this assay had 10-times higher sensitivity for all tested samples. There were no cross-reactions with other closely related oomycetes, fish muscle, or water samples, indicating that the assay was highly specific for A. invadans. The repeatability and reproducibility tests showed little variation, ranging from 0.1-0.9% and 0.04-1.1%, respectively, indicating the high consistency, repeatability, and reliability of the developed assay. This highly rapid, sensitive, specific, and consistent EUS qPCR assay would be of importance in transboundary disease management and the monitoring of pathogens in aquatic environments.
Assuntos
Aphanomyces , Doenças dos Peixes , Oomicetos , Animais , Aphanomyces/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Peixes , Água , Doenças dos Peixes/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A Population-Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) was set up in Sikkim (a state in the North Eastern India) in 2003. We examined incidence rates by ethnic groups from 2003-2008. METHODS: Age-adjusted incidence rates (AARs) per 100,000 person-years were calculated by direct method using the world standard population, and analysed by ethnic group (Bhutia, Rai and other). RESULT: There were a total of 1148 male and 1063 female cases of cancer between 2003 and 2008 on the Sikkim PBCR. The overall AARs were 89.4 and 99.4 per 100,000 person-years in males and females, respectively. Incidence rates were highest amongst the Bhutia group (AAR=172.4 and 147.4 per 100,000 person-years in males and females, respectively), and the largest difference in rates were observed for stomach cancers with AARs being 12.6 and 4.7 times higher in the Bhutia group compared with other ethnic groups in males and females, respectively. CONCLUSION: These observations call for further epidemiological investigations and the introduction of screening programmes.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Etnicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Sistema de Registros , Siquim/epidemiologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
The ontogeny of the digestive tract was studied histologically in butter catfish Ompok bimaculatus from hatching to 30 days post-hatching (dph). At hatching, the digestive tract of butter catfish consisted of a straight tube with a smooth lumen dorsally attached to the yolk sac. Between 1 and 2 dph, the mouth opened, oral valves were visible and canine-like teeth and taste buds were detected. During this period, intestine was differentiated into the anterior and posterior intestine, and the digestive accessory glands were also developed. Exogenous feeding started at 2 dph, and there was a 2-day mixed endogenous-exogenous feeding period. Most of the yolk sac reserves were consumed between 2 and 3 dph, and by 5 dph, the yolk sac was completely depleted and no longer visible in histological sections. Between 3 and 4 dph, several vacuoles (neutral lipids) were observed in the intestine and also in hepatocytes, indicating a functional absorption of nutrients from food. At 8 dph, differentiation of gastric glands was noticed, and by 9-11 dph, there were abundant gastric tubular glands arranged along numerous longitudinal folds. During the same period, pyloric sphincter appeared as an epithelial fold that separated the stomach from the anterior intestine. From 12 dph to the end of the study at 30 dph, no noticeable histological modifications were observed. The development of gastric glands is considered as the last major events in digestive tract development and their presence designates the end of larval period and the onset of the juvenile period. Hence, it is suggested that, butter catfish larvae have a morphologically complete digestive tract by 12 dph. These findings on the development of the digestive system in butter catfish may lead to a better understanding of the ontogeny and would be useful to improve the larval rearing techniques of this promising catfish species for freshwater aquaculture diversification.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trato Gastrointestinal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Envelhecimento , Animais , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aumento de Peso , Saco Vitelino/fisiologiaRESUMO
The tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a highly infectious negative-sense single-stranded segmented RNA virus, has caused several outbreaks worldwide since its first report from Israel in 2014, and continues to pose a major threat to the global tilapia industry. Despite its economic importance, little is known about the underlying mechanisms in the genomic evolution of this highly infectious viral pathogen. Using phylogenomic approaches to the genome sequences of TiLV isolates from various geographic regions, we report on the pervasive role of reassortment, selection, and mutation in TiLV evolution. Our findings provided the evidence of genome-wide reassortment in this newly discovered RNA virus. The rate of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitutions was less than one (dN/dSâ¯=â¯0.076 to 0.692), indicating that each genomic segment has been subjected to purifying selection. Concurrently, the rate of nucleotide substitution for each genomic segment was in the order of 1-3â¯×â¯10-3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year, which is comparable to the rate of other RNA viruses. Collectively, in line with the results of the previous studies, our results demonstrated that reassortment is the dominant force in the evolution and emergence of this highly infectious segmented RNA virus.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Vírus de RNA , Tilápia , Vírus não Classificados , Vírus , Animais , Vírus de DNA , Nucleotídeos , Vírus de RNA/genéticaRESUMO
In the satellite data era starting from 1979, the extent of Antarctic sea ice increased moderately for the first 37 years. However, the extent decreased to record low levels from 2016 to 2020, with the drop being greatest in the Weddell and Lazarev Seas of the Southern Ocean. An important question for the scientific fraternity and policymakers is to understand what ocean-atmospheric processes triggered such a rapid decline in sea ice. We employ in-situ, satellite, and atmospheric reanalysis data to examine the causative mechanism of anomalous sea ice variability in the Lazarev Sea at a time of ice growth in the annual cycle (March-April 2019), when a cargo ship was stuck in extensive ice cover and freed following the unusual decline in sea ice. High-resolution Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar captured a distinct view of the ship location and track within extensive ice cover of fast sea ice, dense pack ice, and icebergs in the Lazarev Sea on 27 March 2019. Subsequently, the sea ice cover declined and reached the fourth lowest extent in the entire satellite record during April 2019 which was 25.6% lower than the long-term mean value of 2.65 × 106 km2. We show that the anomalous sea ice variability was due to the occurrence of eastward-moving polar cyclones, including a quasi-stationary explosive development that impacted sea ice through extreme changes in ocean-atmospheric conditions. The cyclone-induced dynamic (poleward propagation of ocean waves and ice motion) and thermodynamic (heat and moisture plumes from midlatitudes, ocean mixed layer warming) processes coupled with high tides provided a conducive environment for an exceptional decline in sea ice over the region of ship movement.
Assuntos
Camada de Gelo , Navios , Regiões Antárticas , Oceanos e Mares , Água do Mar/análiseRESUMO
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177lutetium (Lu)-labeled somatostatin analogs is a promising new tool in the management of patients with inoperable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Some of these patients may present with carcinoid syndrome and it is known that rarely carcinoid crisis can be precipitated by surgical or other interventions in these patients. However, there are anecdotal reports of carcinoid crisis after Lu-labeled peptide therapy. We are reporting our experience of successful management of one such case of carcinoid crisis which was precipitated by Lu therapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Brônquicas/radioterapia , Tumor Carcinoide/patologia , Lutécio/efeitos adversos , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Brônquicas/patologia , Tumor Carcinoide/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PrognósticoRESUMO
Aphanomyces invadans, the causative agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome, is one of the most destructive pathogens of freshwater fishes. To date, the disease has been reported from over 160 fish species in 20 countries and notably, this is the first non-salmonid disease that has resulted in major impacts globally. In particular, Indian major carps (IMCs) are highly susceptible to this disease. To increase our knowledge particularly with regards to host immune response against A. invadans infection in a susceptible host, the gene expression profile in head kidney of A. invadans-infected and control rohu, Labeo rohita was investigated using RNA sequencing. Time course analysis of RNA-Seq data revealed 5608 differentially expressed genes, involved among others in Antigen processing and presentation, Leukocyte transendothelial migration, IL-17 signaling, Chemokine signaling, C-type lectin receptor signaling and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. In the affected pathways, a number of immune genes were found to be downregulated, suggesting an immune evasion strategy of A. invadans in establishing the infection. The information generated in this study offers first systematic mechanistic understanding of the host-pathogen interaction that might underpin the development of new management strategies for this economically devastating fish-pathogenic oomycete A. invadans.
Assuntos
Aphanomyces/patogenicidade , Cyprinidae/microbiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Micoses/veterinária , Animais , Cyprinidae/genética , Cyprinidae/imunologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Doenças dos Peixes/etiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Rim Cefálico/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , TranscriptomaRESUMO
India is the second largest fish producing country in the world with production of 12.6 million tonnes (mt) in 2017-18, and Indian major carps (IMCs) contribute bulk of this fish production. Catla, Catla catla is the fastest growing species among IMCs. However, the survival rate of catla during larval rearing is normally lower than the other IMCs i.e rohu Labeo rohita, and mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala. Continuous efforts are devoted for the identification of nutritional and environmental requirements of fish larvae in order to reduce hatchery mortalities. However, very little information is available regarding physiology of the immune system, especially during the late larval and juvenile stages. Hence, understanding the ontogenetic development of immune-relevant genes in the larval stages of catla will serve as the markers for the development of immune competence and thereby, will be beneficial in developing effective immune intervention strategies. In the present study, expression profiles of some of the important innate (IL-1ß, IL-10, iNOS and C3) and adaptive immune (RAG-1, Ikaros, IgM and IgZ) genes during ontogenetic developmental stages and in different tissues of catla were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed that immune genes IL-1ß, C3, IgM and IgZ were detected in the unfertilized eggs indicating their maternal inheritance. Immune genes, IL-1ß, IL-10 and iNOS were expressed significantly during initial larval developmental stages whereas C3, RAG-1, Ikaros, IgM and IgZ showed significant expression during advanced stages of larval development in catla i.e. from 23 days post hatch (dph). Study of tissue distribution pattern of the genes indicated that innate immune genes were ubiquitously expressed in different tissues with varying degree of expression, whereas adaptive immune genes were predominantly expressed in lymphoid organs of catla. The information thus generated will improve knowledge on the maturation of the immune system in catla and will aid in deciding the appropriate age for vaccination in this teleost species.
Assuntos
Carpas/genética , Carpas/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/genética , Imunidade Adaptativa/genética , Animais , Cyprinidae/genética , Cyprinidae/imunologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Larva/genética , Larva/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of studies evaluating the prognostic role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) changes in viral encephalitis. PURPOSE: To study MRI and SPECT changes in patients with viral encephalitis, and to correlate these changes with clinical findings and outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During 1997-2006, 31 encephalitis patients (aged 2-60 years; nine females, 22 males) underwent both MRI and SPECT studies. Their demographic and clinical data and 6-month outcome were recorded. For the diagnosis of encephalitis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out. Cranial MRI was done on a 1.5T scanner, and 99mTc ethylene cysteine dimer (ECD) SPECT using a gamma camera. Outcome was defined at 6 months as complete, partial, or poor recovery. RESULTS: 19 patients had Japanese encephalitis (JE), one had herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), and 11 had nonspecific encephalitis. Movement disorders were present in 21, parkinsonian features in 19, and dystonia in 16 patients. MRI was abnormal in 20 patients, and revealed thalamic involvement in 17, basal ganglia in eight, brainstem in 11, and cortical in two. SPECT revealed hypoperfusion in 22 patients, which was cortical in 11, thalamic in 10, basal ganglia in six, and midbrain in one. Cortical involvement was more frequently found by SPECT and brainstem involvement by MRI. Outcome of encephalitis did not differ in the different groups of encephalitis and MRI changes. CONCLUSION: MRI and SPECT show a spectrum of findings in encephalitis, but these do not correlate with 6-month outcome.
Assuntos
Encefalite Viral/diagnóstico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Encefalite Viral/diagnóstico por imagem , Encefalite Viral/fisiopatologia , Encefalite Viral/virologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is paucity of studies evaluating the role of asymmetry index (AI) on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). AIM: To evaluate cerebellar perfusion in ICH employing SPECT study and correlate with clinical and CT scan findings. SETTING AND DESIGN: Tertiary care teaching hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 29 patients with ICH were subjected to neurological examination including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Canadian Neurological Stroke Scale (CNS). Clinical features of raised intracranial pressure and herniation were noted. On CT scan, ICH location, volume, ventricular extension and midline (ML) shift were noted. On SPECT, cerebral and cerebellar perfusion was measured semiquantitatively and AI calculated. Outcome was defined at 3 months into poor and good. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had putaminal and 15 thalamic hemorrhages. Their mean age was 59 years. The mean GCS score was 10 and CNS score 2.8. Hematoma was large in five, medium in 16 and small in eight patients. ML shift was present in 15 and hematoma extended to ventricule in 16 patients. On SPECT, cerebellar AI significantly related to ML shift but not with size of hematoma. AI was low in patients with ML shift. Outcome was related to GCS score, ML shift, size of hematoma and cerebellar AI. CONCLUSION: In acute stage of ICH, cerebellar AI is lower in patients with more severe stroke having ML shift.
Assuntos
Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Hematoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomógrafos Computadorizados , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único , Adulto , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Feminino , Escala de Resultado de Glasgow , Hematoma/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Perfusão , Radiografia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicaçõesRESUMO
Occult follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) presenting as distant metastases is a rare occurrence. However, despite being occult in majority of these cases, primary tumor can be detected on thyroid imaging or during surgery. Here, we present an extremely rare case of an occult FTC with overt skeletal metastases in which primary tumor was discernible only on microscopic examination.
RESUMO
A new epithelial cell line, Horabagrus brachysoma fin (HBF), was established from the caudal fin tissue of yellow catfish, H. brachysoma and characterized. This HBF cell line was maintained in Leibovitz's-15 medium supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) and subcultured more than 62 times over a period of 20 months. The HBF cell line consists predominantly of epithelial cells and is able to grow at temperatures between 20 and 35 °C with an optimum temperature of 28 °C. The growth rate of these cells increased as the proportion of FBS increased from 5 to 20 % at 28 °C with optimum growth at the concentrations of 15 % FBS. Partial amplification and sequencing of fragments of two mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and COI confirmed that HBF cell line originated from yellow catfish. The HBF cells showed strong positive reaction to the cytokeratin marker, indicating that it was epithelial in nature. HBF cell line was inoculated with tissue homogenate from juveniles of Sea bass, Lates calcarifer infected with viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV) and found not susceptible to VNNV. The extracellular products of Vibrio cholerae MTCC 3904 were toxic to the HBF cells. These cells were confirmed for the absence of Mycoplasma sp by PCR.
RESUMO
This outbreak report details of a mortality event where Cyprinid herpes virus-2 (CyHV-2) was detected in association with multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish, Carassius auratus, from commercial farms. The goldfish exhibited large scale haemorrhages on the body, fins and gills, lepidorthosis, necrosed gills, protruded anus and shrunken eyes. White nodular necrotic foci in spleen and kidneys were noticed, along with necrosis and fusion of gill lamellae. Transmission electron microscopy of affected tissues revealed the presence of mature virus particles. Involvement of CyHV-2 was confirmed by PCR, sequencing and observed cytopathic effect in koi carp fin cell line along with experimental infection study. A bacterium isolated from the internal organs of affected fish was found to be pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila having resistance to more than 10 classes of antibiotics. We postulate that CyHV-2 was the primary etiological agent responsible for this outbreak with secondary infection by A. hydrophila. The experimental infection trials in Labeo rohita and koi carp by intraperitoneal challenge with CyHV-2 tissue homogenates failed to reproduce the disease in those co-cultured fish species. This is the first report of a viral disease outbreak in organised earthen ornamental fish farms in India and bears further investigation.