RESUMO
An organic product that consists of proprietary blend of fermentation and plant extracts with micronutrients (ACS 5075, Alltech®, Inc., Nicholasville, KY USA) was evaluated against four strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN): Steinernema feltiae (SB12(1), a wild enviroCORE strain and a commercial form e-NEMA), Steinernema carpocapsae (e-NEMA), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The effects on egg hatching and survival of root-knot nematodes (RKN) were also examined. The sensitivity to the product was tested by estimating mortality and survival of EPN infective juveniles (IJ) after 24-hr treatment with four different concentrations of product (4, 7, 8, and 10%) compared with the control in a 96-well plate. There was no significant difference in survival of IJ with 4% product compared to the control. A twofold reduction in survival was observed when the EPN were exposed to the product at 7%. A 10.5% RKN egg hatching was observed when RKN were exposed to 3% ACS 5075 concentration compared to 100% hatching in the untreated. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in juvenile survival was observed at 0.5% treatment, however, it dropped to 0 when 1% and above was used for M. javanica. Juveniles did not survive with all treatment concentrations in the case of M. incognita. The improvement in tomato plant growth and development were also observed when plants were treated with 1 and 3% ACS 5075. The product shows potential as a sustainable soil health alternative causing no harm to beneficial nematodes (EPN) at concentrations below 4%, while is promising against plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) and toward plant growth promotion.An organic product that consists of proprietary blend of fermentation and plant extracts with micronutrients (ACS 5075, Alltech®, Inc., Nicholasville, KY USA) was evaluated against four strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN): Steinernema feltiae (SB12(1), a wild enviroCORE strain and a commercial form e-NEMA), Steinernema carpocapsae (e-NEMA), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The effects on egg hatching and survival of root-knot nematodes (RKN) were also examined. The sensitivity to the product was tested by estimating mortality and survival of EPN infective juveniles (IJ) after 24-hr treatment with four different concentrations of product (4, 7, 8, and 10%) compared with the control in a 96-well plate. There was no significant difference in survival of IJ with 4% product compared to the control. A twofold reduction in survival was observed when the EPN were exposed to the product at 7%. A 10.5% RKN egg hatching was observed when RKN were exposed to 3% ACS 5075 concentration compared to 100% hatching in the untreated. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in juvenile survival was observed at 0.5% treatment, however, it dropped to 0 when 1% and above was used for M. javanica. Juveniles did not survive with all treatment concentrations in the case of M. incognita. The improvement in tomato plant growth and development were also observed when plants were treated with 1 and 3% ACS 5075. The product shows potential as a sustainable soil health alternative causing no harm to beneficial nematodes (EPN) at concentrations below 4%, while is promising against plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) and toward plant growth promotion.
RESUMO
Two formulations of Alltech Crop Science products (ACS), a proprietary blend of fermentation products and plant extracts with micronutrients (ACS5075), and a microbial based product (ACS3048), were tested to understand (1) their impact on the tomato plant immune response and (2) whether they are priming a resistance response in plants against root knot nematodes (RKN). Research findings reported previously indicate that tomato plants pre-treated with ACS5075 and ACS3048 were found less sensitive to Meloidogyne javanica infection. In the current study, the expression of six defence-related genes (PR-1, PR-3, PR-5T, ACO, CAT and JERF 3), relative to a housekeeping gene, were monitored via RT-PCR. Results suggest that the treatment with ACS5075 enhanced ACO and PR-1 gene expression levels, both post- treatment and post-infection with M. javanica. Reduced M. javanica infestation that was reported in the previous study could be attributed to the increased expression of these genes in the ACS5075-treated plants. Tomato plants treated with ACS3048, but without RKN infection, also demonstrated higher levels of ACO and PR-1 gene expression. Subsequently, 2D-gel electrophoresis was performed to study the differential protein expression in leaf tissues of treated tomato plants in an effort to elucidate a possible mechanism of action for these products. Protein spot 1 was identified as 'disease resistance protein RPP13-like', protein spot 2 as 'phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase 2', spot 3 as 'protein SABRE like' and protein spot 4 as 'uncharacterized protein'. Overall research findings indicate that the ACS products could be used as plant immunity-boosting agents, as they play a significant role in the expression of certain genes and proteins associated with plant defence.
RESUMO
Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) cause an overall 9% yield loss of total potato production worldwide. Research on sustainable management of PCN is still under progress. Two microbial fermentation products (MFPs) from Alltech, a proprietary blend formulated with a bacterial fermentation media and a Cu component (MFP5075), and a microbial based product (MFP3048), were evaluated against the PCN Globodera rostochiensis. In laboratory tests, effectiveness of the MFPs was recorded in terms of PCN juveniles (J2) hatching from cysts, J2 mortality and their attraction toward potato roots using pluronic gel. Greenhouse trials were conducted to study the effect of the products on PCN infestation in potato plants and a pilot scale experiment was conducted to study the impact of these MFPs on nematode biodiversity in garden soil. All treatments were performed within a concentration range of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% (v/v) MFP5075 and 2, 6, 10, and 20 g/10 ml (w/v) MFP3048. The attraction assay, juvenile hatching and the PCN infestation in plants results were compared with those in an untreated control and a commercial nematicide (Nemguard™) treatment. After 24 h of treatment with 0.5 and 1% MFP5075, a 13-fold and 43-fold reduction, respectively, relative to J2 survival was recorded compared to that of untreated control. However, no J2 survived at 2% and above concentration of the MFP5075 treatment. Treatment with MFP3048 was effective in causing mortality of J2 only after 48-h. In the attraction assay, a 20-fold and 8-fold reduction in number of J2 attracted toward potato roots was observed, when treated with MFP5075, compared to the untreated and the Nemguard™ treatment, respectively. Subsequently, 30-35 PCN cysts were treated with both products dissolved in potato root diffusate and the results were recorded in terms of number of J2 hatched in each treatment after 10 days. No J2 hatched in the MFP5075 treatment, whereas mean numbers (±SE) of 243 ± 11.5, 30 ± 2.5, and 1.3 ± 0.6 J2 were noted in the untreated control, MFP3048, and the Nemguard™ treatment, respectively. The treatment with the MFPs compromised the integrity of the unhatched J2, which looked granular, whereas the internal organs of the unhatched J2 could be clearly identified in the untreated control. In plant infestation studies, treatment with MFP3048 and MFP5075 caused 90.6 and 84.9 percent reduction in PCN infestation, respectively, in terms of cysts developed on roots compared to untreated control. Overall, results indicate that the MFPs could potentially provide a promising alternative for sustainable PCN management.
RESUMO
Plant parasitic nematodes are a major problem for growers worldwide, causing severe crop losses. Several conventional strategies, such as chemical nematicides and biofumigation, have been employed in the past to manage their infection in plants and spread in soils. However, the search for the most sustainable and environmentally safe practices is still ongoing. This review summarises information on plant parasitic nematodes, their distribution, and their interaction with their host plants, along with various approaches to manage their infestations. It also focuses on the application of microbial and fermentation-based bionematicides that have not only been successful in controlling nematode infection but have also led to plant growth promotion and proven to be environmentally safe. Studies with new information on the relative abundance of plant parasitic nematodes in two agricultural sites in the Republic of Ireland are also reported. This review, with the information it provides, will help to generate an up-to-date knowledge base on plant parasitic nematodes and their management practices.