BCL11B and the NuRD complex cooperatively guard T-cell fate and inhibit OPA1-mediated mitochondrial fusion in T cells.

The nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase (NuRD) complex physically associates with BCL11B to regulate murine T-cell development. However, the function of NuRD complex in mature T cells remains unclear. Here, we characterize the fate and metabolism of human T cells in which key subunits of the NuRD complex or BCL11B are ablated. BCL11B and the NuRD complex bind to each other and repress natural killer (NK)-cell fate in T cells. In addition, T cells upregulate the NK cell-associated receptors and transcription factors, lyse NK-cell targets, and are reprogrammed into NK-like cells (ITNKs) upon deletion of MTA2, MBD2, CHD4, or BCL11B. ITNKs increase OPA1 expression and exhibit characteristically elongated mitochondria with augmented oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity. OPA1-mediated elevated OXPHOS enhances cellular acetyl-CoA levels, thereby promoting the reprogramming efficiency and antitumor effects of ITNKs via regulating H3K27 acetylation at specific targets. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the NuRD complex and BCL11B cooperatively maintain T-cell fate directly by repressing NK cell-associated transcription and indirectly through a metabolic-epigenetic axis, providing strategies to improve the reprogramming efficiency and antitumor effects of ITNKs.

c-Met is a chimeric antigen receptor T-cell target for treating recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Radiation therapy is the standard treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but relapse occurs in 10% to 20% of patients. The treatment of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (rNPC) remains challenging. Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-T-cell therapy has achieved good outcomes in the treatment of leukemia and seems to be a promising therapeutic strategy for solid tumors. c-Met has been found to be highly expressed in multiple cancer types, and the activation of c-Met leads to the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the expression of c-Met in rNPC tissues and whether it can be used as a target for CAR-T therapy in rNPC remain to be investigated. METHODS: We detected the expression of c-Met in 24 primary human rNPC tissues and three NPC cell lines and constructed two different antibody-derived anti-c-Met CARs, namely, Ab928z and Ab1028z. To estimate the function of these two different c-Met-targeted CAR-T cells, CD69 expression, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion of CAR-T cells were assessed after coculture with target cells. A cell line-derived xenograft mouse model also was used to evaluate these two anti-c-Met CAR-T cells. Furthermore, we determined whether combination with an anti-EGFR antibody could promote the antitumor effect of CAR-T cells in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model. RESULTS: High c-Met expression was detected in 23 of 24 primary human rNPC tissues by immunohistochemistry staining and in three NPC cell lines by flow cytometry. Ab928z-T cells and Ab1028z-T cells showed significantly upregulated expression of CD69 after coculture with targeted cells. However, Ab1028z-T cells showed superior cytokine secretion and antitumor activity. Furthermore, Ab1028z-T cells effectively suppressed tumor growth compared with control CAR-T cells, and the combination with nimotuzumab further enhanced the tumor-clearing ability of Ab1028z-T cells. CONCLUSIONS: We found that c-Met is highly expressed in rNPC tissues and confirmed its potential as a CAR-T target for rNPC. Our study provides a new idea for the clinical treatment of rNPC.

UBE2O and USP7 co-regulate RECQL4 ubiquitinylation and homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair.

The human RecQ DNA helicase, RECQL4, plays a pivotal role in maintaining genomic stability by regulating the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair pathway, and is, thus, involved in the regulation of aging and cancer onset. However, the regulatory mechanisms of RECQL4, especially its post-translational modifications, have not been fully illustrated. Here, we report that the E2/E3 hybrid ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UBE2O, physically interacts with RECQL4, and mediates the multi-monoubiquitinylation of RECQL4, subsequently leading to its proteasomal degradation. Functionally, we showed that UBE2O inhibits homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DSBs repair, and this inhibition depends on its E2 catalytic activity and RECQL4 expression. Mechanistically, we showed that UBE2O attenuates the interaction of RECQL4 and DNA damage repair proteins, the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex and CtIP. Furthermore, we show that deubiquitinylase USP7 interacts with both UBE2O and RECQL4, and in that it antagonizes UBE2O-mediated regulation of RECQL4 stability and function. Collectively, we found a novel regulatory mechanism of ubiquitin-mediated regulation of RECQL4 in HR-mediated DSBs repair process.

UBE2O ubiquitinates PTRF/CAVIN1 and inhibits the secretion of exosome-related PTRF/CAVIN1.

BACKGROUND: Exosomes are small vesicles released by cells, which have crucial functions in intercellular communication. Exosomes originated from cell membrane invagination and are released followed by multivesicular bodies (MVBs) fused with the cell membrane. It is known that Polymerase I and Transcript Release Factor (PTRF, also known as Caveolin-associated Protein-1, CAVIN1) plays an important role in caveolae formation and exosome secretion. And PTRF in exosomes has been identified as a potential biomarker in multiple malignancies such as glioma and renal cell carcinoma. However, the mechanisms of how to regulate the secretion of exosome-related PTRF remain unknown. METHODS: We performed exogenous and endogenous immunoprecipitation assays to investigate the interaction between ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O (UBE2O) and PTRF. We identified UBE2O ubiquitinated PTRF using ubiquitination assays. Then, exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electronic microscopy, western blot and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effect of UBE2O on the secretion of exosome-related PTRF was analyzed by western blot, and the effect of UBE2O on exosome secretion was evaluated by exosome markers and the total protein content of exosomes. RESULTS: Here, we showed that UBE2O interacts with PTRF directly and ubiquitinates PTRF. Functionally, we found that UBE2O inhibited the effects of PTRF on exosome secretion via decreasing caveolae formation. Importantly, UBE2O decreased exosome secretion, resulting in downregulating PTRF secretion via exosomes. Our study also identified Serum Deprivation Protein Response (SDPR, also known as Caveolin-associated Protein-2, CAVIN2) interacted with both UBE2O and PTRF. Furthermore, we found that SDPR promotes PTRF expression in exosomes. Interestingly, even in the presence of SDPR, UBE2O still inhibited the secretion of exosome-related PTRF. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that UBE2O downregulated exosome release and controlled the secretion of exosome-related PTRF through ubiquitinating PTRF. Since exosomes play an important role in malignant tumor growth and PTRF included in exosomes is a biomarker for several malignant tumors, increasing UBE2O expression in cells has the potential to be developed as a novel approach for cancer treatment. Video Abstract.

A hybrid hydrogel encapsulating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhances diabetic wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic wound is a severe complication of diabetes. Stem cell is considered as a promising therapy for diabetic skin wounds. Hydrogel can supply niche for cells adhesion and survival to improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy, but the development of hydrogel with suitable properties remains a great challenge. Thus, our study was conducted to combine an optimized hydrogel with stem cell to improve complex diabetic wound treatment. METHODS: This study constructed a hydrogel with low toxicity and adjustable mechanical properties from gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and chitosan-catechol (Chi-C), and encapsulated human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) to repair full-thickness diabetic wound. RESULTS: We explored the relationship between mechanical stiffness and cell proliferation and differentiation potency, and found 10% GelMA hydrogel with an optimal stiffness improved hUMSCs adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation potency maintenance in vitro. Assistant with optimized hydrogel encapsulating hUMSCs, diabetic wound healing process was greatly accelerated, including accelerated wound closure, inhibited secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1ß, promoted vascular regeneration and collagen deposition after treatment of hUMSCs. CONCLUSIONS: The optimized hydrogel encapsulating hUMSCs improved diabetic wound healing, and has a broad implication for the treatment of diabetic complication. Diabetic wound is a severe complication of diabetes. Stem cell is considered as a promising therapy for diabetic skin wounds. Hydrogel can supply niche for cells adhesion and survival to improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy. This study constructed a hydrogel with low toxicity and adjustable mechanical properties from gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and chitosan-catechol (Chi-C), and encapsulated human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) to repair full-thickness diabetic wound. Hydrogel of 10% GelMA with an optimal stiffness improved hUMSCs adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation potency maintenance in vitro. Assistant with optimized hydrogel encapsulating hUMSCs, diabetic wound healing process was greatly accelerated, including accelerated wound closure, inhibited secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1ß, promoted vascular regeneration and collagen deposition after treatment of hUMSCs. The study supplies an alternative treatment for diabetic complication. Hydrogel-hUMSCs combined treatment accelerates wound closure in diabetic mice. A. Representative images of wounds during 21-day in vivo experiments. B. Quantification of wound closure rate (%) over 21-day period. C. HE staining of wounds at days 7, 14 and 21. The bar corresponds to 200 µm.

Gadd45a is a heterochromatin relaxer that enhances iPS cell generation.

Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells rewrites the code of cell fate at the chromatin level. Yet, little is known about this process physically. Here, we describe a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching method to assess the dynamics of heterochromatin/euchromatin and show significant heterochromatin loosening at the initial stage of reprogramming. We identify growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein a (Gadd45a) as a chromatin relaxer in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which also enhances somatic cell reprogramming efficiency. We show that residue glycine 39 (G39) in Gadd45a is essential for interacting with core histones, opening chromatin and enhancing reprogramming. We further demonstrate that Gadd45a destabilizes histone-DNA interactions and facilitates the binding of Yamanaka factors to their targets for activation. Our study provides a method to screen factors that impact on chromatin structure in live cells, and identifies Gadd45a as a chromatin relaxer.

Generation of integration-free neural progenitor cells from cells in human urine.

Human neural stem cells hold great promise for research and therapy in neural disease. We describe the generation of integration-free and expandable human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We combined an episomal system to deliver reprogramming factors with a chemically defined culture medium to reprogram epithelial-like cells from human urine into NPCs (hUiNPCs). These transgene-free hUiNPCs can self-renew and can differentiate into multiple functional neuronal subtypes and glial cells in vitro. Although functional in vivo analysis is still needed, we report that the cells survive and differentiate upon transplant into newborn rat brain.

Valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in Alpers syndrome is associated with mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening-dependent apoptotic sensitivity in an induced pluripotent stem cell model.

UNLABELLED: Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used to treat epilepsy, migraine, chronic headache, bipolar disorder, and as adjuvant chemotherapy, but potentially causes idiosyncratic liver injury. Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), a neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG), is associated with an increased risk of developing fatal VPA hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanistic link of this clinical mystery remains unknown. Here, fibroblasts from 2 AHS patients were reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and then differentiated to hepatocyte-like cells (AHS iPSCs-Hep). Both AHS iPSCs-Hep are more sensitive to VPA-induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis than controls, showing more activated caspase-9 and cytochrome c release. Strikingly, levels of both soluble and oligomeric optic atrophy 1, which together keep cristae junctions tight, are reduced in AHS iPSCs-Hep. Furthermore, POLG mutation cells show reduced POLG expression, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) amount, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production, as well as abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructure after differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells. Superoxide flashes, spontaneous bursts of superoxide generation, caused by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), occur more frequently in AHS iPSCs-Hep. Moreover, the mPTP inhibitor, cyclosporine A, rescues VPA-induced apoptotic sensitivity in AHS iPSCs-Hep. This result suggests that targeting mPTP opening could be an effective method to prevent hepatotoxicity by VPA in AHS patients. In addition, carnitine or N-acetylcysteine, which has been used in the treatment of VPA-induced hepatotoxicity, is able to rescue VPA-induced apoptotic sensitivity in AHS iPSCs-Hep. CONCLUSION: AHS iPSCs-Hep are more sensitive to the VPA-induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway, and this effect is mediated by mPTP opening. Toxicity models in genetic diseases using iPSCs enable the evaluation of drugs for therapeutic targets.

Mitochondrial fusion provides an 'initial metabolic complementation' controlled by mtDNA.

Heteroplasmic cells, harboring both mutant and normal mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs), must accumulate mutations to a threshold level before respiratory activity is affected. This phenomenon has led to the hypothesis of mtDNA complementation by inter-mitochondrial content mixing. The precise mechanisms of heteroplasmic complementation are unknown, but it depends both on the mtDNA nucleoid dynamics among mitochondria as well as the mitochondrial dynamics as influenced by mtDNA. We tracked nucleoids among the mitochondria in real time to show that they are shared after complete fusion but not 'kiss-and-run'. Employing a cell hybrid model, we further show that mtDNA-less mitochondria, which have little ATP production and extensive Opa1 proteolytic cleavage, exhibit weak fusion activity among themselves, yet remain competent in fusing with healthy mitochondria in a mitofusin- and OPA1-dependent manner, resulting in restoration of metabolic function. Depletion of mtDNA by overexpression of the matrix-targeted nuclease UL12.5 resulted in heterogeneous mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at the organelle level in mitofusin-null cells but not in wild type. In this system, overexpression of mitofusins or application of the fusion-promoting drug M1 could partially rescue the metabolic damage caused by UL12.5. Interestingly, mtDNA transcription/translation is not required for normal mitochondria to restore metabolic function to mtDNA-less mitochondria by fusion. Thus, interplay between mtDNA and fusion capacity governs a novel 'initial metabolic complementation'.

Modeling abnormal early development with induced pluripotent stem cells from aneuploid syndromes.

Many human diseases share a developmental origin that manifests during childhood or maturity. Aneuploid syndromes are caused by supernumerary or reduced number of chromosomes and represent an extreme example of developmental disease, as they have devastating consequences before and after birth. Investigating how alterations in gene dosage drive these conditions is relevant because it might help treat some clinical aspects. It may also provide explanations as to how quantitative differences in gene expression determine phenotypic diversity and disease susceptibility among natural populations. Here, we aimed to produce induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines that can be used to improve our understanding of aneuploid syndromes. We have generated iPSCs from monosomy X [Turner syndrome (TS)], trisomy 8 (Warkany syndrome 2), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) and partial trisomy 11;22 (Emanuel syndrome), using either skin fibroblasts from affected individuals or amniocytes from antenatal diagnostic tests. These cell lines stably maintain the karyotype of the donors and behave like embryonic stem cells in all tested assays. TS iPSCs were used for further studies including global gene expression analysis and tissue-specific directed differentiation. Multiple clones displayed lower levels of the pseudoautosomal genes ASMTL and PPP2R3B than the controls. Moreover, they could be transformed into neural-like, hepatocyte-like and heart-like cells, but displayed insufficient up-regulation of the pseudoautosomal placental gene CSF2RA during embryoid body formation. These data support that abnormal organogenesis and early lethality in TS are not caused by a tissue-specific differentiation blockade, but rather involves other abnormalities including impaired placentation.

Chemical screen in zebrafish lateral line identified compounds that ameliorate neomycin-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting ferroptosis pathway.

BACKGROUND: Ototoxicity is a major side effect of many broadly used aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGs) and no FDA-approved otoprotective drug is available currently. The zebrafish has recently become a valuable model to investigate AG-induced hair cell toxicity and an expanding list of otoprotective compounds that block the uptake of AGs have been identified from zebrafish-based screening; however, it remains to be established whether inhibiting intracellular cell death pathway(s) constitutes an effective strategy to protect against AG-induced ototoxicity. RESULTS: We used the zebrafish model as well as in vitro cell-based assays to investigate AG-induced cell death and found that ferroptosis is the dominant type of cell death induced by neomycin. Neomycin stimulates lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation through mitochondrial pathway and blocking mitochondrial ferroptosis pathway effectively protects neomycin-induced cell death. We screened an alkaloid natural compound library and identified seven small compounds that protect neomycin-induced ototoxicity by targeting ferroptosis pathway: six of them are radical-trapping agents (RTAs) while the other one (ellipticine) regulates intracellular iron homeostasis, which is essential for the generation of lipid ROS to stimulate ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that blocking intracellular ferroptosis pathway is an alternative strategy to ameliorate neomycin-induced ototoxicity and provides multiple hit compounds for further otoprotective drug development.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells-based Cell-free Therapy Targeting Neuroinflammation.

Emerging from several decades of extensive research, key genetic elements and biochemical mechanisms implicated in neuroinflammation have been delineated, contributing substantially to our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). In this minireview, we discuss data predominantly from the past three years, highlighting the pivotal roles and mechanisms of the two principal cell types implicated in neuroinflammation. The review also underscores the extended process of peripheral inflammation that predates symptomatic onset, the critical influence of neuroinflammation, and their dynamic interplay in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Confronting these complex challenges, we introduce compelling evidence supporting the use of mesenchymal stem cell-based cell-free therapy. This therapeutic strategy includes the regulation of microglia and astrocytes, modulation of peripheral nerve cell inflammation, and targeted anti-inflammatory interventions specifically designed for NDDs, while also discussing engineering and safety considerations. This innovative therapeutic approach intricately modulates the immune system across the peripheral and nervous systems, with an emphasis on achieving superior penetration and targeted delivery. The insights offered by this review have significant implications for the better understanding and management of neuroinflammation.

Variability in SOD1-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: geographic patterns, clinical heterogeneity, molecular alterations, and therapeutic implications.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons, resulting in global health burden and limited post-diagnosis life expectancy. Although primarily sporadic, familial ALS (fALS) cases suggest a genetic basis. This review focuses on SOD1, the first gene found to be associated with fALS, which has been more recently confirmed by genome sequencing. While informative, databases such as ALSoD and STRENGTH exhibit regional biases. Through a systematic global examination of SOD1 mutations from 1993 to 2023, we found different geographic distributions and clinical presentations. Even though different SOD1 variants are expressed at different protein levels and have different half-lives and dismutase activities, these alterations lead to loss of function that is not consistently correlated with disease severity. Gain of function of toxic aggregates of SOD1 resulting from mutated SOD1 has emerged as one of the key contributors to ALS. Therapeutic interventions specifically targeting toxic gain of function of mutant SOD1, including RNA interference and antibodies, show promise, but a cure remains elusive. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on SOD1-associated ALS and describes molecular features and the complex genetic landscape of SOD1, highlighting its importance in determining diverse clinical manifestations observed in ALS patients and emphasizing the need for personalized therapeutic strategies.

Single-cell RNA-seq of in vitro expanded cells from cranial neural crest reveals a rare odontogenic sub-population.

Ecto-mesenchymal cells of mammalian tooth germ develops from cranial neural crest cells. These cells are recognised as a promising source for tooth development and regeneration. Despite the high heterogeneity of the neural crest, the cellular landscape of in vitro cultured cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) for odontogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we used large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing to analyse the cellular landscape of in vitro cultured mouse CNCCs for odontogenesis. We revealed distinct cell trajectories from primary cells to passage 5 and identified a rare Alx3+/Barx1+ sub-population in primary CNCCs that differentiated into two odontogenic clusters characterised by the up-regulation of Pax9/Bmp3 and Lhx6/Dmp1. We successfully induced whole tooth-like structures containing enamel, dentin, and pulp under the mouse renal capsule using in vitro cultured cells from both cranial and trunk neural crests with induction rates of 26.7% and 22.1%, respectively. Importantly, we confirmed only cells sorted from odontogenic path can induce tooth-like structures. Cell cycle and DNA replication genes were concomitantly upregulated in the cultured NCCs of the tooth induction groups. Our data provide valuable insights into the cell heterogeneity of in vitro cultured CNCCs and their potential as a source for tooth regeneration.

NAD+ dependent UPRmt activation underlies intestinal aging caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations.

Aging in mammals is accompanied by an imbalance of intestinal homeostasis and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. However, little is known about how accumulated mtDNA mutations modulate intestinal homeostasis. We observe the accumulation of mtDNA mutations in the small intestine of aged male mice, suggesting an association with physiological intestinal aging. Using polymerase gamma (POLG) mutator mice and wild-type mice, we generate male mice with progressive mtDNA mutation burdens. Investigation utilizing organoid technology and in vivo intestinal stem cell labeling reveals decreased colony formation efficiency of intestinal crypts and LGR5-expressing intestinal stem cells in response to a threshold mtDNA mutation burden. Mechanistically, increased mtDNA mutation burden exacerbates the aging phenotype of the small intestine through ATF5 dependent mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) activation. This aging phenotype is reversed by supplementation with the NAD+ precursor, NMN. Thus, we uncover a NAD+ dependent UPRmt triggered by mtDNA mutations that regulates the intestinal aging.

A primate-specific endogenous retroviral envelope protein sequesters SFRP2 to regulate human cardiomyocyte development.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) occupy a significant part of the human genome, with some encoding proteins that influence the immune system or regulate cell-cell fusion in early extra-embryonic development. However, whether ERV-derived proteins regulate somatic development is unknown. Here, we report a somatic developmental function for the primate-specific ERVH48-1 (SUPYN/Suppressyn). ERVH48-1 encodes a fragment of a viral envelope that is expressed during early embryonic development. Loss of ERVH48-1 led to impaired mesoderm and cardiomyocyte commitment and diverted cells to an ectoderm-like fate. Mechanistically, ERVH48-1 is localized to sub-cellular membrane compartments through a functional N-terminal signal peptide and binds to the WNT antagonist SFRP2 to promote its polyubiquitination and degradation, thus limiting SFRP2 secretion and blocking repression of WNT/ß-catenin signaling. Knockdown of SFRP2 or expression of a chimeric SFRP2 with the ERVH48-1 signal peptide rescued cardiomyocyte differentiation. This study demonstrates how ERVH48-1 modulates WNT/ß-catenin signaling and cell type commitment in somatic development.

Impaired glycine neurotransmission causes adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of spinal deformity, affecting millions of adolescents worldwide, but it lacks a defined theory of etiopathogenesis. Because of this, treatment of AIS is limited to bracing and/or invasive surgery after onset. Preonset diagnosis or preventive treatment remains unavailable. Here, we performed a genetic analysis of a large multicenter AIS cohort and identified disease-causing and predisposing variants of SLC6A9 in multigeneration families, trios, and sporadic patients. Variants of SLC6A9, which encodes glycine transporter 1 (GLYT1), reduced glycine-uptake activity in cells, leading to increased extracellular glycine levels and aberrant glycinergic neurotransmission. Slc6a9 mutant zebrafish exhibited discoordination of spinal neural activities and pronounced lateral spinal curvature, a phenotype resembling human patients. The penetrance and severity of curvature were sensitive to the dosage of functional glyt1. Administration of a glycine receptor antagonist or a clinically used glycine neutralizer (sodium benzoate) partially rescued the phenotype. Our results indicate a neuropathic origin for "idiopathic" scoliosis, involving the dysfunction of synaptic neurotransmission and central pattern generators (CPGs), potentially a common cause of AIS. Our work further suggests avenues for early diagnosis and intervention of AIS in preadolescents.

A novel protein CYTB-187AA encoded by the mitochondrial gene CYTB modulates mammalian early development.

The mitochondrial genome transcribes 13 mRNAs coding for well-known proteins essential for oxidative phosphorylation. We demonstrate here that cytochrome b (CYTB), the only mitochondrial-DNA-encoded transcript among complex III, also encodes an unrecognized 187-amino-acid-long protein, CYTB-187AA, using the standard genetic code of cytosolic ribosomes rather than the mitochondrial genetic code. After validating the existence of this mtDNA-encoded protein arising from cytosolic translation (mPACT) using mass spectrometry and antibodies, we show that CYTB-187AA is mainly localized in the mitochondrial matrix and promotes the pluripotent state in primed-to-naive transition by interacting with solute carrier family 25 member 3 (SLC25A3) to modulate ATP production. We further generated a transgenic knockin mouse model of CYTB-187AA silencing and found that reduction of CYTB-187AA impairs females' fertility by decreasing the number of ovarian follicles. For the first time, we uncovered the novel mPACT pattern of a mitochondrial mRNA and demonstrated the physiological function of this 14th protein encoded by mtDNA.

A spatiotemporal atlas of mouse liver homeostasis and regeneration.

The mechanism by which mammalian liver cell responses are coordinated during tissue homeostasis and perturbation is poorly understood, representing a major obstacle in our understanding of many diseases. This knowledge gap is caused by the difficulty involved with studying multiple cell types in different states and locations, particularly when these are transient. We have combined Stereo-seq (spatiotemporal enhanced resolution omics-sequencing) with single-cell transcriptomic profiling of 473,290 cells to generate a high-definition spatiotemporal atlas of mouse liver homeostasis and regeneration at the whole-lobe scale. Our integrative study dissects in detail the molecular gradients controlling liver cell function, systematically defining how gene networks are dynamically modulated through intercellular communication to promote regeneration. Among other important regulators, we identified the transcriptional cofactor TBL1XR1 as a rheostat linking inflammation to Wnt/ß-catenin signaling for facilitating hepatocyte proliferation. Our data and analytical pipelines lay the foundation for future high-definition tissue-scale atlases of organ physiology and malfunction.

Mitochondrial metabolism transition cooperates with nuclear reprogramming during induced pluripotent stem cell generation.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great clinical potential for regenerative medicine. Much work has been done to investigate the mechanisms of their generation, focusing on the cell nucleus. However, the roles of specific organelles and in particular mitochondria in the potential mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming remain unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the role of mitochondrial metabolism transition in nuclear reprogramming. We found that the mitochondrial cristae had remodeled in iPSCs. The efficiency of iPSC generation was significantly reduced by down-regulation of mitochondrial inner membrane protein (IMMT), which regulates the morphology of mitochondrial cristae. Moreover, cells with the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) advantage had higher reprogramming efficiency than normal cells and the glycolysis intermediate lactic acid enhanced the efficiency of iPSCs generation. Our results show that the remodeling of mitochondrial cristae couples with the generation of iPSCs, suggesting mitochondrial metabolism transition plays an important role in nuclear reprogramming.