Kiss and tell: what do we know about pre- and early adolescent females who report dating? A pilot study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implications of dating in pre- and early adolescent females. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Child psychiatry clinic; pediatric clinic; family clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Pre- and early adolescent females (n = 80) aged 11-14 and their parents. INTERVENTION: Pre- and early adolescent females aged 11-14 and a parent were recruited during a regular clinic visit. Pre- and early adolescent females completed a survey that included measures of dating; sensation seeking; lifetime individual and peer drug use; Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder symptoms; and onset of menses. Parents were asked similar questions about their child's dating behaviors and peer relationships. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Association of early dating with individual and peer drug use, sensation seeking, aggressive behavior, and onset of menses. RESULTS: In pre- and early adolescent females, dating regularly is associated with nicotine and alcohol use, sensation seeking, and aggressive behavior. Dating regularly is also associated with onset of menses and a younger age of onset of menses in those who had started menstruating. Parents under-report their child's dating practices and associated high-risk behaviors. CONCLUSION: Early dating is associated with nicotine and alcohol use, sensation seeking, aggressive behavior, and early onset of menses in adolescent females. Questions about early dating are a simple and efficient way to open inquiry of both parents and children about high-risk behaviors in the clinic setting.

A retrospective analysis of the comparative effectiveness of smoking cessation medication among individuals with mental illness in community-based mental health and addictions treatment settings.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Persons with different mental illnesses smoke for reasons based on their particular diagnosis. As compared to those without, persons with mental illnesses are less able to quit smoking when using smoking cessation medications. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This paper shows that there may be differences in the ability to quit smoking between persons with different mental illness diagnoses. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Clinicians should be aware that persons with anxiety disorders may find it more difficult to quit smoking as compared to those with other mental illnesses. Clinicians should be aware that of all medications, varenicline seems to help those with mood disorders to quit the best. Clinicians should be aware that persons with psychotic disorders likely need longer treatment durations for smoking cessation as compared to persons with other mental illnesses. ABSTRACT: Introduction Individuals with mental illnesses (MI) have diagnosis-specific reasons for smoking and achieve low smoking cessation when using cessation medications. Aim To assess differences in smoking cessation outcomes by MI diagnosis and cessation medications in outpatient mental health and addictions treatment settings in Vancouver, Canada. Method This is a retrospective analysis of tobacco treatment outcomes from 539 participants. The programme consists of cessation pharmacotherapy with 8 to 12 weeks of behavioural counselling and 12 weeks of support group. Smoking cessation was verified by expired carbon monoxide levels. Generalized estimating equations models assessed differences in cessation by type of medication in both total and stratified samples. Results There were no significant differences in cessation by pharmacotherapy in the total sample. Individuals with a mood disorder were two times more likely to achieve cessation as compared to those with an anxiety disorder. Among individuals with mood disorders, receiving varenicline alone resulted in three times the likelihood of cessation as compared to receiving single NRT. Discussion The differences in outcomes by MI diagnosis suggest the need for more diagnosis-specific approaches to optimize cessation. Implications for Practice Compared with other diagnoses, persons with anxiety disorders may have a greater challenge quitting and those with a psychotic disorder may require longer treatment durations.

Impact of obesity on allogeneic stem cell transplant patients: a matched case-controlled study.

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of obesity on survival after high-dose therapy followed by allogeneic stem cell transplant in adults and children with various malignancies as well as metabolic disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A matched case-controlled evaluation of 322 allogeneic patients from a single institution with a median follow-up of 296 and 120 days among nonobese and obese patients, respectively, was conducted between April 1983 and June 1995 at the University of Kentucky. The overall survival distributions among subsets defined as either obese or nonobese were measured. RESULTS: The overall survival among the nonobese and obese was 35% and 20%, respectively (P = 0.0045). When patients were separated by age, the adult patients maintained this difference, while the children did not. When patients were stratified according to donor status, both the histocompatible and the nonhistocompatible adults had an inferior outcome among obese patients. The difference, however, was significant only among the histocompatible group (P = 0.0007). Causes of deaths were insignificantly distributed among both relapse as well as nonrelapse mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Adult obese patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue have a more adverse outcome. Both relapse and nonrelapse causes are responsible for the different outcome between obese and nonobese groups.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with T cell-depleted partially matched related donors for advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adults: a comparative matched cohort study.

Allogeneic BMT provides the best treatment currently available for long-term disease-free survival in patients with recurrent ALL. Historically, partially matched related donors provided the opportunity for treatment to a greater number of patients than matched related donors at the expense of decreased overall survival. In this study we compare the results in recurrent ALL patients transplanted with either HLA identical sibling bone marrow or partially matched related bone marrow. Thirty-two patients with relapsed ALL received partially matched bone marrows from a relative with one to three HLA, A, B and Dr antigen mismatches. Bone marrow was partially T cell-depleted with murine T10B9.1A-31 moAb. Sixteen patients with relapsed ALL received HLA-matched sibling bone marrows. All partially matched patients received additional GVHD prophylaxis with methylprednisolone in addition to anti-CD5 immunotoxin and/or CYA. All matched patients in addition to methylprednisolone received MTX and/or CYA. We observed no difference in disease-free survival between patients transplanted with partially matched bone marrow (median follow-up 1252 days, range 778-2035 days) vs those transplanted with HLA-matched bone marrow (median follow-up 1472 days, range 1165-2800 days; P = 0.48). Median survival for all patients is 38% (95% CI 24-52%) at 6 years. Patients transplanted in remission had a significant increase in disease-free survival when compared to those in relapse (P = 0.007). Our data suggest that partially matched BMTs from related donors are a comparable alternative to fully matched transplants in patients with ALL.

Treatment of leukemia with partially matched related bone marrow transplantation.

The results of partially matched related donor (PMRD) marrow transplantation for 82 patients with leukemia are reported, including 45 who received two antigen disparate grafts. Following intensive radiochemotherapy, patients received grafts which were partially depleted of T cells by the monoclonal antibody T10B9 and complement. Actuarial probability of engraftment was 86% (95% CI = 78-93%). The median day to engraftment was similar among recipients of grafts disparate at one, two or three antigen loci. The incidence of severe (grades III and IV) acute graft-versus-host disease and extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease was 13% and 6%, respectively. The probability of disease-free survival for the entire cohort of patients is 31% at 3 years. Age < or = 30 years, early or intermediate stage disease and a graft disparate at one or two loci predicted longer disease-free survival in multivariant analysis. Moreover, 47% of patients receiving PMRD grafts disparate at two loci who had both these favorable pretransplant characteristics were alive and free of disease 3 years after transplantation. We believe that the utilization of PMRDs, especially those with two antigen disparate grafts, can extend allogeneic transplantation to additional leukemic patients lacking a histocompatible donor, with acceptable results.

Single focus of adenocarcinoma in the prostate biopsy specimen is not predictive of the pathologic stage of disease.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a very small focus of prostate cancer in a needle biopsy specimen correlates with organ-confined disease or with favorable disease parameters. METHODS: Of 598 needle biopsies of the prostate performed from January 1990 through June 1994, 49 specimens (8.2%) contained a microscopic focus (less than 2 mm in length of the entire biopsy core specimen) of adenocarcinoma. For these 49 patients, the clinical and pathologic features were correlated. RESULTS: Of these 49 patients, 27 (55.1%) underwent either radical prostatectomy, with or without pelvic lymph node dissection (26), or pelvic lymph node dissection alone (1). Seven of these 27 patients (25.9%) had extraprostatic disease: lymph node involvement (1), positive surgical margins (5), or seminal vesicle invasion (1). Ten of the 49 patients (20.4%) underwent radiotherapy, and 12 (24.5%) chose hormonal therapy. The pathologic stage for these 22 patients could not be ascertained. However, despite the limited amount of disease in the biopsy specimen, 2 patients treated with radiotherapy suffered a relapse (mean interval to recurrence, 11.5 months), and 3 patients treated with hormonal therapy (early or delayed) had bony metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Overall, 12 of the 49 patients (24.5%) had unfavorable disease (as defined by extraprostatic disease on pathologic specimen, relapse after radiotherapy, or bony metastasis at the time of diagnosis). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a microscopic focus of prostatic adenocarcinoma in a needle biopsy specimen, per se, does not predict the pathologic stage or the biologic behavior of a tumor.

Kentucky legislators' views on tobacco policy.

CONTEXT: Kentucky leads the nation in adult and teen smoking prevalence. Even though Kentucky is one of the most tobacco-dependent states, tobacco policy is subject to change in light of possible national tobacco legislation. OBJECTIVE: To describe the degree of agreement among Kentucky legislators regarding tobacco control and tobacco farming policy, and to discover whether use of the policy Delphi method produces a shift toward consensus on tobacco policy. DESIGN: A two-round policy Delphi study was conducted using in-person interviews. SETTING: Legislators' offices in Frankfort, Kentucky. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of 116 Kentucky legislators (84% response rate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Degree of agreement on tobacco control and tobacco farming policies. RESULTS: Lawmakers were highly supportive of policies to lessen the state's dependence on tobacco, and were favorable toward stronger tobacco control policies. There were discrepancies, however, between what policies legislators thought were desirable and what policies were realistic. Tobacco interests were identified as possible explanations for this disparity. Tobacco allotment ownership was associated with less support for tobacco control and tobacco farming policies. A shift toward consensus on tobacco policy was achieved in the second round for 45% of the interview items common to both rounds. CONCLUSIONS: Kentucky legislators were highly supportive of reducing the state's dependence on tobacco and more supportive of tobacco control policies than expected. The policy Delphi method has the potential for shifting opinions about tobacco policies among state legislators. The findings of this study identify opportunities for public health policy change in one of the most tobacco-dependent states in the United States.

The hexadentate hydroxypyridinonate TREN-(Me-3,2-HOPO) is a more orally active iron chelator than its bidentate analogue.

Bidentate hydroxypyridinone chelators effectively complex and facilitate excretion of trivalent iron. To test the hypothesis that hexadentate chelators are more effective than bidentate chelators at low concentrations, urinary and biliary Fe excretions were determined in Fe-loaded rats before and after administration of a bidentate chelator, Pr-(Me-3,2-HOPO), or its hexadentate analogue, TREN-(Me-3,2-HOPO). The bidentate chelator slightly increased biliary Fe excretion in Fe-loaded rats after IV (90 micromol/kg) and PO (90 or 270 micromol/kg) administration, but chelation efficiency did not exceed 1%. The hexadentate chelator markedly increased biliary Fe excretion, achieving overall chelation efficiencies of 14% after IV administration of 30 micromol/kg and 8 or 3% after PO (30 or 90 micromol/kg) administration. The hexadentate chelator was significantly more effective than the bidentate chelator after IV injection and oral dosing. In chelator-treated Fe-loaded or saline-injected rats, >90% of the excreted Fe was in the bile. Oral TREN-(Me-3,2-HOPO), given to non-Fe-loaded rats, did not appreciably change Fe output, indicating that there was little Fe depletion in the absence of Fe overload. These results support the hypothesis that greater Fe chelation efficiency can be achieved with hexadentate than with bidentate chelators at lower, and presumably safer, concentrations. The results also demonstrate that TREN-(Me-3, 2-HOPO) is a promising, orally effective, Fe chelator.

The influence of deep (odontogenic) pain intensity, quality, and duration on the incidence and characteristics of referred orofacial pain.

This study examined the effects of the intensity, quality, and duration of odotogenic pain on the incidence, pattern, and clinical characteristics of pain referral in the orofacial region. Four hundred consecutive patients reporting with posterior toothache to the dental emergency clinic were included. Patients completed a standardized clinical questionnaire consisting of a numerical rating scale for pain intensity and chose verbal descriptors from a list of adjectives describing the quality of their pain. In addition, patients indicated sites to which pain referred by drawing on a mannequin* of the head and neck. Pain intensity was found to significantly affect the presence of referred pain (P < .005). However, neither duration nor quality of pain influenced the incidence of referred pain. Finally, pain referral occurred in vertical laminations as indicated on mannequin drawings, but these were not found to be diagnostic because of extensive horizontal overlap. The association of intensity and referral is attributed to central nervous system hyperexitability causing expansion of receptive fields and spread and referral of pain.

The influence of cutaneous tissue afferents on masticatory pain-pressure thresholds.

Pain-pressure thresholds are routinely used in orofacial pain research to record tenderness in masticatory muscles. This method is employed to stimulate deep tissue afferents, which are thought to be at least partially responsible for pain in temporomandibular disorders. Like other psychophysical measurements, however, this technique must stimulate cutaneous tissues before stimulating deeper tissues. This study examined 39 asymptomatic volunteers to quantify the effect of cutaneous sensory afferents on pain-pressure thresholds. In a randomized, double-blind fashion, pain-pressure thresholds were recorded at four facial sites before and after subjects received intradermal local anesthetic or a dry needle stick. Pain-pressure thresholds were significantly elevated after local anesthetic (P < .0001), suggesting that cutaneous tissues contribute significantly to the pain-pressure threshold. The authors discuss potentially important roles of cutaneous tissues in the assessment of deeper tissues and offer two theories of how the skin may be an important link in the assessment of temporomandibular disorders.

Assessment of fine-needle aspiration sampling technique in thyroid nodules.

BACKGROUND: A prospective two-yr study was undertaken to assess the heterogeneity of thyroid nodules using the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) technique of systematic regional sampling. In addition, we determined the number of regions to be sampled to minimize non-diagnostic results, and to optimally characterize thyroid nodules. DESIGN: FNA was performed on 74 nodules > or = 1.5 cm. in diameter in five distinct regions in sequence (center, then four quadrants starting at 12:00, clockwise). Slides from each region were coded, randomized, subjected to blind review, and categorized as non-diagnostic (ND), benign (B), indeterminate (ID), suspicious/neoplastic (S/N), or malignant (M). Final cytologic diagnosis (CD) was made from all slides of each nodule. RESULTS: The ND rate for center FNAs alone was 16%, but addition of the 12:00 region decreased it to 5.3%. With 3, 4, or 5 sequential sites the nondiagnostic rates were 4, 2.6, and 2.6%. The center region diagnosis was identical to the final CD in 71% of the cases. Addition of the 12:00 region increased the concordance to 88%. Three sequential regions equaled the CD in 93% of cases, and 4 regions equaled the CD in 99% of cases. All nodules characterized as M or S/N were resected as were 76% of the ID nodules. Of the 43 nodules characterized as B, 3 were resected, 24 involuted, 6 were unchanged, and 10 were lost to follow-up. All 3 M nodules proved malignant by histology, as did 7/10 S/N, 0/17 ID, and 0/43 B nodules; 3/10 S/N, 1/17 ID and 1/43 B were adenomas. Likelihood ratios for diagnosing neoplasia were ND:0, B:0.10, ID:0.21, S/N:infinity, M:infinity. CONCLUSIONS: Sampling of at least four distinct regions accurately assesses thyroid nodules while minimizing ND results. Regional sampling also addresses intranodular heterogeneity.

Preventing depression in high-risk college women: a report of an 18-month follow-up.

The authors tested the long-term effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral group intervention in reducing depressive symptoms, decreasing negative thinking, and enhancing self-esteem in 92 college women aged 18 to 24 years who ere at risk for clinical depression. The women were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a no-treatment control group. The experimental group participated in a 6-week cognitive-behavioral intervention that targeted identification and reduction of negative thinking, using such techniques as thought stopping and affirmations. Data on depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and negative thinking were collected before the intervention and at intervals of 1, 6, and 18 months postintervention. The women in the intervention group experienced a greater decrease in depressive symptoms and negative thinking and a greater increase in self-esteem than those in the control group. The beneficial effects continued over an 18-month follow-up period. These findings support the importance of thought stopping and affirmations as prevention interventions with at-risk college women.

Prevalence of infective endocarditis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Compared with the general population, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, or SLE, have an increased prevalence of functionally impaired cardiac valves due to the presence of Libman-Sacks lesions. These lesions may place patients with SLE at risk of developing infective endocarditis, or IE. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective chart review to determine the association between SLE with valvulopathy and IE. They reviewed the records of 361 patients from two health care facilities who had the diagnostic code of SLE. RESULTS: Of the 275 records that met the 1982 revised American Rheumatism Association criteria for SLE, 51 (18.5 percent) were for patients who had a clinically detectable heart murmur that resulted in echocardiography being performed. Nine (3.3 percent) of the 275 patients had a clinically significant valvular abnormality, three (1.1 percent) had a potentially significant valvular abnormality, and one (0.4 percent) had a history of IE that was diagnosed two years before her diagnosis of SLE was made. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that 18.5 percent of this cohort of patients with SLE had a clinically detectable heart murmur that would require further investigation to determine its significance. Furthermore, between 3.3 and 4.4 percent of the study population had cardiac valve abnormalities that potentially required antibiotic prophylaxis before certain dental procedures. However, the authors identified no cases that demonstrated an association between IE and diagnosed SLE. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dentists should query their patients with SLE about their cardiac status and consult with the patient's physician if the cardiac status is unknown. Patients with confirmed valvular abnormalities should receive antibiotic prophylaxis for designated bacteremia-producing dental procedures.

Intrarater reliability of selected clinical outcome measures following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

STUDY DESIGN: Single group repeated measures following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intrarater reliability of selected clinical outcome measures in patients having ACL reconstruction. BACKGROUND: Several investigations have reported the reliability of isokinetic testing and knee ligament arthrometry. Fewer studies have examined the reliability of lower extremity functional tests, with most of these studies evaluating normal subjects. METHODS AND MEASURES: Fifteen physically active males with unilateral ACL-reconstructed knees were evaluated with the KT-1000, Biodex isokinetic dynamometer, and 3 functional hop tests on 5 occasions. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) revealed good to high intrarater reliability (ICC > 0.80) of the functional hop tests and isokinetic peak torque values ICCs were higher for the involved limb than the uninvolved limb using the scores from the KT-1000 Manual Maximum Test. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome measures examined in this investigation have been shown to be reliable in patients with ACL reconstructions, and support previous investigations in nonimpaired populations. Further research is needed to examine the validity of these postoperative outcome measures in patients with ACL reconstructions.

Kindergarten children's knowledge and perceptions of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Kindergarten children's knowledge and perceptions of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATODs) were assessed and the congruence between parent ATOD use and children's knowledge of ATODs was examined. Data were collected during the pre-intervention phase of an ATOD prevention trial with 5- and 6-year-old children and their parents. Three elementary schools were randomly selected from a population of 15 high-risk elementary schools in Lexington, Ky., (n = 126 parent-child dyads). Children were interviewed about their knowledge, feelings, and attitudes toward ATODs using the Child Drug Awareness Inventory. Parents self-reported ATOD use. Almost all (95%) kindergarten children recognized cigarettes; 56% correctly identified alcoholic beverages; and 17% recognized at least one illicit drug. Minority children were almost four times more likely to recognize illicit drugs than were non-minority children. Children's knowledge of ATODs was not correlated with the parents' reported drug use. ATOD prevention programs for young children merit greater emphasis.

Nurse practitioner peer review: process and evaluation.

PURPOSE: To describe the initiation and evaluation of a nurse practitioner (NP) peer review program for a group of 15 NPs practicing at a Veteran's Affairs Medical Center. DATA SOURCES: Using a standardized review form, 15 NPs performed a peer review on a total of 163 medical records; each review was re-reviewed by 2 researchers who were also NPs. To determine the congruency of the reviews among the 15 NPs, the data were analyzed with Intraclass correlations (ICC) and ANOVA. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively low ICC (r = 0.37) was found for the 15 NPs. The ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences among the NPs (F = 11.92, p < .0001). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The outcome of a peer review process depends upon the motivation and values of the NPs, practice sites, and standardization of the format, as well as the degree of collective participation. Peer review can reveal charting deficiencies as well as identify topics for continuing education and risk management programs.

Public opinion and legislators' views on tobacco policy.

We explored the relationship between public opinion and Kentucky state legislators' views on increasing the cigarette excise tax to curb smoking, local option to pass stricter youth access to tobacco laws, and smoking restrictions in public places. The relationship of gender, education, political party affiliation, tobacco use, and tobacco allotment ownership to public and legislators' opinions was examined using logistic regression. Data from the random, statewide University of Kentucky Public Opinion Poll (n = 628 Kentucky adults) and a Delphi study of Kentucky legislators (n = 116 members of the Kentucky General Assembly) were used in this study. Controlling for the demographic differences in gender, age, ethnicity, education, and tobacco allotment ownership between the public opinion and legislator samples, legislators were far less likely than the public to support workplace or restaurant smoking restrictions. Participants with a college education were twice as likely to favor cigarette tax hikes and four to five times more likely to favor workplace and restaurant smoking restrictions than were those without a college degree. Tobacco allotment owners and tobacco users were less likely to support raising cigarette taxes and local option to curb teen tobacco use compared to nonowners and nonusers. Findings of this study suggest that Kentucky legislators are not keeping up with public opinion about tobacco control, particularly in regard to smoking restrictions in workplaces and restaurants. Health professional organizations can play a role by educating both their membership and lawmakers about public support for tobacco control policy.

FS4JK farm safety day camps: who learns the most?

Farm Safety 4 Just Kids uses daylong community-based farm safety day camps as a primary method to instruct children about the hazards in farm environments. This article describes children's knowledge about farm safety before and after a day camp experience and assesses differences in knowledge gain by farm residency status and by gender as a result of their attendance at the camps. Data collection focused on three high-risk farm exposures: tractors, powered equipment, and large animals. A 32-item pre- and post-camp survey developed by the research team measured children's knowledge scores in these three focal areas. The sample consisted of 1,233 children, ranging from 8 to 12 years of age. Mixed models were used to test for changes in knowledge over time and for differences by gender and by farm/nonfarm status of the child. The results were encouraging: both farm and nonfarm children increased their knowledge about farm injury risk. Overall, girls demonstrated greater knowledge than boys on both the pre- and post-tests. Based on these findings, farm safety day camps appear to improve the knowledge of children about the injury risks associated with the farm environment. Refinements to the camp structure may foster greater knowledge gain of children attending the camps. While education of children about farm safety is not the sole answer to decreasing injury, it is a key component that should not be discounted.

Properties of Tango's index for detecting clustering in time.

Tango proposed an index for detecting disease clustering in time applicable to grouped data obtained from a population that remains fairly stable over the study period. In this paper, we show that Tango's index is a two-dimensional U-statistic having an asymptotic normal distribution. To apply this result in the finite sampling situation, an Edgeworth expansion is used and is shown to be at least as accurate as Tango's best result in approximating the tails of his test statistic under the null hypothesis. This is extended to show that the Edgeworth expansion can be used to approximate the power of Tango's test statistic under selected alternatives to randomness. A power study based on simulations is conducted to compare the power of Tango's index to that of three of its competitors.