Retinal thickness after focal photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema with and without temporal perifoveal thickening.

BACKGROUND: Visual improvement after focal photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema is more common in eyes without temporal perifoveal thickening. This feature is related to a lower macular volume before treatment; the higher proportion of visual improvement could be associated with a shorter need of volume reduction. OBJECTIVE: To compare macular volume before and after focal photocoagulation in eyes with diabetic macular edema, with and without temporal perifoveal thickening. METHODS: Non-experimental, retrospective, longitudinal, comparative study in diabetics with macular edema treated with focal photocoagulation. Macular volume measured with optical coherence tomography, and best corrected visual acuity were compared between eyes with (group 1) and without temporal perifoveal thickening (group 2, independent samples Student's t test). The comparison was also performed after stratifying the groups by baseline visual acuity. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty eyes, 65 eyes from group 1 (54.2%) and 55 from group 2 (45.8%). Mean volume before and after treatment and mean absolute and percentage changes were lower in group 2 (p < 0.001) regardless of visual acuity. Macular volume decreased significantly in eyes of group 1; only eyes in group 2 with visual acuity < 0.5 before treatment increased their visual function (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Eyes without temporal perifoveal thickening had visual improvement, although their volume did not change statistically. The significant volume reduction in eyes with temporal perifoveal thickening was not associated to visual improvement. The anatomical change was not enough to explain the functional improvement.

[Comparison of macular volume change after photocoagulation, in eyes with diabetic macular edema, with and without visual improvement]. / Comparación del cambio del volumen macular entre ojos con y sin mejoría visual después de fotocoagulación en edema macular diabético.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the changes in macular volume after photocoagulation between eyes with diabetic macular edema with and without visual improvement. METHODS: Non-experimental, retrospective, longitudinal, comparative study in eyes with diabetic macular edema; the sample was divided in groups: eyes with visual improvement three weeks after photocoagulation (group 1) and eyes without it (group 2). The means of macular volume changes (potential, absolute and percentage) were compared between groups (Student's t test). RESULTS: 115 eyes, 50 from group 1 and 65 from group 2; mean macular volume before and after photocoagulation and mean potential, absolute, and percentage volume changes did not differ between groups. 13.9% of the sample had visual improvement and a significant volume reduction; the proportion of the latter did not differ between groups (p = 0.3). Macular volume and visual acuity decreased significantly in eyes without previous visual deficiency (p = 0.012); it was more common to find eyes without visual improvement with a non-significant volume reduction, than finding eyes with visual improvement and a significant macular volume reduction. CONCLUSION: The reduction of macular volume was not enough to explain visual improvement. Optimizing the outcome in patients with diabetic macular edema requires the identification of functional features with a prognostic value.

[Retinal sensitivity in diabetic macular edema, with and without decreased visual acuity]. / Sensibilidad retiniana en el edema macular diabético con y sin disminución de la agudeza visual.

OBJECTIVE: To compare retinal sensitivity in diabetics with macular edema, with and without decreased visual acuity. METHODS: An observational, prospective, cross-sectional comparative study in eyes with diabetic macular edema. The sample was divided into two groups: eyes with visual acuity ""≥ 0.5 (group 1) and < 0.5 (group 2). Foveal sensitivity was compared between groups (Mann-Whitney´s U), stratified according to the center point thickness. Correlations between visual acuity and retinal sensitivity and between visual acuity and macular volume were identified. RESULTS: 81 eyes, 59 from group 1 and 22 from group 2. The mean of retinal sensitivity in group 2 (24.4 ± 6.9 dB) was significantly lower than in group 1 (30.8 ± 3.4; p < 0.001). The correlation between visual acuity and retinal sensitivity was 0.49 (r2 = 0.25), and it was 0.37 in eyes with center point thickness within one standard deviation above the mean and 0.40 in eyes within two standard deviations (p < 0.001). The correlation between visual acuity and macular volume was -0.108 (r2 = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal sensitivity in eyes with clinically significant macular edema and decreased visual acuity before treatment was significantly lower than in eyes with normal visual acuity; the difference did not change as center point thickness increased.

Disinfection efficacy of ozone on ESKAPE bacteria biofilms: Potential use in difficult-to-access medical devices.

BACKGROUND: Medical devices can be reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria that may be involved in the acquisition of infections since bacteria with the ability to form biofilms that are difficult to eradicate, mainly in mechanical ventilators. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of O3 against biofilms of bacteria ESKAPE group through disinfection studies. METHODS: The formation of biofilms of ESKAPE group bacteria was induced in vitro. O3 was injected at different exposure times at a constant dose of 600 mg/h. The recovery of surviving bacteria after O3 treatment was assessed by bacterial counts and biofilm disruption was analyzed. Finally, the viability and integrity of biofilms after O3 treatment was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS: O3 showed bactericidal activity on biofilms from 12 min/7.68 ppm for A. baumannii and C. freundii. P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus were killed after 15 min/9.60 ppm. Correlation analyses showed inversely proportional relationships between the variables "disruption versus O3". CLSM revealed that death was time-dependent of biofilms upon O3 exposure. Orthogonal plane analysis showed that bacteria located in the outer region of the biofilms were the ones that initially suffered damage from O3 exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that this method could be an alternative for the disinfection in mechanical ventilators colonized by bacteria biofilm forming.

Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003-2020).

In Mexico, urogenital gonorrhea (UG) is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases notifiable by health systems around the world. Epidemiological data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Mexico indicated that UG was "under control" until 2017. However, international epidemiological reports indicate the increase in incidence due to several factors, including an increase during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors suggest that this phenomenon may occur in developing countries, including Mexico. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze national surveillance data on UG from 2003-2019 and the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. An epidemiological study of cases and incidence of UG (2003-2020) was performed in the annual reports issued by the General Directorate Epidemiology in Mexico. Cases and incidence were classified and analyzed by year, sex, age group, and seasons (by temperature). Distribution of UG was carried out using heat maps for the whole country. Ultimately, a seasonal and correlation analysis was performed for UG cases versus temperature. The results showed that the distribution of cases and incidence by sex showed that there was no variation over 14 years. From 2016 onward, a significant increase in UG was observed before the pandemic. During the first year of the pandemic, a significant increase was observed in females aged 24-44 years. A heterogeneous distribution of UG was identified; however, border states were ranked among the top states with elevated incidences and cases. Lastly, the occurrence of UG was associated with temperature, related to summer. The information presented is intended to be useful to promote prevention and to contribute to visualize the distribution of UG over the last 18 years for decision making, and to show one of the consequences of the collapse of epidemiological surveillance of UG during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

[Expected effect of retinal thickness after focal photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema]. / Efecto esperado del grosor retiniano después de fotocoagulación focal en edema macular diabético.

BACKGROUND: Macular oedema is a form of diabetic retinopathy that can be treated with photocoagulation. The expected effect of treatment varies, and may depend on the previous characteristics of retinal thickening. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the change in retinal thickness after focal photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema varies due to the presence of anatomical features that may justify a separate assessment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-experimental, comparative, retrospective, longitudinal study. The mean percentage change in macular volume was compared in eyes with diabetic macular oedema, 3 weeks after focal photocoagulation. The analysis was stratified according to the presence of central and perifoveal temporal thickening (Mann-Whitney U). A regression analysis was performed to identify the contribution of the anatomical variables before photocoagulation to the change in macular volume. RESULTS: A total of 72 eyes were evaluated. The mean change of macular volume in the sample was -0.68±3.84%. In the multiple regression analysis, the changes of perifoveal temporal (beta 0.54, p<0.001) and central field thickness (beta 0.3, p =0.01) contributed to the change of macular volume (R=0.64). Macular volume decreased by a mean of -2.1±4.3% in eyes with temporal perifoveal thickening, and increased by 0.5±2.8% (p =0.007) in eyes with no thickening. CONCLUSION: Perifoveal temporal thickening before photocoagulation changes the expected effect of this therapy on macular volume in eyes with focal diabetic macular oedema. It is recommended to evaluate the effect separately, and according to the perifoveal temporal thickness.

[Lack of correlation between retinal variables before treatment and poor functional response after focal photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema]. / Falta de asociación entre las características retinianas previas al tratamiento y la mala respuesta funcional a la fotocoagulación focal, en edema macular diabético.

BACKGROUND: Although photocoagulation reduces the incidence of moderate visual loss in eyes with focal diabetic macular oedema, some eyes may lose some vision after treatment. The proportion of eyes with poor functional response after photocoagulation, and whether any retinal variable is associated with this, is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of eyes with diabetic macular oedema that have a poor functional response after focal photocoagulation, and their associated features. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A non-experimental, longitudinal, comparative and retrospective study was conducted. The proportion and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of diabetics with macular oedema that had a poor functional response after focal photocoagulation (any visual loss after 6 weeks) were identified. The means of retinal variables before treatment were compared between eyes with and without a poor functional response using the Student t test for independent means. RESULTS: The study included 115 eyes of patients aged 59.3 (SD 9.24) years. Visual acuity was greater than or equal to 0.5 in 63 eyes (54.8%). A total of 33 eyes had a poor functional response after photocoagulation (28.7%, 95% CI: 13.3 to 44.1). The comparison between retinal variables and visual acuity before treatment did not show any differences between eyes with or without a poor functional response and eyes. CONCLUSION: Retinal thickening and visual acuity improved or did not change in 71.3% of eyes with diabetic macular oedema with a single photocoagulation procedure. Retinal variables that are usually evaluated were unable to identify the remaining 28.7%, which could lose vision after that treatment, and would require additional interventions.

[Association between visual improvement after photocoagulation and the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in diabetic macular oedema]. / Asociación entre la mejoría visual y el uso de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, en edema macular diabético.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are effective in delaying the progression of diabetic retinopathy. It is unknown if their use is associated with a better visual outcome in patients with diabetic macular oedema. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A non-experimental, comparative, longitudinal and retrospective study was performed on patients with diabetic macular oedema treated by focal photocoagulation, and with systemic arterial hypertension treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (Group 1), and without hypertension (Group 2). The dependent variable was the proportion with visual improvement, operatively defined as the gain of one or more lines of vision three weeks after photocoagulation. The independent variable was the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The proportion of eyes with visual improvement after treatment was compared between groups using the Chi squared (χ(2)) test. RESULTS: A total of 33 eyes (51.6%) were assigned to group 1, and 31 (48.2%), to group 2. The mean of visual acuity improved after three weeks, compared with baseline (p=0.002). The proportion of eyes with visual improvement did not differ between patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (45.5%) and those that did not use them (51.6%, p=0.4). CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistical difference in the proportion of eyes with visual improvement between patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and in those where they were not used. There is no support for the inhibition of angiotensin II in addition to photocoagulation for improving the outcome in patients with diabetic macular oedema.

[Features associated with retinal thickness extension in diabetic macular oedema]. / Características relacionadas con la extensión del engrosamiento retiniano en edema macular diabético.

BACKGROUND: Clinically significant macular edema has features that are associated with a major risk of visual loss, with thickening that involves the centre of the macula, field 7 or visual deficiency, although it is unknown if these features are related to retinal thickness extension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, analytical, prospective, cross-sectional and open study was conducted. The sample was divided into initial visual acuity ≥0.5, central field thickness, center point thickness, field 7 and macular volume more than the reported 2 standard deviation mean value in eyes without retinopathy. The extension was determined by the number of the central field area equivalent thickening and these features were compared with by Student's t test for independent samples. RESULTS: A total of 199 eyes were included. In eyes with visual acuity of ≥0.5, the mean extension was 2.88±1.68 and 3.2±1.63 in area equivalent in eyes with visual acuity <0.5 (p=0.12). The mean extension in eyes with less than 2 standard deviation of central field thickness, center point thickness, field 7 and macular volume was significantly lower than in eyes with more than 2 standard deviations (1.9±0.93 vs. 4.07±1.49, 2.44±1.47 vs. 3.94±1.52, 1.79±1.07 vs. 3.61±1.57 and 1.6±0.9 vs. 3.9±1.4, respectively, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The extension of retinal thickness is related with the anatomical features reported with a greater risk of visual loss, but is not related to initial visual deficiency.

[Efficacy of topical ketorolac for improving visual function after photocoagulation in diabetic patients with focal macular edema]. / Eficacia del ketorolaco tópico para mejorar la función visual después de la fotocoagulación, en diabéticos con edema macular focal.

BACKGROUND: Photocoagulation reduces the incidence of visual loss in diabetic patients with focal macular edema, but it can induce it for Efficacy of topical ketorolac for improving visual function after photocoagulation in diabetic patients with focal macular edema 6 weeks after treatment and produces visual improvement in some cases. Topical ketorolac may reduce the inflammation caused by photocoagulation and improve visual outcome. PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of topical ketorolac for improving visual function after photocoagulation in diabetic patients with focal macular edema. METHODS: An experimental, comparative, prospective, longitudinal study in diabetic patients with focal macular edema was conducted. Eyes were randomized into two groups of topical treatment for 3 weeks after photocoagulation (A: ketorolac, B: placebo). Best corrected visual acuity before and after treatment was compared in each group (paired t test), and the proportion of eyes with visual improvement was compared between groups (χ(2)). The evaluation was repeated after stratifying for initial visual acuity (≥ 0.5, < 0.5). RESULTS: There were 105 eyes included. In group A (n= 46) mean visual acuity changed from 0.50 to 0.58 (p= 0.003), and from 0.55 to 0.55 in group B (n= 59, p= 0.83); mean percent change was 22.3% in group A and 3.5% in group B (p= 0.03). Visual improvement was identified in 25 eyes from group A (54.3%) and 19 from group B (32.2%, p= 0.019, RR 1.65); the difference only persisted when initial visual acuity was ≥ 0.5 (10 [40%], group A, 5 [14.7%], group B, p= 0.02, RR 2.72). CONCLUSION: Topical ketorolac was more effective than placebo to improve best corrected visual acuity in diabetic patients with focal macular edema.

Antecedentes: la fotocoagulación reduce la incidencia de pérdida visual en diabéticos con edema macular focal, aunque puede inducirla durante 6 semanas; la mejoría visual después del tratamiento es excepcional. El ketorolaco tópico puede limitar la inflamación causada por la fotocoagulación, y mejorar el desenlace visual. Objetivo: determinar la eficacia del ketorolaco tópico en la mejoría de la función visual después de la fotocoagulación, en diabéticos con edema macular focal. Material y métodos: estudio experimental, comparativo, prospectivo, longitudinal efectuado en diabéticos con edema macular focal, asignados al azar a dos grupos de tratamiento tópico durante 3 semanas después de la fotocoagulación (A: ketorolaco, B: placebo). En cada grupo se comparó la agudeza visual antes y después del tratamiento (t pareada) y entre grupos la proporción de ojos con mejoría visual (χ2). La evaluación se repitió con estratificación por agudeza visual inicial (≥ 0.5, < 0.5). Resultados: se analizaron 105 ojos; en el grupo A (n= 46) el promedio de agudeza visual cambió de 0.50 a 0.58 (p= 0.003), en el B (n= 59) de 0.55 a 0.55 (p= 0.83); el promedio del cambio porcentual fue 22.3% en el grupo A y 3.5% en el B (p= 0.03). Hubo mejoría visual en 25 ojos del grupo A (54.3%) y 19 del B (32.2%, p= 0.019, RR 1.65); la diferencia persistió cuando la agudeza visual inicial era ≥ 0.5 (10 [40%], grupo A, 5 [14.7%], grupo B, p= 0.02, RR 2.72). Conclusiones: el ketorolaco fue más eficaz que el placebo para mejorar la agudeza visual en pacientes diabéticos con edema macular focal.

[Status of center point thickness and correlation between anatomic and best corrected visual acuity changes after photocoagulation, in diabetic macular edema]. / Estado del punto central y correlación de los cambios anatómicos y de capacidad visual, después de la fotocoagulación en edema macular diabético.

BACKGROUND: Center point thickness in diabetic macular edema varies after photocoagulation according to its baseline status; it is unknown whether this variation reduces the correlation between anatomic and visual acuity changes. OBJECTIVE: to identify the contribution of baseline center point thickness to the correlation between anatomic and visual acuity after photocoagulation, in eyes with diabetic macular edema. METHODS: non-experimental, prospective, longitudinal, analytical study in diabetics with macular edema treated with photocoagulation, stratified by groups: visual acuity < 0.5 with (group 1) or without central thickening (group 2), and visual acuity = 0.5 with (group 3) or without central thickening (4). The correlations between changes of center point thickness, macular volume, and visual acuity were identified (Spearman). RESULTS: 79 eyes, 17 in group 1 (21.5%), 21 in group 2 (26.6%), 14 in group 3 (17.7%) and 27 in group 4 (34.2%). Center point thickness increased in groups 2 and 4, visual acuity decreased in group 3 and macular volume in all the groups. The correlations between center point thickness and best corrected visual acuity changes in group 3, and between macular volume and visual acuity in group 1 were negative. The correlations between anatomic variables and visual acuity were low in the sample (r= 0.14). CONCLUSION: the increase of center point thickness in eyes without baseline central thickening produced opposite correlations between groups, which reduced the correlations in the samples. Stratification according to baseline center point thickness would make easier to evaluate other variables that modify the functional outcome after photocoagulation.

Antecedentes: el grosor del punto central en pacientes con edema macular diabético cambia después del tratamiento, dependiendo del estado basal; se desconoce si esta variación reduce la correlación entre los cambios anatómicos y de capacidad visual. Objetivo: identificar la contribución del grosor del punto central basal a la correlación entre los cambios anatómicos y de capacidad visual, después de tratar el edema macular diabético. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, prospectivo, longitudinal y analítico, en diabéticos con edema macular tratados con fotocoagulación, estratificado por grupos: capacidad visual < 0.5 con (1) o sin engrosamiento central (2), y capacidad visual = 0.5 con (3) o sin engrosamiento central (4). Se identificó la correlación entre los cambios de grosor del punto central, volumen macular y capacidad visual (Spearman). Resultados: 79 ojos, 17 del grupo 1 (21.5%), 21 del 2 (26.6%), 14 del 3 (17.7%), 27 del 4 (34.2%). El grosor del punto central aumentó en los grupos 2 y 4, la capacidad visual disminuyó en el 3 y el volumen en todos. Las correlaciones entre el grosor del punto central y la capacidad visual en el grupo 3, y entre el volumen y la capacidad visual en el grupo 1 fueron negativas. La correlación de la muestra entre los cambios anatómicos y de capacidad visual fue baja (r= 0.14). Conclusiones: el aumento del grosor del punto central en ojos sin engrosamiento previo generó correlaciones opuestas entre grupos, y redujo la de la muestra. Estratificar conforme al grosor del punto central basal facilitaría identificar variables que afectan la respuesta terapéutica funcional.

Expected value of foveal thickness in macular edema in Mexican patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The tomographic cut-off point to detect macular edema uses an international reference of retinal thickness, which is greater than that in our population. We undertook this study to identify the expected value of central subfield mean thickness (CSMT) in Mexican patients with diabetes with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and the proportion in which using only the tomographic cut-off point for clinical macular edema (>300 µm) could overlook the diagnosis. METHODS: We carried out an observational, analytical, crosssectional and prospective study. Eyes of diabetic patients with CSME (January 2006-June 2007) with a fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were included. The sample was divided according to angiographic type: monofocal (group 1), multifocal (group 2), or diffuse (group 3). The mean of CSMT of each group was weighed by the proportion represented by each group to calculate the all-type expected value. The proportion of eyes with CSMT = 300 µm was identified. RESULTS: Ninety-three eyes were included. Mean age was 60.9 years; there were 57 females (61.3%). Forty-one eyes were assigned to group 1 (44.1%, CSMT 210.63 µm), 31 to group 2 (33.3%, CSMT 279.65 µm), and 21 to group 3 (22.6%, CSMT 327.14 µm). The expected value of CSMT was 259.9 µm, 37.75% over the normal reference in the study population and 23% over the American reference. CSMT was <300 µm in 79.6% of the eyes (95% CI 71.4-87.8). CONCLUSIONS: The expected value of CSMT in Mexican patients with diabetes with CSME was within the range internationally regarded as subclinical. Using local references of CSMT is recommended to avoid overlooking the diagnosis of CSME and overestimating its treatment effect.

[Effect of photocoagulation on center point thickness in diabetic macular edema].

BACKGROUND: Photocoagulation is the standard treatment for clinically significant macular edema (CSME). This procedure is effective in reducing macular thickening, but it has been reported that initially it does not improve the thickness at the area of best visual function (center point of the fovea). We undertook this study to compare the effect of focal photocoagulation on center point thickness (CPT) and macular volume 3 weeks after treatment in Mexican diabetic patients with CSME, with and without center point involvement. METHODS: We carried out an observational, retrospective, longitudinal, analytical, open study. Type 2 diabetic patients undergoing focal photocoagulation for CSME at a general hospital in Mexico City were evaluated. Mean CPT and macular volume were compared before and 3 weeks after photocoagulation (paired t test) in the sample and in eyes with (group 1) and without (group 2) baseline center point involvement. Absolute and percent CPT and macular volume changes were identified. RESULTS: Fifty-nine eyes (mean age 59.6 years) were studied. CPT mean increased from 193 to 197 µm (p = 0.3), statistically in group 2 (168.8 to 178.5 µm, p <0.001). Macular volume mean changed from 7.8 to 7.6 mm(3) (p <0.001). CPT increased 3.9 µm (3%) in the sample, whereas macular volume decreased 0.26 mm(3) (3.1%). Correlation between changes was 0.089. CONCLUSIONS: Although macular volume decreased statistically 3 weeks after photocoagulation, CPT did not and increased statistically in eyes without baseline center point involvement, which was unnoticed in the sample effect. These changes should not be overlooked because dealing with them could improve the early results of treatment.

Sources of error in the use of a system for classifying mechanical injuries of the eye.

BACKGROUND: ocular trauma produces psychological, social and occupational effects that can cause significant impairment. Evaluation of ocular trauma has been standardized by a system for classifying mechanical injuries of the eye (SCMIE). Parameters that are most commonly a source of error for the evaluator and that may lead to classification errors have not been identified. METHODS: an observational, retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional and open study was conducted. Files of patients of either gender, aged 6 years or older, with ocular trauma graded with the SCMIE between 1997 and 2009 were re-evaluated by an independent investigator. The rate and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of evaluations that resulted in errors during the re-evaluation of ocular trauma were identified in the sample and in general for each parameter. The disparity between the initial evaluation and the re-evaluation (MacNemar) and the concordance between the evaluations (kappa) were analyzed. RESULTS: of 817 evaluations, 294 had at least one grading error (36%, 95% CI 32.7-39.3). The most frequent error source was the parameter type. The disparity was significant in parameters type A, D, grade 2 and zone II. Overall concordance was good. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary to reinforce the learning curve for some parameters of the SCMIE, especially type, in order to improve its evaluation, so that it can become a valid communication tool that favors early referral to the specialist.

[Asymmetrical bilateral optic neuropathy. Case report].

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of traumatic optic neuropathy is difficult during primary care as a result of the absence of optic disk changes or coexisting injuries that may be more apparent. Although there are functional signs that suggest its presence, the lack of a comparison parameter may further prevent its detection. A case of bilateral traumatic optic neuropathy is analyzed to emphasize the need for functional evaluation in the injured eye. CLINICAL CASE: A 34-year-old male presented with severe head trauma, loss of consciousness and type III Lefort facial fracture as a result of a vehicular accident. Seventy two hours after the accident, the left eye had only light perception and an afferent pupillary defect. The right eye had visual deficiency not explained by anterior segment injuries. Therapy was aimed at the left eye and, during follow-up, involvement of the right eye was identified very late. The patient's evolution is analyzed, as well as the causes that prevented early detection of traumatic optic neuropathy in the right eye. CONCLUSIONS: Functional evaluation must be used to search for traumatic optic neuropathy in every injured eye. The absence of ocular fundus abnormalities does not rule out the disease, especially when visual deficiency exists. Detection of patients with a positive pupil during initial evaluation of trauma is required in order to refer the patient in a timely manner to the ophthalmologist. The specialist should identify atypical cases and therapy should be initiated as early as possible.

Estimación del daño por trauma ocular en Pediatría sin la evaluación de la agudeza visual / Estimation of damage in pediatric ocular trauma without evaluating visual acuity

Introducción. La cuantificación de la agudeza visual (AV) en el niño con trauma ocular puede ser limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar si los parámetros del sistema de clasificación de lesiones mecánicas oculares (SCLMO) podrían detectar la afección visual significativa (AVS) y el daño del segmento posterior (DSP), sin evaluar la AV. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, retrospectivo y abierto. Se incluyeron niños con trauma ocular y calificación del SCLMO. Se identificaron los ojos con AVS y DSP y se compararon sus proporciones entre los parámetros del SCLMO (χ², razón de momios RM). Resultados. Se analizaron doscientos ojos de pacientes con edad promedio de 10.88 años. Los parámetros asociados con AVS fueron: globo abierto con trauma abierto tipo A (p =0.002, RM=14.14), globo con trauma abierto (p <0.001, RM=11.25), zona II (p =0.001, RM=3.17) y pupila positiva (p <0.001); los asociados con DSP: zona III (46.5%, p <0.001, RM=26.43) y globo con trauma abierto tipo A (40.0%, p=0.059, RM=3.39). Conclusiones. La AVS podría detectarse sin medir la AV en pacientes pediátricos siempre que se evalúen los parámetros restantes del SCLMO.

Background. Quantifying visual acuity (VA) can be limited in children with ocular trauma. Could the parameters of the system for classifying mechanical injuries of the eye (SCMIE) detect the eyes with significant visual affection (SVA) and damage in the posterior ocular segment (DPOS) without the need for visual acuity evaluation? Methods. An observational, analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective and open label study was conducted. Pediatric patients with uni- or bilateral eye trauma and grading using the SCMIE were evaluated. We identified eyes with SVA and those with DPOS. Their rates were then compared between the parameters of SCMIE (χ2 and odds ratio, OR). Results. Two hundred eyes were evaluated (mean age: 10.88 years). The parameters associated clinically with SVA were type A open globe (p = 0.002, OR = 14.14), open globe (p <0.001, OR = 11.25), zone II (p = 0.001, OR = 3.17) and positive pupil (p <0.001). Those associated with DPOS were zone III (46.5%, p <0.001, OR = 26.43) and type A open globe (40.0%, p = 0.059, OR = 3.39). Conclusions. Ocular trauma that causes SVA in children may be detected without measuring VA, provided that the remaining parameters of the SCMIE are evaluated.

Neuropatía óptica traumática bilateral asimétrica: informe de un caso / Asymmetrical bilateral optic neuropathy: case report

Introducción: La neuropatía óptica traumática puede ser difícil de diagnosticar en un primer contacto, por la ausencia de cambios en el disco óptico o por la coexistencia de lesiones más aparentes. Aunque existen datos funcionales que la sugieren, la falta de un parámetro contralateral de comparación puede limitar la detección. El objetivo fue analizar el caso de un paciente con neuropatía óptica traumática con afección bilateral asimétrica, para hacer énfasis en la necesidad de evaluar funcionalmente los ojos lesionados. Caso clínico: Hombre de 34 años de edad con traumatismo craneoencefálico severo, pérdida del estado de alerta y fractura facial tipo Lefort III por accidente automovilístico. A las 72 horas del accidente únicamente percibía luz y tenía un defecto pupilar aferente en el ojo izquierdo; el ojo derecho tenía deficiencia visual, no justificada por alteraciones del segmento anterior. El tratamiento se enfocó al ojo izquierdo, pero durante el seguimiento se identificó tardíamente afección del ojo derecho. Se analizó la evolución del paciente y las causas que limitaron la detección temprana de la neuropatía traumática en el ojo derecho. Conclusiones: La neuropatía óptica traumática debe buscarse mediante la evaluación funcional en todos los ojos lesionados. La ausencia de alteraciones en el fondo del ojo no la descarta, particularmente si existe deficiencia visual. Es necesario identificar los pacientes con pupila positiva durante la evaluación inicial y referirlos oportunamente al especialista, quien identificará los casos atípicos e implementará tempranamente el tratamiento.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of traumatic optic neuropathy is difficult during primary care as a result of the absence of optic disk changes or coexisting injuries that may be more apparent. Although there are functional signs that suggest its presence, the lack of a comparison parameter may further prevent its detection. A case of bilateral traumatic optic neuropathy is analyzed to emphasize the need for functional evaluation in the injured eye. CLINICAL CASE: A 34-year-old male presented with severe head trauma, loss of consciousness and type III Lefort facial fracture as a result of a vehicular accident. Seventy two hours after the accident, the left eye had only light perception and an afferent pupillary defect. The right eye had visual deficiency not explained by anterior segment injuries. Therapy was aimed at the left eye and, during follow-up, involvement of the right eye was identified very late. The patient's evolution is analyzed, as well as the causes that prevented early detection of traumatic optic neuropathy in the right eye. CONCLUSIONS: Functional evaluation must be used to search for traumatic optic neuropathy in every injured eye. The absence of ocular fundus abnormalities does not rule out the disease, especially when visual deficiency exists. Detection of patients with a positive pupil during initial evaluation of trauma is required in order to refer the patient in a timely manner to the ophthalmologist. The specialist should identify atypical cases and therapy should be initiated as early as possible.

Frecuencia de crisis epilépticas en pacientes pediátricos de la consulta externa de un hospital general / Seizures rate in pediatric outpatients at a general hospital in México City

Introducción. Las crisis epilépticas son la segunda enfermedad neurológica más común. Se identificó la proporción de crisis epilépticas y su distribución por tipo en pacientes pediátricos de la consulta externa de un hospital general. Métodos. Se registraron los pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de crisis epilépticas, realizado por el pediatra, atendidos en la consulta externa pediátrica durante un mes. Se determinó la proporción que representaba en el período y se calcularon intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. Se identificó la distribución por tipo de crisis convulsiva y se comparó la edad en los distintos tipos. Resultados. La proporción encontrada fue 11.5% (n =382, IC95% 8.31-14-69) a expensas principalmente de crisis tónico-clónico generalizadas 5.5% (47% de todas las crisis, n =44), la frecuencia de crisis epilépticas no difirió significativamente entre los diferentes grupos de edad (P =0.483). Las crisis febriles representaron sólo 0.8% (6.8% de todas las crisis, n =44). Conclusiones. La proporción encontrada fue alta; la proporción de crisis febriles fue menor a la reportada.

Introduction. Seizures are the second most common neurological disease. Objective: To identify the rate and type of seizures in pediatric outpatients of a general hospital. Methods. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of seizures attend-ing the outpatients Pediatrics clinic were enrolled in this one-month study. Rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Distributions of seizure type according to gender and age were calculated. Results. The rate ratio found was 11.5% (n =382, 95% CI 8.31-14.69); the most common seizure type was generalized tonic-clonic seizure 5.5% (47% of total seizures, n =44); seizure frequency did not show any statistical difference among age-group (P =0.483). Febrile seizures represented only 0.8% (6.8% of total seizures, n =44). Conclusions. The seizure rate observed was higher than the expected rate. The febrile seizure rate was lower than those reported in previous works.