Parasitic Leiomyoma as a Cause for Primary Small Bowel Obstruction.

Parasitic leiomyomas (PL) are rare cause of small bowel obstruction (SBO) in young women. Usually, they arise in women who underwent laparoscopic or surgical morcellation of uterine fibroids. PL may present with vague abdominal pain, constipation, obstipation, or rarely SBO. SBO can be primary or secondary, depending on prior surgical history. PL might present as primary SBO due to their mass effect or secondary SBO if the patient's PL resulted from a surgical procedure. We came across a very remarkable presentation of primary SBO due to an artery supplying the PL. Few cases of primary PL have been reported.

Triple Jeopardy: Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Induced by Triple Seropositive Disease-A Rare Case.

The double-positive disease is the co-occurrence of antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) and is an uncommon cause of renal failure. Our case of triple-positive disease is an even rarer cause of isolated renal failure, as it includes anti-GBM, antimyeloperoxidase (MPO), and antiproteinase 3 (PR3). We present a case of a 62-year-old Caucasian male with a history of multiple comorbidities, who presented to the emergency department (ED) with worsening dyspnea on exertion that started about one month prior to admission. He was found to be in renal failure secondary to triple-positive disease. We believe that the likely mechanism of our patient's triple-positive disease was a drug-induced ANCA vasculitis overlapping with Goodpasture's syndrome. We believe our case to be a valuable addition to the literature as it is a rare overlap syndrome without a previously established disease course or etiology.

Presentation of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Shoulder Pain: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a type of aggressive lymphoid malignancy, which can present with an array of clinical features. DLBCL is notorious for having the highest rate of mortality in the developed areas of the world among the non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Although lymph node involvement is most commonly encountered, extranodal occurrence is also seen in up to 30% of the cases with involvement of structures such as the skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and musculoskeletal tissues. In view of the high mortality, especially in patients with delayed diagnoses, recognizing symptoms of this disease is vital for timely diagnosis and successful treatment. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 31-year-old white man with isolated shoulder pain. After the most common causes of shoulder pain were investigated and ruled out, further evaluation with an X-Ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and biopsy revealed that B-cell lymphoma was the unlikely source of the pain. The patient received appropriate chemotherapy and achieved remission, as confirmed by a positron emission tomography scan. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the uncommon clinical presentation of DLBCL with isolated shoulder pain. With primary bone DLBCL accounting for less than 2% of bone malignancies involving structures such as the femur, humerus, vertebra, and pelvis, this case reiterates the importance of further investigations and the possibility that bone pain may be the only clinical presentation of an underlying lymphoma. Examination by X-ray, MRI, and bone biopsy should be done to confirm diagnosis, followed by treatment with combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm without Cutaneous Manifestation: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND As an uncommon malignancy with the highest prevalence in the elderly population, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm or BPDCN is a hematologic disorder with unknown pathogenesis and devastating outcomes. This neoplasm usually manifests in the skin but can also involve the bone marrow, and less frequently the central nervous system (CNS). However, it does not exclude other organs and can even be associated with other malignancies. CASE REPORT Here, we discuss an interesting case of BPDCN in an 85-year-old man who mainly presented with dizziness and weakness. Physical examination revealed splenomegaly, laboratory tests showed pancytopenia, and peripheral blood smear depicted metamyelocytes. Further workup including bone marrow biopsy revealed atypical cells and flow cytometry disclosed 84% blasts positive for cluster of differentiation (CD) 4, CD53, and CD156 suggestive of BPDCN. Moreover, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies came back positive for tumor plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The patient underwent chemotherapy with CHOP, mini-CHOP regimens, and venetoclax, as well as treatment for CNS involvement. He achieved remission, but unfortunately had a recurrence of the disease. Later he was admitted due to pneumonia with concomitant recurrent pulmonary effusions complicated by multiorgan dysfunction and subsequently died. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of BPDCN can be very challenging, and high clinical suspicion and intuition are required to reach the diagnosis, especially when patients do not present with cutaneous involvement. Concerning treatment options, novel therapies such as tagraxofusp, a CD123-directed cytotoxin, are emerging in the hope of decreasing the rate of mortality for this aggressive malignancy.

Cholecystitis Masquerading as Cardiac Chest Pain: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Cope's sign is the association of bradycardia with symptoms of acute cholecystitis, which can occur due to a vagal cardiobiliary reflex. The clinical and electrocardiographic changes of bradycardia or complete heart block can mimic the presentation of acute coronary syndrome. This report highlights the unique possibility that bradycardia in patients with abdominal pain and gallstones can be due to this reflex. CASE REPORT A 46-year-old obese man with hyperlipidemia and gallstones presented with chest pain suggestive of cardiac ischemia. The initial electrocardiography (EKG) was normal, although the patient subsequently developed bradycardia and a 2nd-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. The results of further cardiothoracic investigations (including echocardiography and pharmacologic stress testing) were normal. An ultrasound of the abdomen revealed acute cholecystitis. After he underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the chest pain resolved completely, and the EKG reverted to its normal sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS Acute cholecystitis rarely presents with cardiac chest pain and EKG changes due to triggering of the vagal cardiobiliary reflex. Given this atypical presentation, patients often undergo invasive cardiac procedures in search of a nonexistent cardiac etiology coupled with the possibility of a missed diagnosis of cholecystitis. When clinicians consider a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in patients with bradycardia, T-wave inversion, and ST-segment elevation (especially in the inferior leads), they should add the possibility of intra-abdominal pathologies (including cholecystitis) in the differential diagnosis.

Effects of neonatal nutrition interventions on neonatal mortality and child health and development outcomes: A systematic review.

Background: The last two decades have seen a significant decrease in mortality for children <5 years of age in low and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, neonatal (age, 0-28 days) mortality has not decreased at the same rate. We assessed three neonatal nutritional interventions that have the potential of reducing morbidity and mortality during infancy in LMICs. Objectives: To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of synthetic vitamin A, dextrose oral gel, and probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period. Search Methods: We conducted electronic searches for relevant studies on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, and CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials, up to November 27, 2019. Selection Criteria: We aimed to include randomized and quasi-experimental studies. The target population was neonates in LMICs. The interventions included synthetic vitamin A supplementation, oral dextrose gel supplementation, and probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period. We included studies from the community and hospital settings irrespective of the gestational age or birth weight of the neonate. Data Collection and Analysis: Two authors screened the titles and extracted the data from selected studies. The risk of bias (ROB) in the included studies was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), prevention and treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia, adverse events, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Data were meta-analyzed by random effect models to obtain relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference with 95% CI for continuous outcomes. The overall rating of evidence was determined by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Main Results: Sixteen randomized studies (total participants 169,366) assessed the effect of vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period. All studies were conducted in low- and middle-income (LMIC) countries. Thirteen studies were conducted in the community setting and three studies were conducted in the hospital setting, specifically in neonatal intensive care units. Studies were conducted in 10 different countries including India (four studies), Guinea-Bissau (three studies), Bangladesh (two studies), and one study each in China, Ghana, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The overall ROB was low in most of the included studies for neonatal vitamin A supplementation. The pooled results from the community based randomized studies showed that there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality in the vitamin A (intervention) group compared to controls at 1 month (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.90-1.08; six studies with 126,548 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 0%, funnel plot symmetrical, grade rating high), 6 months (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.89-1.07; 12 studies with 154,940 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 43%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high) and 12 months of age (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94-1.14; eight studies with 118,376 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 46%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Neonatal vitamin A supplementation increased the incidence of bulging fontanelle by 53% compared to control (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.12-2.09; six studies with 100,256 participants, statistical heterogeneity I 2 65%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). We did not identify any experimental study that addressed the use of dextrose gel for the prevention and/or treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia in LMIC. Thirty-three studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period (total participants 11,595; probiotics: 5854 and controls: 5741). All of the included studies were conducted in LMIC and were randomized. Most of the studies were done in the hospital setting and included participants who were preterm (born < 37 weeks gestation) and/or low birth weight (<2500 g birth weight). Studies were conducted in 13 different countries with 10 studies conducted in India, six studies in Turkey, three studies each in China and Iran, two each in Mexico and South Africa, and one each in Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Thailand. Three studies were at high ROB due to lack of appropriate randomization sequence or allocation concealment. Combined data from 25 studies showed that probiotic supplementation reduced all-cause mortality by 20% compared to controls (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96; total number of participants 10,998, number needed to treat 100, statistical heterogeneity I 2 0%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Twenty-nine studies reported the effect of probiotics on the incidence of NEC, and the combined results showed a relative reduction of 54% in the intervention group compared to controls (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.35-0.59; total number of participants 5574, number needed to treat 17, statistical heterogeneity I 2 24%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Twenty-one studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period on neonatal sepsis, and the combined results showed a relative reduction of 22% in the intervention group compared to controls (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.86; total number of participants 9105, number needed to treat 14, statistical heterogeneity I 2 23%, funnel plot symmetrical, GRADE quality high). Authors' Conclusions: Vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period does not reduce all-cause neonatal or infant mortality in LMICs in the community setting. However, neonatal vitamin A supplementation increases the risk of Bulging Fontanelle. No experimental or quasi-experimental studies were available from LMICs to assess the effect of dextrose gel supplementation for the prevention or treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period seems to reduce all-cause mortality, NEC, and sepsis in babies born with low birth weight and/or preterm in the hospital setting. There was clinical heterogeneity in the use of probiotics, and we could not recommend any single strain of probiotics for wider use based on these results. There was a lack of studies on probiotic supplementation in the community setting. More research is needed to assess the effect of probiotics administered to neonates in-home/community setting in LMICs.

Effect of Synthetic Vitamin A and Probiotics Supplementation for Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality during the Neonatal Period. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Background: Suboptimal nutritional status of a newborn is a risk factor for short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this review were to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of neonatal synthetic vitamin A supplementation, dextrose gel and probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality during infancy in low and middle-income countries. Methods: We included randomized trials. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We conducted electronic searches on multiple databases. Data were meta-analyzed to obtain relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Studies for vitamin A and Probiotics were analyzed separately. No studies were found for dextrose gel supplementation during neonatal period. The overall rating of evidence was determined by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Sixteen studies assessed the effect of vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period. Based on pooled data from community-based studies only, there was no significant effect of vitamin A on all-cause mortality at age 1 month (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90, 1.08), 6 months (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.89-1.08) and 12 months (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94, 1.14) but increased risk of bulging fontanelle (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12, 2.09). The overall quality of evidence was high for the above outcomes. Thirty-three studies assessed the effect of probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period and were mostly conducted in the hospital setting. Probiotics reduced the risk of all-cause mortality (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66, 0.96), necrotizing enterocolitis (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35, 0.59) and neonatal sepsis (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70, 0.86). The grade ratings for the above three outcomes were high. Conclusions: Vitamin A supplementation during the neonatal period does not reduce all-cause neonatal or infant mortality in low and middle-income countries in the community setting. Probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period seems to reduce all-cause mortality, NEC, and sepsis in babies born low birth weight and/or preterm in the hospital setting.