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Due to the limited resources and high cost of noble metals, boosting their catalytic activities is highly desired in the current catalysis industry. Here, we report a synergetic catalyst, combining Pd2+ and Pd0 species in a nitrogen-doped porous carbons (NPC), which shows boosted catalytic activities in hydrogenation reactions of organic nitro compounds (nitrobenzene, 4-nitrophenol, 1-nitronaphthalene and 1-nitropropane) under near ambient conditions. This synergetic catalyst NPC-[Pd] was synthesized by partial reduction of a palladium-loaded NPC. The catalytic activities and selectivity of NPC-[Pd] for hydrogenation were enhanced significantly compared with those of NPC-Pd2+ or NPC-Pd0 nanoparticles. Theoretical calculations show that H2 preferentially dissociates on Pd nanoparticles, and then organic molecules (nitrobenzene) can be captured and react with the dissociated H atom on Pd2+ sites. Similar reaction procedure also occur on Pt or Rh. Hydrogenation of different aromatic compounds with different functional groups (naphthalene, 4-nitrochlorobenzene, benzaldehyde and acetophenone) confirmed the broad excellent catalytic activity of this synergistic catalyst.
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Fibrosis is a pathological result of a dysfunctional repair response to tissue injury and occurs in several organs, including the lungs. Bryodulcosigenin (BDG) is a cucurbitane-type triterpene isolated from Siratia grosvenori and has clear-cut anti-inflammatory effects, yet its benefit of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of BDG (10 mg/kg/day, for 14 days) against TGF-ß1-stimulated mouse alveolar epithelial MLE-12 cells and bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF mice. In vitro experiments showed that BDG could inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oxidative stress. In vivo experiments indicated that BDG could ameliorate BLM-induced PF in mice as evidenced by characteristic structural changes in histopathology, increased collagen deposition and reduced survival and weight of mice. The abnormal increased expressions of TGF-ß1, p-Smad2/3, α-SMA, COL-I, and NOX4 and decreased expressions for Sirt1 and p-AMPK were improved in BDG treatment. But these beneficial effects could be eliminated by co-treatment with Compound C (CC, a selective AMPK inhibitor). Molecular docking technology also revealed the potential of BDG to activate AMPK. In summary, AMPK activation modulated by BDG not only ameliorated TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways but also partially mediated the suppression effects on EMT and oxidative stress, thus mediating the anti-fibrotic effects.
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Fibrose Pulmonar , Triterpenos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Bleomicina/efeitos adversos , Colágeno/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estresse Oxidativo , Fibrose Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Triterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
A simple method is proposed for the synthesis of noble metal M@YSiO2 (M = Au, Pd, Ag) yolk-shell nanoparticles. The effects of synthesis conditions on the preparation of yolk-shell nanoparticles were discussed in detail. According to the different corrosion resistances between inorganic silica and organosilicone in a selective etching solution, yolk-shell nanoparticles with large cavity and thin shell were prepared using the same aqueous medium in a step-by-step synthesis process. Different from traditional methods, this method is facile and efficient because the main synthesis process is carried out in an aqueous phase. This extended method may benefit the synthesis and application of other nanomaterials with a similar yolk-shell structure.
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Exploring high-performance electrocatalysts, especially non-noble metal electrocatalysts, for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical to energy storage and conversion. Herein, we report for the first time that conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) incorporating salen can be used as OER electrocatalysts with outstanding performances. The best OER electrocatalyst (salen-CMP-Fe-3) exhibits a low Tafel slope of 63â mV dec-1 and an overpotential of 238â mV at 10â mA cm-2 . DFT and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo calculations confirmed that the significantly improved electrocatalytic properties can be attributed to the intrinsic catalytic activity of the salen moiety and the enrichment effect of the pore structures. This work demonstrates that salen-based conjugated polymers are a type of metal-coordinated porous polymer that show excellent catalyst performance.
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Catalytic combustion is promising in removing trace amounts of CH4 to address serious environmental concerns. Supported Pd-based catalysts are most effective but often suffer from low stability in applications owing to the water-vapor-induced sintering. Herein, we develop a universal strategy to prepare irreducible-oxide-modified Pd/MgAl2 O4 catalysts which show high activity and excellent stability against both hydrothemal aging at elevated temperatures and deactivation in long-term reaction under wet conditions. The addition of irreducible oxides inhibited the deep oxidation of Pd in the oxygen-rich conditions, which preserved not only the epitaxial structure but also a suitable active phase of Pd-PdOx on MgAl2 O4 , thus promoting both activity and stability. This work provides new insights into the effect of metal-oxide interaction on CH4 combustion and offers an avenue to design hydrothermally stable and active combustion catalysts for industrial applications.
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Biomass-derivatives, e.g., furfural, have been widely reported to become new-generation renewable sources of chemicals and fuels. However, it is too complicated to understand the product selectivity of furfural conversion in diverse reactions. Accordingly, by using density functional theory calculations, both the hydrodeoxygenation and decarboxylation of furfural on the Ni(111) surface to form furan, 2-methylfuran, furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol have been thoroughly investigated. On the basis of the minimum energy path, furfural decarbonylation leads to the formation of furan via F-CHO + 2H â F + CO + 2H â F + CO + H â F-H, and then tetrahydrofuran forms via sequential hydrogenation on the carbon atoms of the furan ring, while furfuryl alcohol (F-CHO + 2H â F + CHOH + H â F-CH2OH) can be obtained via furfural hydrogenation. More importantly, 2-methylfuran tends to form through the hydrodeoxygenation reaction, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is generated via furfural hydrogenation, which is realized with furfuryl alcohol identified as the likely intermediate. Overall, among all these products, furan is a dominant product. More importantly, it has been found that different types of metal doping will also lead to different adsorption configurations of the reactants. These findings should provide guidance in catalyst design for converting furfural to value-added products.
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The poor thermodynamic stability of gold nanoparticles (NPs) makes it very challenging to stabilize them in small sizes at elevated temperatures. Herein, we report the preparation of antisintering Au nanocatalyst by rationally selecting the sublattice matched MgGa2O4 spinel as support based on theoretical predictions. Au/MgGa2O4 retains Au NPs of 2-5 nm even after aging over the melting temperature of bulk gold (1064 °C)! By identifying the stable structure, the extraordinary stability is found to arise from the formation of a new phase structure, namely Au-MgGa2O4 metal-oxide "hetero-bicrystal" that remains as crystallite without melting even at 1100 °C. More than 80% of the loaded Au can be efficiently stabilized so that the catalysts can exhibit excellent low-temperature activities for diesel exhaust (CO and C3H6) oxidation after severely thermal and hydrothermal aging. These results may pave ways for constructing antisintering gold nanocatalysts for industrial applications.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of the Chinese herbal compound Tongjingling (TJL) on the ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial ultrastructure in spermatogenic cells in varicocele (VC) rats with liver-qi stagnation (LQS). METHODS: Totally, 72 male SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of equal number, sham operation, VC+LQS model, low-, medium- and high-dose TJL, and L-carnitine (LC) control. The VC+LQS model was established by the Saypol method combined with tail-clamping. At 4 weeks after modeling, the rats in the low-, medium- and high-dose TJL groups were treated intragastrically with TJL at 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 g/ml respectively, those in the sham operation and VC+LQS model groups with 0.9% saline, and those in the LC control group with LC oral liquid at 2.1 ml/kg, qd, for 8 weeks. Then the ROS level and MMP in the spermatogenic cells were measured by flow cytometry and the mitochondrial ultrastructure observed under the transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: The ROS level in the spermatogenic cells was significantly higher in the VC+LQS model and low-dose TJL groups than in the sham operation group (ï¼»62.72 ± 9.90ï¼½% and ï¼»52.25 ± 8.15ï¼½% vs ï¼»36.53 ± 5.25ï¼½%, P < 0.01), but remarkably lower in the medium-dose TJL (ï¼»41.65 ± 4.89ï¼½%), high-dose TJL (ï¼»39.60 ± 5.19ï¼½%) and LC control (ï¼»38.33 ± 7.46ï¼½%) than in the VC+LQS model group (P < 0.01). MMP in the spermatogenic cells was significantly lower in the VC+LQS model and low-dose TJL than in the sham operation group (ï¼»34.80 ± 20.18ï¼½% and ï¼»44.39 ± 19.60ï¼½% vs ï¼»60.24 ± 22.25ï¼½%, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), but markedly higher in the medium-dose TJL (ï¼»50.62 ± 14.83ï¼½%), high-dose TJL (ï¼»52.42 ± 7.55ï¼½%) and LC control (ï¼»50.75 ± 15.65ï¼½%) than in the VC+LQS model group (P < 0.05). The mitochondria in the spermatogenic cells of the VC+LQS model rats exhibited swelling, vacuolization, rupture or disappearance of the mitochondrial cristae, and breakdown of the internal structure. The pathological injury of the mitochondrial structure was improved in different degrees in the TJL and LC groups. CONCLUSIONS: TJL can reduce the ROS level, increase MMP and improve pathological injury of the mitochondrial ultrastructure in the spermatogenic cells of VC rats with LQS, which may be the underlying molecular mechanism of TJL improving fertility in infertile VC patients.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Qi , Espermatogênese , Varicocele , Animais , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/terapia , Fígado , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Modelos Animais , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
With regard to deep mining in metal mines, an investigation into the failure mode of deep fractured rock masses and their corresponding acoustic emission signal characteristics is conducted via uniaxial compression tests. Subsequently, a fractal damage renormalization group mechanical model is developed to explain the behavior of those fractured rock masses. Employing the bonded block model (BBM) numerical simulation method, fracture process in synthetic rock samples is analyzed, thereby validating the efficacy of the mechanical model. The numerical simulations highlight the critical role of fractures expansion in underlying the deterioration of rock mass strength. As the peak load decreases, the fracture fractal dimension increases, leading to a significant 14.2% reduction in compressive strength accompanied by an approximate 8.7% rise in average fracture fractal dimension. A comparative analysis of tetrahedral and voronoi block synthetic rock samples reveals the tetrahedral block samples exhibit a superior ability to depict the fracture behavior of fractured rock masses. Specifically, they offer a more accurate simulation of acoustic emission characteristics and failure modes. Furthermore, variations in the fracture fractal dimension with respect to the hole defect's position are observed, with the maximum value occurring along the vertical axis of the hole defect. This observation underscores the potential utility of visually monitoring deep rock fracture dynamics as an effective mean for quantitatively evaluating fracture damage and strength degradation in deep rock formations.
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BACKGROUND: Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF) is a progressive lung disease characterized by the diffuse interstitial tissue, leading to severe breathing difficulties. The existing treatment methods are primarily aimed at slowing the progression of the disease, underscoring the urgent need to discover new drug interventions targeting novel sites. The "gut-lung axis" represents a complex bidirectional communication system where the gut microbiota not only influences lung immunity but also responds to lung-derived signals. Recent advances have uncovered that alterations in gut microbiota composition can significantly impact respiratory diseases, offering new insights into their pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches. METHODS: This study is based on the fundamental concepts of the lung-gut axis and our previous research, further exploring the potential mechanisms of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) in ginseng against PF. We utilized a bleomycin-induced mouse model of PF and employed metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing to investigate the pathways through which PPD regulates the pulmonary fibrosis process via the gut-lung axis. Finally, we employed strategies such as antibiotic-induced microbiota disruption and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to provide a comprehensive perspective on how PPD regulates pulmonary fibrosis through gut microbiota. RESULTS: The results of the bleomycin (BLM) mouse model of PF proved that PPD can directly act on the glycolysis- related metabolic reprogramming process in lung and the AMPK/STING pathway to improve PF. Combined the analysis of gut microbiota and related metabolites, we found that PPD can regulate the process of PF through the gut-lung axis target points G6PD and SPHK1. FMT and antibiotic-induced microbiota disruption further confirmed intermediate effect of gut microbiota in PF process and the treatment of PPD. Our study suggests that PPD can alleviate the process of pulmonary fibrosis either by directly acting on the lungs or by regulating the gut microbiota. CONCLUSION: This study positions PPD as a vanguard in the therapeutic landscape for pulmonary fibrosis, offering a dual mechanism of action that encompasses both modulation of gut microbiota and direct intervention at molecular targets. These insights highlight the immense therapeutic potential of harnessing the gut-lung axis.
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Modelos Animais de Doenças , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Pulmão , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Panax , Fibrose Pulmonar , Sapogeninas , Animais , Sapogeninas/farmacologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Panax/química , Bleomicina , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
HEADINGS ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Xingbei Zhike granule (XBZK), a widely prescribed Chinese patent medicine, is known for its efficacy in clearing lung qi, relieving cough and reducing phlegm, as well as fever, dry and bitter taste, and irritability. Despite its clinical popularity, comprehensive investigations into its chemical composition, in vivo metabolism, and pharmacokinetic characteristics are limited. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigates the chemical composition, in vivo metabolism, and in vivo dynamics of XBZK to clarify its material basis and pharmacokinetic characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Orbitrap-MS) was used to determine the chemical composition and in vivo metabolic profile of XBZK. Additionally, UPLC with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS/MS) was performed to quantify its main components and evaluate its in vivo dynamics in rat plasma. RESULTS: In total, 57 components were identified in XBZK. Furthermore, 40 prototype components and 31 metabolites were detected in various biological matrices of rats, including plasma, tissues, bile, feces, and urine. After administration, the area under the curve (AUC) for ephedrine (Eph), pseudoephedrine (Peph), neotuberostemonine (Neo), amygdalin (Amy), and enoxolone (Eno) exhibited a strong linear relationship with the administered dose (r > 0.9) in all rats. And gender-related differences in the absorption of peiminine (Pmn), peimisine (Pms), and chrysin-7-O-glucuronide (Cog) were notable among rats, with male rats showing a dose-dependent pattern of absorption, while female rats exhibited minimal absorption. CONCLUSIONS: XBZK contains 57 components, primarily composed of flavonoids, alkaloids, and coumarins. The eight main components were rapidly absorbed and eliminated, with some, such as Eph, Peph, Neo, Amy and Eno, following a linear pharmacokinetic pattern. Furthermore, Pmn, Pms and Cog were well absorbed in male rats, showing a dose-dependent behavior.
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Alcaloides , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Lactonas , Parabenos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Ratos , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , MetabolomaRESUMO
Reduning injection (RDN) is a traditional chinese medicine injection widely used in clinical practice. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of RDN were conducted by UPLC-Orbitrap MS/MS simultaneously. Totally 118 compounds were identified and 34 compounds were quantified in RDN. The method with completed method validation proved the high sensitivity and efficiency of the method and it was applied to quantify compounds in RDN. Multivariate statistical analysis method selected 11 key variables that affect the content consistency of RDN. 20 batches with high biological potency were screened by cox-2 enzyme activity assay. Spectrum-effect relationship analysis and multivariate statistical analysis showed that 7 batches were high-quality selected after comprehensive quality evaluation and 9 compounds were key indicators for screening it. This strategy including fingerprint, qualitative analysis and multiple-component quantification could be well applied to modern quality evaluation of RDN, which could be valuable for the further quality control of more other traditional Chinese medicines.
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CO2 capture and utilization into liquid fuels and high-added-value chemicals has been regarded as an attractive strategy to mitigate excessive carbon emissions. Here, we present a protocol to capture and convert CO2 into pure formic acid (HCOOH) solution and solid fertilizer (NH4H2PO4). We describe steps for synthesis of an IRMOF3-derived carbon-supported PdAu heterogeneous catalyst (PdAu/CN-NH2), which can efficiently catalyze (NH4)2CO3-captured CO2 into formate under ambient conditions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Jiang et al. (2023).1.
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Dióxido de Carbono , Carbono , Catálise , FormiatosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ginkgetin, a flavonoid extracted from Ginkgo biloba, has been shown to exhibit broad anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidative bioactivity. Moreover, the extract of Ginkgo folium has been reported on attenuating bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but the anti-fibrotic effects of ginkgetin are still unclear. This study was intended to investigate the protective effects of ginkgetin against experimental pulmonary fibrosis and its underlying mechanism. METHODS: In vivo, bleomycin (5 mg/kg) in 50 µL saline was administrated intratracheally in mice. One week after bleomycin administration, ginkgetin (25 or 50 mg/kg) or nintedanib (40 mg/kg) was administrated intragastrically daily for 14 consecutive days. In vitro, the AMPK-siRNA transfection in primary lung fibroblasts further verified the regulatory effect of ginkgetin on AMPK. RESULTS: Administration of bleomycin caused characteristic histopathology structural changes with elevated lipid peroxidation, pulmonary fibrosis indexes, and inflammatory mediators. The bleomycin- induced alteration was normalized by ginkgetin intervention. Moreover, this protective effect of ginkgetin (20 mg/kg) was equivalent to that of nintedanib (40 mg/kg). AMPK-siRNA transfection in primary lung fibroblasts markedly blocked TGF-ß1-induced myofibroblasts transdifferentiation and abolished oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: All these results suggested that ginkgetin exerted ameliorative effects on bleomycininduced oxidative stress and lung fibrosis mainly through an AMPK-dependent manner.
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Biflavonoides , Estresse Oxidativo , Fibrose Pulmonar , Animais , Camundongos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Bleomicina/farmacologia , Pulmão/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibrose Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Biflavonoides/farmacologia , Biflavonoides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In diabetic patients, complications are the leading cause of death and disability, while diabetic lung damage has received little research. The Coptis inflorescence extract (CE) has hypoglycemic properties, but the mechanism of its protective role on diabetic lung injury is understood. PURPOSE: This study aims to explore the protective actions and molecular mechanism of CE and its active ingredients in diabetic lung disease. METHOD: Twenty-nine metabolites were identified in the metabolomic profile of CE using HPLC-ESI/MS, and high-content substances of berberine (BBR) and linarin (LIN) were isolated from CE using column chromatography. The potential targets and molecular mechanisms of CE against diabetic lung damage were systematically investigated by network pharmacology and in vitro experimental validation. RESULTS: CE significantly improved lung function and pathology. CE (360 mg/kg) or metformin treatment significantly improved lipid metabolism disorders, including decreased HDL-C and elevated serum TG, TC, and LDL-C levels. Furthermore, CE's chemical composition was determined using the HPLC-QTOF-MS method. CE identified five compounds as candidate active compounds (Berberine, Linarin, Palmatine, Worenine, and Coptisine). Network pharmacology analysis predicted CE contained five active compounds and target proteins, that AMPK, TGFß1, and Smad might be the key targets in treating diabetic lung injury. Then we investigated the therapeutic effect of bioactive compounds of CE on diabetic lung damage through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Intragastric administration with BBR (50 mg/kg) or LIN (20 mg/kg) suppressed weight loss, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, significantly alleviating lung inflammation in diabetic mice. Further mechanism research revealed that LIN or BBR inhibited alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by high glucose by regulating AMPK/NEU-mediated signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the administration of CE can effectively alleviate diabetic lung damage, providing a scientific basis for lowering blood sugar to moisturize lung function. BBR and LIN, the main components of CE, can effectively alleviate diabetic lung damage by regulating AMPK/NEU1 Signaling and inhibiting the TGF-ß1 level, which may be a critical mechanism of its effects.
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Berberina , Coptis , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Lesão Pulmonar , Camundongos , Animais , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Berberina/farmacologia , Berberina/uso terapêutico , Lesão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Inflorescência/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Coptis/química , Coptis/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is a representative Chinese herbal medicine with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) has been isolated from ginseng and shown to have promising pharmacological activities. However, effects of PDD on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have not been reported. We hypothesize that PDD may reverse inflammation-induced PF and be a novel therapeutic strategy. Methods: Adult male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a model of PF induced by bleomycin (BLM). The pulmonary index was measured, and histological and immunohistochemical examinations were made. Cell cultures of mouse alveolar epithelial cells were analyzed with Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, siRNA transfection, cellular thermal shift assay and qRT-PCR. Results: The survival rate of PPD-treated mice was higher than that of untreated BLM-challenged mice. Expression of fibrotic hallmarks, including α-SMA, TGF-ß1 and collagen I, was reduced by PPD treatment, indicating attenuation of PF. Mice exposed to BLM had higher STING levels in lung tissue, and this was reduced by phosphorylated AMPK after activation by PPD. The role of phosphorylated AMPK in suppressing STING was confirmed in TGF-ß1-incubated cells. Both in vivo and in vitro analyses indicated that PPD treatment attenuated BLM-induced PF by modulating the AMPK/STING signaling pathway. Conclusion: PPD ameliorated BLM-induced PF by multi-target regulation. The current study may help develop new therapeutic strategies for preventing PF.
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A new catalytic approach is pioneered to achieve CO2 methanation via a single atom alloy Ir/Ni catalyst using a ball-milling method. This Ir/Ni catalyst exhibits a TOFCH4 of 10244 h-1 and a 220 h lifetime at 350 °C without deactivation, illustrating excellent catalytic efficiency in the presence of mechanical energy.
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Metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks have recently gained attention in photocatalysis. However, their use in CO2 photoreduction is yet to be reported. Moreover, facile preparation of metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks with good crystallinity remains considerably challenging. Herein, we report a series of metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks produced via a one-step synthesis strategy that does not require vacuum evacuation. Metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks possessing controllable coordination environments of mononuclear and binuclear metal sites are obtained and act as photocatalysts for tunable syngas production from CO2. Metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks obtained via one-step synthesis exhibit higher crystallinity and catalytic activities than those obtained from two-step synthesis. The optimal framework material containing cobalt and triazine achieves a syngas production rate of 19.7 mmol g-1 h-1 (11:8 H2/CO), outperforming previously reported porous crystalline materials. This study provides a facile strategy for producing metallosalen-covalent organic frameworks of high quality and can accelerate their exploration in various applications.
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Adsorption of vanadium from wastewater defends the environment from toxic ions and contributes to recover the valuable metal. However, it is still challenging for the separation of vanadium (V5+) and chromium (Cr6+) because of their similar properties. Herein, a kind of CeO2 nanorod containing oxygen vacancies is facilely synthesized which displays ultra-high selectivity of V5+ against various competitive ions (i.e., Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Cd, Ba, Pb, Mg, Be, and Co). Moreover, a large separation factor (SFV/Cr) of 114,169.14 for the selectivity of V5+ is achieved at the Cr6+/V5+ ratio of 80 with the trace amount of V5+ (~ 1 mg/L). The results show that the process of V5+ uptake is the monolayer homogeneous adsorption and is controlled by external and intraparticle diffusions. In addition, it also shows that V5+ is reduced to V3+ and V4+ and then formation of V-O complexation. This work offers a novel CeO2 nanorod material for efficient separation of V5+ and Cr6+ and also clarifies the mechanism of the V5+ adsorption on the CeO2 surface.
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Vanádio , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Cromo/análise , Íons , Águas Residuárias , Adsorção , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ginseng has been used for thousands of years, it is described as both a tonic for restoration of strength and a panacea. However, the adverse effect is also reported clinically. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the occurrence of adverse reactions is closely related to warm property of ginseng, which can easily lead to fireness (, in Chinese). Several presumptions indicated that fireness of ginseng may be associated with the pathophysiology of inflammation, imbalance of metabolism, the disorder of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. AIM OF THE STUDY: The tonifying effect of ginseng medicines was always focused on with little attention for their adverse effects. We selected red ginseng (RG), ginseng (GS), American ginseng (AG), and ginseng leaves (GL) as typical ginseng medicines to clarify correlations of adverse effect and tonifying effect of ginseng medicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The RG, GS, AG, and GL decoctions were orally administered to rats for 30 days consecutively. The appearance indicators such as saliva secretion, urinary output, fecal moisture, heart rate were determined, and hair condition, nose color were also observed. Furthermore, some biochemical indexes such as IL-6, T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, CORT, Ach, DA, EPI, NE, SP, VIP, cAMP, cGMP, AQP-5, AMPK, and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, Na+-K+-ATPase were measured by biochemical reagent kits or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The metabolites profile was analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Finally, the diversity of gut microbiota was also analyzed with the 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS: The study revealed the tonifying effects of ginseng medicines mainly on exciting nervous system, promoting immunity and antioxidative ability. While, the adverse effects were mainly associated with the abnormal nervous system, thyroid system, adrenal system, and oxidative stress. The GS group showed fireness symptoms, such as vertical and dirty hair, epistaxis, higher rectal temperature, lower salivary secretion, lower urinary output, lower fecal moisture. While the GL group showed the opposite symptoms. The levels of hormones, activities of the antioxidative enzyme, and Na+-K+-ATP enzyme were changed differently. From the second week to the fourth week, the levels of T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, CORT, and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, Na+-K+-ATP enzymes were first increased, then decreased, and finally recovered to normal levels. We also found that the ginseng medicines mainly adjust the amino acid and TCA cycle metabolism exhibiting their tonifying and adverse effects. Meanwhile, GS and AG can modulate gut microbiota imbalance by increasing the gut microbial diversity as well as selectively promoting some probiotic populations, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first time to report the correlations between tonifying effects and adverse effects of four ginseng medicines. The present study demonstrated that the adverse effects of ginseng medicines mostly depended on their dosages, the higher dosage is, the more serious the adverse effects are. The adverse effects of ginseng and ginseng leaves are much more serious than red ginseng and American ginseng. The tendency of water regulation of ginseng and ginseng leaves was opposite may be related to their nature property.