Perceived barriers and opportunities for the introduction of post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) in five sub-Saharan countries: a qualitative survey amongst malaria key stakeholders.

BACKGROUND: Post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) is an intervention aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalized with severe anaemia, with its effectiveness established in several clinical trials. The aim of this study was to better understand factors that would influence the scale up of this intervention, and to identify preferences for two delivery mechanisms, facility-based or community-based. METHODS: Forty-six qualitative individual interviews were conducted in five sub-Saharan countries amongst malaria key opinion leaders and national decision makers. Findings were analysed following a thematic inductive approach. RESULTS: Half of participants were familiar with PDMC, with a satisfactory understanding of the intervention. Although PDMC was perceived as beneficial by most respondents, there was some unclarity on the target population. Both delivery approaches were perceived as valuable and potentially complementary. From an adoption perspective, relevant evidence generation, favorable policy environment, and committed funding were identified as key elements for the scale up of PDMC. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that although PDMC was perceived as a relevant tool to prevent malaria, further clarification was needed in terms of the relevant patient population, delivery mechanisms, and more evidence should be generated from implementation research to ensure policy adoption and funding.

Defining the next generation of severe malaria treatment: a target product profile.

BACKGROUND: Severe malaria is a life-threatening infection, particularly affecting children under the age of 5 years in Africa. Current treatment with parenteral artemisinin derivatives is highly efficacious. However, artemisinin partial resistance is widespread in Southeast Asia, resulting in delayed parasite clearance after therapy, and has emerged independently in South America, Oceania, and Africa. Hence, new treatments for severe malaria are needed, and it is prudent to define their characteristics now. This manuscript focuses on the target product profile (TPP) for new treatments for severe malaria. It also highlights preparedness when considering ways of protecting the utility of artemisinin-based therapies. TARGET PRODUCT PROFILE: Severe malaria treatments must be highly potent, with rapid onset of antiparasitic activity to clear the infection as quickly as possible to prevent complications. They should also have a low potential for drug resistance selection, given the high parasite burden in patients with severe malaria. Combination therapies are needed to deter resistance selection and dissemination. Partner drugs which are approved for uncomplicated malaria treatment would provide the most rapid development pathway for combinations, though new candidate molecules should be considered. Artemisinin combination approaches to severe malaria would extend the lifespan of current therapy, but ideally, completely novel, non-artemisinin-based combination therapies for severe malaria should be developed. These should be advanced to at least phase 2 clinical trials, enabling rapid progression to patient use should current treatment fail clinically. New drug combinations for severe malaria should be available as injectable formulations for rapid and effective treatment, or as rectal formulations for pre-referral intervention in resource-limited settings. CONCLUSION: Defining the TPP is a key step to align responses across the community to proactively address the potential for clinical failure of artesunate in severe malaria. In the shorter term, artemisinin-based combination therapies should be developed using approved or novel drugs. In the longer term, novel combination treatments should be pursued. Thus, this TPP aims to direct efforts to preserve the efficacy of existing treatments while improving care and outcomes for individuals affected by this life-threatening disease.

Rectal artesunate for severe malaria, implementation research, Zambia.

Objective: To determine whether the positive results of a single-district pilot project focused on rectal artesunate administration at the community level in Zambia could be replicated on a larger scale. Methods: In partnership with government, in 10 rural districts during 2018-2021 we: (i) trained community health volunteers to administer rectal artesunate to children with suspected severe malaria and refer them to a health facility; (ii) supported communities to establish emergency transport, food banks and emergency savings to reduce referral delays; (iii) ensured adequate drug supplies; (iv) trained health workers to treat severe malaria with injectable artesunate; and (v) monitored severe malaria cases and associated deaths via surveys, health facility data and a community monitoring system. Results: Intervention communities accessed quality-assured rectal artesunate from trained community health volunteers, and follow-on treatment for severe malaria from health workers. Based on formal data from the health management information system, reported deaths from severe malaria reduced significantly from 3.1% (22/699; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.0-4.2) to 0.5% (2/365; 95% CI: 0.0-1.1) in two demonstration districts, and from 6.2% (14/225; 95% CI: 3.6-8.8) to 0.6% (2/321; 95% CI: 0.0-1.3) in eight scale-up districts. Conclusion: Despite the effects of the coronavirus disease, our results confirmed that pre-referral rectal artesunate administered by community health volunteers can be an effective intervention for severe malaria among young children. Our results strengthen the case for wider expansion of the pre-referral treatment in Zambia and elsewhere when combined with supporting interventions.

The five continuum of care criteria that should accompany rectal artesunate interventions: lessons learned from an implementation study in Malawi.

BACKGROUND: Rectal artesunate (RAS) is a World Health Organization (WHO) recommended intervention that can save lives of children 6 years and younger suffering from severe malaria and living in remote areas. Access to RAS and a referral system that ensures continuity of care remains a challenge in low resource countries, raising concerns around the value of this intervention. The objective of this study was to inform RAS programming, using practical tools to enhance severe malaria continuum of care when encountered at community level. METHODS: A single country two-arm-controlled study was conducted in Malawi, where pre-referral interventions are provided by community health workers (CHWs). The study populations consisted of 9 and 14 village health clinics (VHCs) respectively, including all households with children 5 years and younger. CHWs in the intervention arm were trained using a field-tested toolkit and the community had access to information, education, and communication (IEC) mounted throughout the zone. The community in the control arm had access to routine care only. Both study arms were provided with a dedicated referral booklet for danger signs, as a standard of care. RESULTS: The study identified five continuum of care criteria (5 CoC Framework) to reinforce RAS programming: (1) care transitions emerged as to be dependent on a strong cue to action and proximity to an operational VHC with a resident CHWs; (2) consistency of supplies assured the population of the VHC's functionality for severe danger signs management; (3) comprehensiveness care ensured correct assessment and dosing; (4) connectivity of care between all tiers using the referral slip was feasible and perceived positively by caregivers and CHWs and (5) communication between providers from different points of care. Compliance was high throughout but optimized when administered by a sensitized CHW. Over 93% experienced a rapid improvement in the status of their child post RAS. CONCLUSION: RAS cannot operate within a vacuum. The impact of this lifesaving intervention can be easily lost, unless administered as part of a system-based approach. Taken together, the 5CC Framework, identified in this study, provides a structure for future RAS practice guidelines. Trial registration number and date of registration PACTR201906720882512- June 20, 2019.