Thorough assessment of the effectiveness of belimumab in a large Spanish multicenter cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview on the current use of belimumab (BLM) in SLE patients in clinical practice and to examine its efficacy in terms of standardized outcomes, drug survival, as well as patient and safety profiles. METHODS: A longitudinal retrospective multicentre cohort including SLE patients treated with BLM at 18 Spanish centers. Data was collected upon initiation of BLM, at 6 and 12 months after initiation, and at the last recorded visit. Changes in SLEDAI-2K, the proportion of patients who achieved LLDAS and DORIS 2021, and number of flares were compared between visits. Changes in damage, glucocorticoids use and employment status pre-BLM and post-BLM were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 324 patients were included with a mean follow-up of 3.8 (±2.7) years. LLDAS was attained by 45.8%, 62% and 71% of patients, and DORIS by 24%, 36.2% and 52.5% on successive visits, respectively. Twenty-seven-point two percent of patients were in DORIS ≥ 50% of the visits and a 46% in LLDAS-50. Flares and number of flares were significantly lower one year after treatment with BLM and no changes in damage accrual were observed. Mean (±SD) prednisone dose was significantly reduced over time, with 70 (24%) patients discontinuing GC. CONCLUSION: Our study not only demonstrates belimumab´s efficacy in attaining treat-to-target goals in SLE patients, but also confirms its GC-sparing effect, and its prevention of flares and organ damage accrual.

Ontogenetic exposure to light influences seabird vulnerability to light pollution.

Light pollution critically affects fledglings of burrow-nesting seabirds, leading to massive mortality events. The successful management of this pollutant depends upon a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing visual sensitivity and corresponding behaviours towards light. Factors shaping the development of the visual system could account for variation in seabirds' vulnerability to light pollution. We investigated how Cory's shearwater chicks respond to selected contrasting artificial light stimuli. Chicks were subjected to blue and red light treatments, and repeatedly tested throughout the nestling period. We analysed behavioural responses (number, timing and orientation of reactions) to determine how age, exposure to experimental light stimuli and spectra influenced the onset of visually guided behaviours, thus inferring drivers of vulnerability to light pollution. Repetitive exposure to light significantly increased the number of reactions, and chicks predominantly displayed light avoidance behaviour. We did not find differences in the number of reactions, timing and orientation between blue and red light treatments. The responses did not differ across different age groups. These results provide empirical evidence for the contribution of the light available in the rearing environment to seabird visual development. They support the hypothesis that differential exposure to light during the growth period influences responses to artificial light, and that the state of visual development at fledging could be a main driver of the age bias observed during seabird fallout events. It is thus important to evaluate lighting schemes in both urban and natural areas, and determine the as yet unknown consequences that may be affecting the populations.

Temporal trend of leprosy among the elderly in Brazil, 2001 - 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the temporal trends of leprosy indicators among the elderly in Brazil in 2001 - 2018. METHODS: This was an ecological time-series study of new leprosy cases in the elderly reported to the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression was used to estimate temporal variations. RESULTS: There were 687 317 new leprosy cases in Brazil from 2001 - 2018, of which 129 214 (18.8%) were among elderly people. Overall detection rates in the elderly and of new cases with grade-2 disability showed a falling trend, with an annual percent change of -4.6% (95%CI = -5.1 to -4.0) and -3.9% (95%CI = -4.6 to -3.2). New case and new multibacillary case proportions showed an increasing trend, with an annual percent change of 2.9% (95%CI = 2.6 to 3.3) and 1.4% (95%CI = 1.0 to 1.7), respectively. Detection rates for new leprosy cases in elderly people in Brazil are decreasing, but the proportion of new cases and multibacillary cases are trending upwards. CONCLUSIONS: New cases are shifting to older age groups, and demographic transition and immunosenescence are an influence. Inadequate reduction of grade-2 disability indicates a high risk of physical disability persists. Improved contact tracing and more effective action are needed in this age group.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Rheumatic Patients with Inflammatory Disorders: A Descriptive Study from a High Infection Incidence Region of Northern Spain.

BACKGROUND: Since the first confirmed case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Spain in January 2020, the susceptibility of patients with rheumatic disease has remained unclear. In this report, we will describe the main features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that occurred in rheumatic patients with inflammatory disorders and try to identify features associated with severe disease. METHODS: We included all rheumatic patients with immune-mediated diseases followed at 6 centers belonging to the public healthcare system in the Basque Country (Spain) and diagnosed with COVID-19 from March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2020. RESULTS: In total, 131 patients were included in this study. The most frequent rheumatic disease was rheumatoid arthritis (46.6%), and the main comorbidities were arterial hypertension (45%). Fortyseven percent were taking glucocorticoids (GC) (62 patients), 61.8% were under treatment with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARD), and 25 patients (19.1%) were receiving targeted therapies (TT). Thirty-eight percent of patients required hospital admission, 2.3% required transfer to intensive care uni, and the rate of mortality was 9.2%. Associated factors in univariate analysis for a bad outcome were older age, use of GC, obesity, previous cardiovascular disease, and lymphopenia. Use of GC and lymphopenia remained within the multivariate model. CONCLUSION: The frequency of COVID-19 seems to be similar in rheumatic patients as in the general population. Advanced age, obesity, heart disease, glucocorticoids, and low levels of lymphocytes were more common among the patients with a bad outcome. Neither exposure to csDMARD nor TT was associated with severe cases.

Adult progeria: a new mutation in the WRN gene.

Werner syndrome (WS), also known as adult progeria, is a rare autosomal recessive inherited progeroid syndrome characterised by multiple features consistent with accelerated ageing. This disease is associated with several rheumatic conditions such as early osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, sarcopenia, soft-tissue calcifications, gout, limb ulcers and scleroderma-like skin features. WS should be included in the differential diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. The diagnosis is clinical, and in 90% of cases, a genetic test reveals a pathogenic variant of the WRN gene.WRN encodes a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases and has a role in DNA repair. 86 different pathological WRN mutations have been identified so far. Here we present a case report of a typical WS patient associated with a newly described genetic variant of the WRN gene.

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, a rare manifestation of clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis.

Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) is a rare condition characterized by dermatomyositis skin lesions without clinically apparent muscle involvement. Respiratory involvement is common, occurring in about half of the cases. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (PnM) is a rare, and often fatal, complication of CADM. We report a case of a 61-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with anti-melanoma differentiation- associated gene 5 antibody-associated CADM and interstitial lung disease. She developed an extensive spontaneous PnM with subcutaneous emphysema. The patient was treated with a conservative approach which was, initially, successful in reducing the size of the PnM. However, the patient died from an eventual nosocomial pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. This case illustrates that improving the management of CADM associated PnM, remains a major unmet need.

Clinical features and outcome of 1054 patients with Systemic Sclerosis: analysis of Reuma.pt/SSc registry.

BACKGROUND: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare connective tissue disorder with heterogeneous manifestations and outcomes. Besides differences in disease characteristics among distinct ethnic groups and geographical regions, several questions regarding the impact of the disease and the effectiveness of treatments remain unanswered. To address these questions, the Rheumatic Diseases Portuguese Register (Reuma.pt) launched a specific protocol for the prospective follow-up of SSc patients. OBJECTIVES: To describe the baseline characteristics, disease subsets, treatments used and survival of SSc patients registered in Reuma.pt/SSc. METHODS: Data from adult patients with SSc included in Reuma.pt up to November 2020 were analysed. Demographic features, SSc subsets, fulfilment of classification criteria, main clinical and immunological features, comorbidities, treatments used and survival data were described and compared between diffuse cutaneous (dc) and limited cutaneous (lc) disease subsets. Survival was calculated for patients included in Reuma.pt within the first two years of diagnosis. RESULTS: In total, 1054 patients were included, 87.5% female, with a mean age at diagnosis of 52.7 +/- 14.8 years. The most common subset was lcSSc (56.3%), followed by dcSSc (17.5%), preclinical SSc (13%), overlap syndrome (9.8%) and SSc sine scleroderma (3.3%). Raynaud's phenomenon (93.4%) and skin thickening (76.9%) were the most frequently observed clinical manifestations. Gastrointestinal (62.8% versus 47.8%), pulmonary (59.5% versus 23%) and cardiac (12.8% versus 6.9%) involvements were significantly more prevalent in dcSSc than lcSSc. Ninety per-cent of patients were Antinuclear antibody positive, 52.5% were Anti-centromere antibody positive and 21% anti-topoisomerase positive, with significant differences between lcSSc and dcSSc. One-third of patients were treated with immunomodulators, 53.6% with vasodilators, 23% with glucocorticoids and 2.3% with biologics. During follow-up, 83 deaths (7.9%) were reported. The overall 1-, 2- and 5-year survivals were 98.0%, 96.8% and 92.6%, respectively, without significant differences between lcSSc and dcSSc. CONCLUSION: Reuma.pt/SSc data highlights the importance of registries in improving knowledge about rare and complex diseases, such as SSc. Clinical features of Portuguese SSc patients are similar to those of other populations. In recently diagnosed patients, 5-year survival is over 92%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that clinical features of Portuguese SSc are similar to those of other cohorts.

Gender differences in clinical features and outcomes of a Portuguese systemic sclerosis cohort.

Evidence for the role of sex in the clinical manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients is emerging. Some multicenter cohorts have shown that male SSc patients have more severe disease and worse survival. To assess the differences in clinical manifestations and survival in Portuguese SSc patients according to gender. Data from male and female adult SSc patients included in the Rheumatic Diseases Portuguese Register (Reuma.pt) were analysed and compared. Survival was calculated for patients included in Reuma.pt. within the first two years of diagnosis (inception cohort). In total, 1054 adult patients with SSc were included, 12.5% males. No differences in demographic features and comorbidities were found between the sexes, except for a higher rate of cigarette smokers among men. Diffuse cutaneous SSc and anti-topoisomerase antibodies were more prevalent in males than females. Additionally, male patients presented significantly more myositis, interstitial lung disease and gastric involvement. There were no differences in the patterns of drug use between the sexes. During follow-up, more deaths were reported in men than women (12.1% vs 7.3%, p = 0.04). The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals from diagnosis of the inception cohort (N = 469) for men vs women were 96.4% vs 98.2%, 93% vs 95.9%, and 75.8% vs 93.2%, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.01). This study confirms the existence of gender differences in clinical and immunological SSc features. Although SSc is less common in men than women, men have a more severe expression of skin and internal organ involvement and worse survival. Key Points • There are differences in SSc disease manifestations between sexes. • Males more commonly have diffuse cutaneous SSc, anti-topoisomerase antibodies, pulmonary and musculoskeletal involvement. • In the inception cohort, men had worse survival rates than women.

Influence of the EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: results of the ARTESER register.

OBJECTIVE: The main study objective was to determine how giant cell arteritis (GCA) is diagnosed in our clinical practice and whether the EULAR recommendations have influenced the diagnostic procedures used. METHODS: ARTEritis of the Rheumatology Spanish Society -Sociedad Española de Reumatología (ARTESER) is a multicentre observational retrospective study conducted in 26 hospitals with support from the Spanish Society of Rheumatology. All patients diagnosed with GCA between 1 June 2013 and 29 March 2019 were included. The gold standard for the diagnosis of GCA was the judgement of the physician in charge, according to clinical criteria, supported by data available from laboratory tests, imaging studies (ultrasound, positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI/CT angiography) and temporal artery biopsy (TAB) when available. RESULTS: We included 1675 patients with GCA (mean age±SD (76.9±8.1) years, 1178 women (70.3%)). Of these, 776 patients had a positive TAB (46.3%), 503 (30.0%) positive ultrasound, 245 positive PET (14.6%) and 64 positive MRI/CT angiography (3.8%). These percentages changed substantially over the study. From 2013 to 2019, the use of ultrasound in diagnosis grew from 25.8% to 52.9% and PET from 12.3% to 19.6%, while use of TAB decreased from 50.3% to 33.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Biopsy was the most widely used diagnostic test for confirming GCA, but use of imaging as a diagnostic tool has grown in recent years. Following publication of the 2018 EULAR recommendations, ultrasound has displaced biopsy as the first-line diagnostic test; TAB was performed in a third and PET in a fifth of cases.

Symmetrical Drug-related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema (Baboon Syndrome).

Baboon syndrome, also called symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE), is an erythematous maculopapular rash that presents in skin folds in a symmetrical pattern. This condition may develop after the patient starts a particular agent. Treatment consists of stopping the associated trigger and medicating with topical or systemic corticosteroids. A 30-year-old man with odynophagia, otalgia and fever was prescribed amoxicillin. He developed erythematous and pruriginous lesions in the cubital fossa and inguinal regions. He attended the emergency department (ED) where he was prescribed penicillin. Lesions continued to progressively worsen with a bilateral symmetrical pattern in the axillary region and later in the nape folds, popliteal regions, and on the perineum and buttocks. The patient presented to the ED for a second time, where he was diagnosed with baboon syndrome and prescribed topical steroids with clear improvement. LEARNING POINTS: It is important to identify adverse drug effects.Baboon syndrome is rare and secondary to the use of particular drugs.The diagnosis is based mainly on the patient's clinical presentation.

[Epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in elderly Brazilians and comparison with other age groups (2016-2018)]. / Características epidemiológicas da hanseníase nos idosos e comparação com outros grupos etários, Brasil (2016-2018).

The article aimed to describe epidemiological indicators and characteristics of new cases of leprosy in elderly Brazilians in 2016-2018, compared to other age groups. A descriptive cross-sectional cohort study was conducted with data from the Information System on Diseases of Notification (SINAN). New leprosy cases were categorized by age groups: 60 or more, 40-59, 15-39, and 15 years of age. Pearson's chi-square test was used to verify differences between groups. A total of 81,205 new leprosy cases were reported in Brazil. Of these, 24.1% were elderly, 37.7% from 40-59 years, 31.9% from 15-39 years, and 6.3% in individuals under 15 years of age. The elderly showed higher proportions (p < 0.001) of cases in males (60.1%), with multibacillary classification (81.3%), and with physical disability grade 2 (PDG2) (11.4%) when compared to the other groups. However, the proportion of new cases detected in the elderly based on contact testing (4.9%) was the lowest among all the age brackets (p < 0.001). The mean detection rate and rate of new cases with PDG2 at diagnosis were higher among the elderly (25.1/100,000 and 28.6/million inhabitants, respectively) compared to other age groups in Brazil as a whole and in the regions and states. Important differences were seen in the epidemiological and clinical profile of leprosy in the elderly compared to other age brackets, especially higher proportions of multibacillary cases, new cases with PDG2, and low detection by contact testing. The findings highlighted the need for leprosy control in this age group, aimed at contributing to interruption of transmission of the disease.

O objetivo foi descrever indicadores epidemiológicos e características dos casos novos de hanseníase em idosos no Brasil, no triênio 2016-2018, comparando a outros grupos etários. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Os casos novos de hanseníase foram categorizados por grupos etários: 60 ou mais, 40-59, 15-39 e menores de 15 anos. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para testar diferenças entre grupos. Foram notificados 81.205 casos novos de hanseníase no Brasil. Desses, 24,1% foram em idosos, 37,7% de 40-59 anos, 31,9% de 15-39 e 6,3% em menores de 15 anos. Nos idosos, foram observadas proporções maiores (p < 0,001) de casos no sexo masculino (60,1%), com classificação operacional multibacilar (81,3%) e com grau 2 de incapacidade física (GIF2) (11,4%) em relação aos outros grupos. Contudo, a proporção de casos novos detectados em idosos, por exame de contatos (4,9%), foi a menor entre todas as faixas etárias (p < 0,001). As taxas médias de detecção e de casos novos com GIF2 no diagnóstico foram maiores entre idosos (25,1/100 mil e 28,6/1 milhão de habitantes, respectivamente) em comparação aos demais grupos etários, para o país, regiões e Unidades da Federação. Foram observadas importantes diferenças nos perfis epidemiológico e clínico da hanseníase nos idosos, em relação às demais faixas etárias, destacando-se maiores proporções de casos multibacilares, de casos novos com GIF2 e baixa detecção por exame de contatos. Evidencia-se a necessidade do controle da hanseníase nessa população, visando a contribuir para a interrupção da transmissão da doença.

El objetivo fue describir indicadores epidemiológicos y características de los nuevos casos de hanseniasis en ancianos en Brasil, durante el trienio 2016-2018, comparándolos con otros grupos etarios. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con datos del Sistema de Información sobre Enfermedades de Notificación obligatoria (Sinan). Los nuevos casos de hanseniasis fueron categorizados por grupos etarios: 60 o más, 40-59, 15-39 y menores de 15 años. Se utilizó el test chi-cuadrado de Pearson para probar diferencias entre grupos. Se notificaron 81.205 casos nuevos de hanseniasis en Brasil. De estos, un 24,1% fueron en ancianos, 37,7% de 40-59 anos, 31,9% de 15-39 años y 6,3% en menores de 15 años. En los ancianos, se observaron proporciones mayores (p < 0,001) de casos del sexo masculino (60,1%), con clasificación operacional multibacilar (81,3%) y con grado 2 de incapacidad física (GIF2) (11,4%), respecto a otros grupos. No obstante, la proporción de casos nuevos detectados en ancianos, por examen de contactos (4,9%), fue la menor entre todas las franjas de edad (p < 0,001). Las tasas medias de detección y de casos nuevos con GIF2 en el diagnóstico fueron mayores entre ancianos (25,1/100.000 y 28,6/1 millón de habitantes, respectivamente), en comparación con los demás grupos etarios, respecto al país, regiones y Unidades de la Federación. Se observaron importantes diferencias en el perfil epidemiológico y clínico de la hanseniasis en ancianos, en relación con las demás franjas de edad, destacándose mayores proporciones de casos multibacilares, de casos nuevos con GIF2 y baja detección por examen de contactos. Se evidencia la necesidad del control de la hanseniasis en esa población, con el fin de contribuir a la interrupción de la transmisión de la enfermedad.

Thyroid Disease Spectrum in the Emergency Department.

We present two cases of thyroid hormone alterations revealing clinical emergencies that require early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The first patient, a 56-year-old woman, presented in the emergency room with psychomotor agitation, disorientation and headache. She was very agitated, incapable of standing still, looked very thin, feverish, tachycardic and presented no alteration at neurological examination with negative meningeal signs. Analyses revealed a severe hyperthyroidism. She initiated propylthiouracil 100 mg 8/8 h. After six months, thyroid function was normal. The second patient, a 54-year-old woman, was transferred from the Psychiatry Department due to memory and behavior changes for the past two weeks. She presented visual and auditive hallucinations and inadequate daily behavior. Analyses revealed a severe hypothyroidism. She was medicated with levothyroxine 100 ug/day. At the third month, she presented normalized thyroid function, normal thyroid ultrasound and an increased antithyroperoxidase antibody.

Inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact a specific inspiratory muscle training (IMT) protocol had on dyspnoea, lung function, respiratory muscle pressure, tolerance to exercise and quality of life in a group of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) POPULATION: We studied 13 patients with moderate to very severe COPD divided into a control group (n=5) with an average FEV1 43.9 +/- 10.1% of predicted value and an IMT group (n=8) with FEV1 57.8 +/- 12.1 % of predicted value. While this study group underwent IMT for five consecutive weeks, the control group did not undergo any kind of training. RESULTS: Using a specific IMT protocol significantly improved maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) in the study group (initial MIP - 83.3+/- 21.4 versus final MIP- 98.4+/-17.8 cmH2O;p<0.01). The same result was seen with the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score in the study group (initial score 58+/-2.2 versus final score 50+/-2.1; p<0.05). No changes were recorded in the variables studied in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of IMT in patients with moderate to very severe COPD induced an improvement in inspiratory muscle force with a consequent improvement in the quality of life in relation to symptoms.

Capacidad vital lenta: diferencias entre la capacidad vital espiratoria y la capacidad vital inspiratoria

Resumen Introducción: La capacidad vital (VC) se puede determinar mediante la capacidad vital espiratoria (EVC) o la capacidad vital ins piratoria (IVC). Obtener el mayor volumen de VC es fundamental para la correcta interpretación de las pruebas de función pulmonar. Objetivos: Determinar las diferencias entre EVC y IVC (EVC-IVC) según el patrón ventilatorio; Caracterizar las relaciones FEV1/EVC y FEV1/IVC en la detección de obstrucción de las vías aéreas; Estudiar los efectos de realizar EVC o IVC en la detección de air trapping o de hiperinflación pulmonar. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal. La muestra incluyó 388 individuos que se dividieron en 3 grupos: sanos, obstrucción de las vías aéreas y restricción pulmonar. Para detectar la obstrucción de las vías aéreas, se estudiaron las relaciones FEV1/EVC y FEV1/IVC. La presencia de air trapping o hiperinflación pulmonar se determinó mediante análisis del volumen pulmonar. As diferencias entre EVC e IVC (EVC-IVC) de acuerdo con el padrón ventilatorio fueron agrupados por clases. Resultados: En el grupo normal, 34.8% tuvo una diferencia EVC-IVC ≥ 200 ml, en el grupo de obstrucción de las vías respirato rias 28.4% y en la restricción pulmonar 22.4%, respectivamente. La relación FEV1/EVC detectó obstrucción de las vías aéreas en el 44.8% de los individuos y la relación FEV1/IVC en el 39.4%. En sujetos con obstrucción de las vías respiratorias, la maniobra de EVC determinó el air trapping en el 21.6% de los sujetos y la hiperinflación pulmonar en el 9.5%. En la maniobra de IVC, los porcentajes fueron 18.2% y 10.8%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El EVC y el IVC no deben considerarse maniobras intercambiables, debido a las diferencias de volumen obtenidas por cada uno de ellos. Los resultados que provienen de su uso influyeron en la interpretación de la función pulmonar.

Slow Vital Capacity: Differences Between the Expiratory Vital Capacity and the Inspiratory Vital Capacity

ABSTRACT Introduction: The vital capacity (VC) can be determined by means of the expiratory vital capacity (EVC) or the inspiratory vital capacity (IVC). Obtaining the highest VC volume is essential for the correct interpretation of lung function tests. Objectives: To determine the differences between the EVC and the IVC (EVC-IVC) according to the ventilatory pattern; to characterize the FEV1/EVC and FEV1/IVC ratios when an obstruction of the airways is detected; to study the effects of the EVC or IVC on the detec tion of air trapping or lung hyperinflation. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study. The sample included 388 individuals divided in 3 groups: healthy, airway obstruc tion, and restrictive lung disease. In order to detect the airway obstruction, we studied the FEV1/EVC and FEV1/IVC ratios. The presence of air trapping or lung hyperinflation was determined by means of a lung volume test. The differences between the EVC and the IVC (EVC-IVC) according to the ventilatory pattern were grouped into classes. Results: In the normal group, there was an EVC-IVC difference of ≥ 200 ml in 34.8% of the individuals; in the airway obstruction group, 28.4%, and in the restrictive lung disease group, 22.4%. The FEV1/EVC ratio detected airway obstruction in 44.8% of the individuals, and the FEV1/IVC ratio in 39.4%. In patients with airway obstruction, the EVC maneuver determined the presence of air trapping in 21.6% of subjects and lung hyperinflation in 9.5%. The IVC maneuver showed 18.2% and 10.8%, respectively. Conclusions: The EVC and IVC should not be used as interchangeable maneuvers, considering the volume differences obtained with each one of them. Their results influenced the interpretation of lung function.

Características epidemiológicas da hanseníase nos idosos e comparação com outros grupos etários, Brasil (2016-2018) / Epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in elderly Brazilians and comparison with other age groups (2016-2018) / Características epidemiológicas de la hanseniasis en ancianos y comparación con otros grupos etarios, Brasil (2016-2018)

O objetivo foi descrever indicadores epidemiológicos e características dos casos novos de hanseníase em idosos no Brasil, no triênio 2016-2018, comparando a outros grupos etários. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Os casos novos de hanseníase foram categorizados por grupos etários: 60 ou mais, 40-59, 15-39 e menores de 15 anos. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para testar diferenças entre grupos. Foram notificados 81.205 casos novos de hanseníase no Brasil. Desses, 24,1% foram em idosos, 37,7% de 40-59 anos, 31,9% de 15-39 e 6,3% em menores de 15 anos. Nos idosos, foram observadas proporções maiores (p < 0,001) de casos no sexo masculino (60,1%), com classificação operacional multibacilar (81,3%) e com grau 2 de incapacidade física (GIF2) (11,4%) em relação aos outros grupos. Contudo, a proporção de casos novos detectados em idosos, por exame de contatos (4,9%), foi a menor entre todas as faixas etárias (p < 0,001). As taxas médias de detecção e de casos novos com GIF2 no diagnóstico foram maiores entre idosos (25,1/100 mil e 28,6/1 milhão de habitantes, respectivamente) em comparação aos demais grupos etários, para o país, regiões e Unidades da Federação. Foram observadas importantes diferenças nos perfis epidemiológico e clínico da hanseníase nos idosos, em relação às demais faixas etárias, destacando-se maiores proporções de casos multibacilares, de casos novos com GIF2 e baixa detecção por exame de contatos. Evidencia-se a necessidade do controle da hanseníase nessa população, visando a contribuir para a interrupção da transmissão da doença.

The article aimed to describe epidemiological indicators and characteristics of new cases of leprosy in elderly Brazilians in 2016-2018, compared to other age groups. A descriptive cross-sectional cohort study was conducted with data from the Information System on Diseases of Notification (SINAN). New leprosy cases were categorized by age groups: 60 or more, 40-59, 15-39, and 15 years of age. Pearson's chi-square test was used to verify differences between groups. A total of 81,205 new leprosy cases were reported in Brazil. Of these, 24.1% were elderly, 37.7% from 40-59 years, 31.9% from 15-39 years, and 6.3% in individuals under 15 years of age. The elderly showed higher proportions (p < 0.001) of cases in males (60.1%), with multibacillary classification (81.3%), and with physical disability grade 2 (PDG2) (11.4%) when compared to the other groups. However, the proportion of new cases detected in the elderly based on contact testing (4.9%) was the lowest among all the age brackets (p < 0.001). The mean detection rate and rate of new cases with PDG2 at diagnosis were higher among the elderly (25.1/100,000 and 28.6/million inhabitants, respectively) compared to other age groups in Brazil as a whole and in the regions and states. Important differences were seen in the epidemiological and clinical profile of leprosy in the elderly compared to other age brackets, especially higher proportions of multibacillary cases, new cases with PDG2, and low detection by contact testing. The findings highlighted the need for leprosy control in this age group, aimed at contributing to interruption of transmission of the disease.

El objetivo fue describir indicadores epidemiológicos y características de los nuevos casos de hanseniasis en ancianos en Brasil, durante el trienio 2016-2018, comparándolos con otros grupos etarios. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con datos del Sistema de Información sobre Enfermedades de Notificación obligatoria (Sinan). Los nuevos casos de hanseniasis fueron categorizados por grupos etarios: 60 o más, 40-59, 15-39 y menores de 15 años. Se utilizó el test chi-cuadrado de Pearson para probar diferencias entre grupos. Se notificaron 81.205 casos nuevos de hanseniasis en Brasil. De estos, un 24,1% fueron en ancianos, 37,7% de 40-59 anos, 31,9% de 15-39 años y 6,3% en menores de 15 años. En los ancianos, se observaron proporciones mayores (p < 0,001) de casos del sexo masculino (60,1%), con clasificación operacional multibacilar (81,3%) y con grado 2 de incapacidad física (GIF2) (11,4%), respecto a otros grupos. No obstante, la proporción de casos nuevos detectados en ancianos, por examen de contactos (4,9%), fue la menor entre todas las franjas de edad (p < 0,001). Las tasas medias de detección y de casos nuevos con GIF2 en el diagnóstico fueron mayores entre ancianos (25,1/100.000 y 28,6/1 millón de habitantes, respectivamente), en comparación con los demás grupos etarios, respecto al país, regiones y Unidades de la Federación. Se observaron importantes diferencias en el perfil epidemiológico y clínico de la hanseniasis en ancianos, en relación con las demás franjas de edad, destacándose mayores proporciones de casos multibacilares, de casos nuevos con GIF2 y baja detección por examen de contactos. Se evidencia la necesidad del control de la hanseniasis en esa población, con el fin de contribuir a la interrupción de la transmisión de la enfermedad.