[Intra-articular infiltrations in rheumatology: update]. / Rhumatologie. Infiltrations intra-articulaires en rhumatologie: mise au point.

Intra-articular treatments are very useful in the daily practice of rheumatology, although their survival in the joint cavity is short and their mode of action still widely misunderstood. Corticosteroids were first used in fifty's, and are still the most widely used, despite potential local and systemic side effects. In recentyears, other molecules have been developed, especially in the treatment of osteoarthritis, but their effectiveness is controversial. Therapeutic trials were conducted with biological treatments in inflammatory arthritis, without success so far In the area of biotechnology, molecules to increase the survival of drugs into the joint are in preparation.

From 2-aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane enantiomers to unichiral 2-cyano- and 2-carbonyl-substituted benzodioxanes via dichloroamine.

2-Substituted 1,4-benzodioxanes, such as 2-cyano-, 2-methoxycarbonyl-, 2-aminocarbonyl-, and 2-formyl-1,4-benzodioxane, are key synthons that for the most part are never described as enantiomers or are inadequately characterized for enantiomeric purity. They were prepared by quantitative N,N-dichlorination of (R)- and (S)-2-aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane and successive functional group conversions in high yields without any racemization of the stereogenic benzodioxane C(2).

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors: CAAX mimetics based on different biaryl scaffolds.

Mimetics of the C-terminal CAAX tetrapeptide of Ras protein were designed as farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors (FTIs) by replacing AA with o-aryl or o-heteroaryl substituted p-hydroxy- or p-aminobenzoic acid, while maintaining the replacement of C with 1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl or 2-amino-4-thiazolylacetyl residue as in previous CAAX mimetics. Both FTase inhibition and antiproliferative effect were showed by two thiazole derivatives, namely those with 1-naphthyl (10 and 10a) or 3-furanyl (15 and 15a) in the central spacer, and by the benzodioxane derivative with 2-thienyl (6 and 6a) in the same position. Accumulation of unprenylated RAS was demonstrated in cells incubated with 15a. Consistently with FTIs literature, such results delineate the biaryl scaffold not only as a spacer but also as a sensible area of these mimetic molecules, where modifications at the branching aromatic ring are not indifferent and should be matter of further investigation.

Benzodioxane-benzamides as new bacterial cell division inhibitors.

A SAR study was performed on 3-substituted 2,6-difluorobenzamides, known inhibitors of the essential bacterial cell division protein FtsZ, through a series of modifications first of 2,6-difluoro-3-nonyloxybenzamide and then of its 3-pyridothiazolylmethoxy analogue PC190723. The study led to the identification of chiral 2,6-difluorobenzamides bearing 1,4-benzodioxane-2-methyl residue at the 3-position as potent antistaphylococcal compounds.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of a Series of Unichiral Analogues of 2-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)-1,4-benzodioxane, Prolinol Phenyl Ether, and Prolinol 3-Pyridyl Ether Designed as α4ß2-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists.

Some unichiral analogues of 2R,2'S-2-(1'-methyl-2'-pyrrolidinyl)-7-hydroxy-1,4-benzodioxane, a potent and selective α4ß2-nAChR partial agonist, were designed by opening dioxane and replacing hydroxyl carbon with nitrogen. The resulting 3-pyridyl and m-hydroxyphenyl ethers have high α4ß2 affinity and good subtype selectivity, which get lost if OH is removed from phenyl or the position of pyridine nitrogen is changed. High α4ß2 affinity and selectivity are also attained by meta hydroxylating the 3-pyridyl and the phenyl ethers of (S)-N-methylprolinol and the phenyl ether of (S)-2-azetidinemethanol, known α4ß2 agonists, although the interaction mode of the aryloxymethylene substructure cannot be assimilated to that of benzodioxane. Indeed, the α4ß2 and α3ß4 functional tests well differentiate behaviors that the binding tests homologize: both the 3-hydroxyphenyl and the 5-hydroxy-3-pyridyl ether of N-methylprolinol are α4ß2 full agonists, but only the latter is highly α4ß2/α3ß4 selective, while potent and selective partial α4ß2 agonism characterizes the hydroxybenzodioxane derivative and its two opened semirigid analogues.

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: do cardiovascular biomarkers offer added predictive ability over established clinical risk scores?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adding C-reactive protein, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, rheumatoid factor, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), or anti-apolipoprotein A-I (anti-Apo A-I) IgG to the Framingham 10-year cardiovascular (CV) risk score (FRS) could improve its CV prognostic accuracy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We performed an ancillary study derived from a prospective single-center cohort consisting of 118 RA patients without CV disease at baseline. The FRS and the various biomarkers were assessed at enrollment and their prognostic accuracy was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The incremental predictive ability of biomarkers was assessed using the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) statistics. RESULTS: During a median followup period of 9 years, the incidence of CV events was 16%. Both the FRS and 3 of the biomarkers (NT-proBNP, ox-LDL, and anti-Apo A-I) were significant predictors of subsequent CV events (area under the ROC curve [AUC] between 0.68 and 0.73). Anti-Apo A-I was the only biomarker to significantly improve the prognostic ability of the FRS, with AUCs increasing from 0.72 to 0.81 and the IDI improving by 175% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among the biomarkers tested, only anti-Apo A-I significantly improved the FRS predictive ability.