Enacted Sexual Minority Stigma, Psychological Distress, and Sexual and Drug Risk Behaviors Among Urban Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM).

Urban Black men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of HIV and syphilis in the U.S. Experiences of enacted sexual minority stigma and psychological distress among these men may be associated with HIV/STI sexual and drug risk behaviors. The objective was to determine the associations between enacted sexual minority stigma, psychological distress, and sexual and drug risk behaviors. In an urban prospective cohort study, survey measures assessed past 3-month exposure to enacted sexual minority stigma, psychological distress, and sexual and drug risk behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized for hypothesis testing. The Black MSM (N = 140) reported the following: 22.1% experiences of enacted sexual minority stigma, 39% high levels of psychological distress, 48.6% > 1 sex partner, 8.6% transactional sex, and 6% injection drug use (IDU). In models adjusted for age and education, enacted sexual minority stigma significantly increased the odds of reporting > 1 sex partner, transactional sex, and IDU. Adjusting additionally for homelessness, the association between enacted sexual minority stigma and transactional sex remained significant. Adding psychological distress to this model showed a significant association between psychological distress and transactional sex, while the association was no longer significant for transactional sex. These findings highlight some of the complex psycho-social relationships that may be associated with sexual and drug risk behaviors among Black MSM placing them at increased risk for HIV and syphilis.

RESUMEN: Hombres urbanos de raza Negra que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) sobrellevan una carga desproporcionada de VIH y sífilis en los EE.UU. Experiencias de estigma efectivo de minoría sexual y angustia psicológica entre estos hombres pudiese ser asociado con conductas sexuales de riesgo VIH/ITS y drogas. El objetivo era determinar las asociaciones entre un estigma efectivo de minoría sexual, angustia psicológica, y comportamientos sexuales y de riesgo de drogas. En un estudio de cohortes prospectivo urbano, las medidas de la encuesta evaluada en los últimos tres meses de exposición al estigma efectivo, angustia psicológica, y sus conductas sexuales y comportamientos riesgoso de drogas. Modelos de regresión logística multivariante se utilizaron para la prueba de hipótesis. Los HSH de raza negra (N = 140) reportaron lo siguiente: 22.1% experiencias de estigma efectivo, 39% niveles altos de angustia psicológica, 48.6% y > 1 pareja sexual, 8.6% sexo transaccional, y 6% uso de drogas inyectables (UDI). En modelos ajustados a edad y educación, un estigma efectivo de minoría sexual aumentó de manera significante las probabilidades de reportar y > 1 pareja sexual, sexo transaccional, y UDI. Ajustando adicionalmente para personas sin vivienda, la asociación entre estigma efectivo de minoría sexual y sexo transaccional permaneció significante. La adición de angustia psicológica al modelo mostró una asociación significativa entre angustia psicológica y sexo transaccional, mientras que la asociación ya no era significativa para el sexo transaccional. Estos resultados destacan algunas de las complejas relaciones psicosociales que pudiesen estar asociadas con conductas sexuales y de riesgo de drogas entre HSH de raza negra, poniéndolos a mayor riesgo de contraer VIH y sífilis.

Sexually Transmitted Infection Transmission Dynamics During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Among Urban Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men.

BACKGROUND: The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mitigation measures on sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission and racial disparities remains unknown. Our objectives were to compare sex and drug risk behaviors, access to sexual health services, and STI positivity overall and by race during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with pre-pandemic among urban sexual minority men (MSM). METHODS: Sexually active MSM aged 18-45 years were administered a behavioral survey and STI testing every 3-months. Participants who completed at least 1 during-pandemic (April 2020-December 2020) and 1 pre-pandemic study visit (before 13 March 2020) that occurred less than 6 months apart were included. Regression models were used to compare during- and pre-pandemic visit outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, among 231 MSM, reports of more than 3 sex partners declined(pandemic-1: adjusted prevalence ratio 0.68; 95% confidence interval: .54-.86; pandemic-2: 0.65, .51-.84; pandemic-3: 0.57, .43-.75), substance use decreased (pandemic-1: 0.75, .61-.75; pandemic-2: 0.62, .50-.78; pandemic-3: 0.61, .47-.80), and human immunodeficiency virus/preexposure prophylaxis care engagement (pandemic-1: 1.20, 1.07-1.34; pandemic-2: 1.24, 1.11-1.39; pandemic-3: 1.30, 1.16-1.47) increased. STI testing decreased (pandemic-1: 0.68, .57-.81; pandemic-2: 0.78, .67-.92), then rebounded (pandemic-3: 1.01, .87-1.18). Nei-ther Chlamydia (pandemic-2: 1.62, .75-3.46; pandemic-3: 1.13, .24-1.27) nor gonorrhea (pandemic-2: 0.87, .46 1.62; pandemic-3: 0.56, .24-1.27) positivity significantly changed during vs pre-pandemic. Trends were mostly similar among Black vs. non-Black MSM. CONCLUSIONS: We observed sustained decreases in STI risk behaviors but minimal change in STI positivity during compared with pre-pandemic. Our findings underscore the need for novel STI prevention strategies that can be delivered without in-person interactions.

Methamphetamine Use, Syphilis, and Specific Online Sex Partner Meeting Venues Are Associated With HIV Status Among Urban Black Gay and Bisexual Men Who Have Sex Men.

BACKGROUND: In the context of increasing syphilis rates, particularly among Black men who have sex men (MSM), the objectives were to determine the associations between methamphetamine (meth) use and syphilis and HIV positivity, and to identify sex partner meeting venues as potential intervention access points among Black MSM in a mid-Atlantic US city. METHODS: This study is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. Participants were recruited from clinical and nonclinical settings and included sexually active MSM aged 18 to 45 years. The baseline visit included a behavioral survey and testing for syphilis, HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. Logistic regression analyses were used for hypothesis testing. RESULTS: Among 359 MSM completing baseline, 74.4% (268) Black MSM were included; 31% (84) were aged 24 to 29 years, 43.7% (117) reported unprotected anal intercourse at last sex, and 15.3% (41) reported meth use in the past 3 months. Sixteen percent (43) had syphilis, 46.6% (125) were living with HIV, and 19.0% (51) had gonorrhea and/or chlamydia. Meth use was associated with sexual and drug risk behaviors and HIV, but not syphilis. In adjusted analyses, meth use increased the odds of HIV positivity by 6.43 (95% confidence interval, 2.30-17.98) and syphilis positivity by 2.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-5.37). Four online sex partner meeting venues were associated with meth use and HIV, whereas syphilis was associated with one. CONCLUSIONS: Among Black MSM, meth use and syphilis positivity were associated with more than 6-fold and almost 3-fold increased adjusted odds of HIV positivity, respectively. Four specific sex partner meeting venues may be important access points for HIV/sexually transmitted infection and substance use prevention.

Incentives for Viral Suppression in People Living with HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic can be eliminated if 73% of people living with HIV take antiretroviral medications and achieve undetectable viral loads. This study assessed the effects of financial incentives in suppressing viral load. People living with HIV with detectable viral loads (N = 102) were randomly assigned to Usual Care or Incentive groups. Incentive participants earned up to $10 per day for 2 years for providing blood samples that showed either reduced or undetectable viral loads. This report presents data on the 1st year after random assignment. Incentive participants provided more (adjusted OR = 15.6, CI 4.2-58.8, p < 0.001) blood samples at 3-month assessments with undetectable viral load (72.1%) than usual care control participants (39.0%). We collected most blood samples. The study showed that incentives can substantially increase undetectable viral loads in people living with HIV. Financial incentives for suppressed viral loads could contribute to the eradication of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Two Novel Urban Health Primary Care Residency Tracks That Focus On Community-Level Structural Vulnerabilities.

BACKGROUND: Although residency programs are well situated for developing a physician workforce with knowledge, skills, and attitudes that incorporate the strengths and reflect the priorities of community organizations, few curricula explicitly do so. AIM: To develop urban health primary care tracks for internal medicine and combined internal medicine-pediatrics residents. SETTING: Academic hospital, community health center, and community-based organizations. PARTICIPANTS: Internal medicine and combined internal medicine-pediatrics residents. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: The program integrates community-based experiences with a focus on stakeholder engagement into its curriculum. A significant portion of the training (28 weeks out of 3 years for internal medicine and 34 weeks out of 4 years for medicine-pediatrics) occurs outside the hospital and continuity clinic to support residents' understanding of structural vulnerabilities. PROGRAM EVALUATION: Sixteen internal medicine and 14 medicine-pediatrics residents have graduated from our programs. Fifty-six percent of internal medicine graduates and 79% of medicine-pediatrics graduates are seeking primary care careers, and eight overall (27%) have been placed in community organizations. Seven (23%) hold leadership positions. DISCUSSION: We implemented two novel residency tracks that successfully placed graduates in community-based primary care settings. Integrating primary care training with experiences in community organizations can create primary care leaders and may foster collective efficacy among medical centers and community organizations.

Correction: Desires for Individual- and Interpersonal-Level Patient Portal Use for HIV Prevention Among Urban Sexual Minority Men: Cross-sectional Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/43550.].

Desires for Individual- and Interpersonal-Level Patient Portal Use for HIV Prevention Among Urban Sexual Minority Men: Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority men have expressed the acceptability of patient portals as tools for supporting HIV prevention behaviors, including facilitating disclosure of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection (STI/HIV) laboratory test results to sex partners. However, these studies, in which Black or African American sexual minority men were undersampled, failed to determine the relationship of reported history of discussing HIV results with sex partners and anticipated willingness to disclose web-based STI/HIV test results using a patient portal. OBJECTIVE: Among a sample of predominantly Black sexual minority men, this study aimed to (1) determine preferences for patient portal use for HIV prevention and (2) test the associations between reported history of discussing HIV results and anticipated willingness to disclose web-based STI/HIV test results with most recent main and nonmain partners using patient portals. METHODS: Data come from audio-computer self-assisted interview survey data collected during the 3-month visit of a longitudinal cohort study. Univariate analysis assessed patient portal preferences by measuring the valuation rankings of several portal features. Multiple Poisson regression models with robust error variance determined the associations between history of discussing HIV results and willingness to disclose those results using web-based portals by partner type, and to examine criterion validity of the enhancing dyadic communication (EDC) scale to anticipated willingness. RESULTS: Of the 245 participants, 71% (n=174) were Black and 22% (n=53) were White. Most participants indicated a willingness to share web-based STI/HIV test results with their most recent main partner. Slightly fewer, nonetheless a majority, indicated a willingness to share web-based test results with their most recent nonmain partner. All but 2 patient portal features were valued as high or moderately high priority by >80% of participants. Specifically, tools to help manage HIV (n=183, 75%) and information about pre- and postexposure prophylaxis (both 71%, n=173 and n=175, respectively) were the top-valuated features to include in patient portals for HIV prevention. Discussing HIV test results was significantly associated with increased prevalence of willingness to disclose web-based test results with main (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.21-1.75) and nonmain partners (aPR 1.54, 95% CI 1.23-1.93). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate what features Black sexual minority men envision may be included in the patient portal's design to optimize HIV prevention, further supporting the criterion validity of the EDC scale. Efforts should be made to support Black sexual minority men's willingness to disclose STI/HIV testing history and status with partners overall as it is associated significantly with a willingness to disclose testing results digitally via patient portals. Future studies should consider discussion behaviors regarding past HIV test results with partners when tailoring interventions that leverage patient portals in disclosure events.

Psychological distress and adherence to anti-retroviral therapy or pre-exposure prophylaxis regimens among Urban Black gay and bisexual men (MSM).

BACKGROUND: Urban Black gay, and bisexual men (MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of HIV in the U.S. Mental health is a barrier to adherence to both antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The objective was to determine the association between psychological distress and ART or PrEP adherence among urban Black MSM. METHODS: Using data from a four-year prospective cohort study, adherence to ART was defined as > 95% and PrEP was defined as > 80% of doses taken in the past 30 days. Psychological distress measures included difficulty sleeping; feeling anxious; suicidality; feeling sad or depressed; feeling sick, ill, or not well in the past 3 months; high (vs. low) overall psychological distress was classified as above the median value. Associations were examined using Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 165 Black MSM, 44.2% (73) reported high psychological distress. 65.3% (47/72) of participants living with HIV and 39.8% (37/93) of HIV negative participants were ART or PrEP adherent, respectively. Education was significantly associated with PrEP adherence (p = 0.038). Non-injection drug use in the past 3 months (p = 0.008), difficulty sleeping (p = 0.010), feeling anxious (p = 0.003), and feeling sad or depressed (p < 0.001), and overall psychological distress (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with ART adherence. High psychological distress was significantly associated with a reduced odds of ART adherence (aOR 0.23; 95% CI = 0.08-0.70) adjusting for age and non-injection drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Increased psychological distress was significantly associated with ART nonadherence and may represent an important barrier to viral suppression.

Trends in hepatitis C treatment initiation among HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected men engaged in primary care in a multisite community health centre in Maryland: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the cascade of hepatitis C care among HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients in community-based clinics. Thus, we analysed our data from the interferon era to understand the barriers to HCV treatment, which may help improve getting patients into treatment in the direct-acting antivirals era. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Four HIV clinics of a multisite community health centre in the USA. PARTICIPANTS: 1935 HIV-infected men with >1 medical visit to the clinic between 2011 and 2013. Of them, 371 had chronic HCV and were included in the analysis for HCV care continuum during 2003-2014. OUTCOME MEASURES: HCV treatment initiation was designated as the primary outcome for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with HCV treatment initiation. RESULTS: Among the 371 coinfected men, 57 (15%) initiated HCV treatment. Entering care before 2008 (adjusted OR [aOR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.95 to 7.78), higher educational attainment (aOR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.59 to 6.44), HCV genotype 1 versus non-1 (aOR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.65) and HIV suppression (aOR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.06) independently predicted treatment initiation. Stratification by entering care before or after 2008 demonstrated that higher educational attainment was the only factor independently associated with treatment uptake in both periods (aOR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.13 to 6.88 and aOR, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.34 to 12.50, pre- and post-2008, respectively). Additional associated factors in those entering before 2008 included HCV genotype 1 versus non-1 (aOR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.54) and HIV suppression (aOR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.04 to 5.33). CONCLUSIONS: Some traditional barriers predicted HCV treatment initiation in those in care before 2008; however, the patients' level of educational attainment remained an important factor even towards the end of the interferon era. Further studies will need to determine whether educational attainment persists as an important determinant for initiating direct-acting antiviral therapies.

Excess Clinical Comorbidity Among HIV-Infected Patients Accessing Primary Care in US Community Health Centers.

OBJECTIVES: As the life expectancy of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased, the spectrum of illness has evolved. We evaluated whether people living with HIV accessing primary care in US community health centers had higher morbidity compared with HIV-uninfected patients receiving care at the same sites. METHODS: We compared data from electronic health records for 12 837 HIV-infected and 227 012 HIV-uninfected patients to evaluate the relative prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and malignancies by HIV serostatus. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate differences. Participants were patients aged ≥18 who were followed for ≥3 years (from January 2006 to December 2016) in 1 of 17 community health centers belonging to the Community Health Applied Research Network. RESULTS: Nearly two-thirds of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients lived in poverty. Compared with HIV-uninfected patients, HIV-infected patients were significantly more likely to be diagnosed and/or treated for diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.41), hypertension (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.31-1.46), dyslipidemia (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 2.17-2.43), chronic kidney disease (OR = 4.75; 95% CI, 4.23-5.34), lymphomas (OR = 4.02; 95% CI, 2.86-5.67), cancers related to human papillomavirus (OR = 5.05; 95% CI, 3.77-6.78), or other cancers (OR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.42). The prevalence of stroke was higher among HIV-infected patients (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63) than among HIV-uninfected patients, but the prevalence of myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: As HIV-infected patients live longer, the increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases may complicate their clinical management, requiring primary care providers to be trained in chronic disease management for this population.