Nurses' attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of sleep health in residential aged care: An integrative literature review.

AIM: To identify, synthesize and evaluate primary research on registered nurses' (RN) knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about sleep health and sleep health management of older adults living in residential aged care. DESIGN: Integrative review. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase and CINAHL databases from inception to September 2023. REVIEW METHODS: Databases were searched using a combination of key words, subject heading terms. All abstracts and full-text articles were screened by two researchers. Qualitative synthesis of the included articles was conducted. Inductive content analysis was used to identify themes and analyse data. RESULTS: A total of 923 abstracts were screened resulting in a final yield of 13 articles. Three themes were identified: (i) RN experience with sleep-disturbed residents, (ii) the emotional burden of sleep disturbances on RN and, (iii) organizational barriers to promoting resident's healthy sleep. Inappropriate administration of benzodiazepines and psychotropic drugs to manage residents' sleep disturbances was a major issue and lack of resources in residential aged care to facilitate sleep. There were concerns on nursing activity that disturbed residents' sleep and striking a balance between facilitating sleep and meeting managerial expectations was challenging. CONCLUSION: This review identified that nurses' decision-making has an integral role in the management of sleep health in residents in aged care. Whilst evidence-based guidelines for managing sleep in residential aged care are available, there is a lack of translation to practice. Understanding RN perspectives is critical to improving sleep health models of care in residential aged care. IMPACT: This review found that RN are attuned to the implications of sleep disturbance in residential aged care but are constrained by current sleep health models of care. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Not applicable.

Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence and Uptake in Australian Adults.

In January 2021, Australia initiated a national COVID-19 vaccine rollout strategy but faced setbacks, leading to negative press and media controversy, which may have diminished vaccine confidence. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing vaccine confidence in Australian adults (≥18 years of age) following the administration of a COVID-19 vaccine. Conducted at Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, a cross-sectional survey with 1053 respondents gauged vaccine confidence and influencing factors. The results showed overall high confidence (mean score 33/40). Trusted sources included the Australian Department of Health (77.8%), NSW Health (76.7%), and general practitioners (53.7%), while social media was distrusted (5.9%). The motivations for vaccination varied: university-educated individuals prioritised personal health (X2 = 17.81; p < 0.001), while religious and/or older respondents (≥50 years of age) emphasised community (X2 = 11.69; p < 0.001) and family protection (X2 = 17.314; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed use of the Australian Department of Health website as a trusted source of COVID-19 information as the strongest predictor of high confidence (>30; OR 1.43; p = 0.041), while exposure to fake news decreased confidence (OR 0.71; p = 0.025). The study underscores the importance of reliable health information sources in bolstering vaccine confidence and highlights the detrimental effects of misinformation. Promoting awareness of trustworthy health channels is crucial to combat vaccine hesitancy in Australia.

Insights from a 10-year Australasian idiopathic hypersomnia patient data registry study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is a disorder of central hypersomnolence that results in excessive daytime sleepiness in the absence of another identifying cause. Case studies from sleep clinic patients may not be a fair representation of the wider IH population. This study aims to better characterize patients diagnosed with IH in Australia and New Zealand using online patient-driven survey data. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 686 participants from the Hypersomnolence Australia Patient Data Registry diagnosed with either IH (n = 554), narcolepsy type 1 (NT1, n = 54) or narcolepsy type 2 (NT2, n = 78) between January 2013 and October 2022 was performed. RESULTS: Participants with IH reported additional sleep disorders such as OSA (16.4%) and restless legs syndrome (7.9%) and notable comorbidities included depression (46.2%) and anxiety (50%). There was a mean delay in diagnosis of 10 years in participants with IH, when compared to symptom onset. IH presents with unique but also overlapping symptomatology with NT2, with similar reporting of long daytime naps, unrefreshed sleep and automatic behavior. Modafinil was the most common medication (45.5%) used by participants with IH followed by dexamphetamine (44.2%). Most participants with IH reported receiving physician advice regarding positive lifestyle changes but recommend that newly diagnosed patients be given more advice about medication use. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a delay in IH diagnosis when compared to symptom onset and overlapping features of IH and NT2. It also highlights the heterogeneous presentation of IH and the value of large patient registries in future research.

Development and validation of the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ)

Background: Adherence to medication is the cornerstone to achieve the best treatment outcome. Pharmacists are healthcare professionals found in a pivotal position to assess asthmatic patients’ adherence to medication. A brief, reliable, and valid measure of patients adherence to mediations is useful to enable the pharmacists to deliver that vital service. Objective: To develop a reliable and valid adherence assessment tool for asthmatic patients. Methods: The Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ-13) was developed based on an extensive literature review, followed by applying the Delphi technique, and then it was pilot-tested by 55 patients. The final AAMQ-13 was completed by 213 patients. Psychometric evaluation was assessed including reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity. Results: The AAMQ-13 is a feasible 13-item questionnaire, as it can be completed within an average of two minutes. It has high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.87). Criterion-concurrent validity was established by comparing the AAMQ-13 to the Test of the Adherence to Inhaler (TAI) and the pharmacy refill records. Criterion-convergent validity was established by comparing the AAMQ-13 to the Asthma Control Test (ACT) questionnaire and the Positive Health Behaviors Scale (PHBS). Construct validity was established through AAMQ-13 factor analysis which revealed two factors explaining 51.76% of the total variance. Conclusion: The AAMQ-13 is a reliable and valid questionnaire with several desirable characteristics as it has high reliability, good criterion validity, and strong construct validity. The AAMQ-13 is a suitable questionnaire that can identify non-adherent patients and reveal the reasons behind their non-adherence. (AU)

Assessing adherence to medications: Is there a difference between a subjective method and an objective method, or between using them concurrently?

Background: Patients’ adherence to medication can be assessed by several subjective or objective methods. The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) has recommended the use of both measures simultaneously. Objective: To assess patients’ adherence to medication using a subjective or an objective method separately, and via using a combination of both methods. As well as identifying the degree of agreement between the two methods. Methods: Participants who met the study inclusion criteria completed the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ). A retrospective audit was conducted in order to extract pharmacy refill records for the previous twelve months. The patients’ pharmacy refill records were expressed using the Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science. The degree of agreement was determined by Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ). Results: In terms of the difference in the ability of each method to identify non-adherent patients, a higher percentage of non-adherent patients were identified using the self-reported AAMQ (61.4%) compared to the pharmacy refill records (34.3%). When both methods, in combination, were used to assess adherence, the percentage of non-adherent patients was 80.0%, which is higher than each method when used separately. Twenty percent of the patients were considered adherent on both assessment methods, while 15.7% were considered non-adherent via both methods. Consequently, the AAMQ and pharmacy refill records agreed on 35.7% of the patients. The degree of agreement analysis showed a low correlation between the two methods. Conclusion: The combination strategy resulted in a higher percentage of non-adherent patients, compared to using a subjective (the AAMQ) or an objective (the pharmacy refill records) method. The GINA guideline proposition may be supported by the present study’s findings. (AU)

Factors influencing pharmacy students' attitudes towards pharmacy practice research and strategies for promoting research interest in pharmacy practice / Factores que influyen en las actitudes de los estudiantes de farmacia hacia la investigación en farmacia práctica y estrategias para promover el interés en investigar en farmacia práctica

Objectives: To (1) investigate the relationships between students’ characteristics and their (a) perceptions of research in general and (b) attitudes towards pharmacy practice research; (2) identify strategies that could be used by pharmacy educators to promote research interest in pharmacy practice; and (3) identify perceived barriers to the pursuit or completion of a pharmacy practice research degree. Methods: A survey was administered to all students enrolled in each year of the four-year pharmacy undergraduate program, University of Sydney, Australia. Perceptions of research in general were measured using 4 items on a five-point semantic-differential scale and attitudes towards pharmacy practice research were measured using 16 items on a five-point Likert scale. Student characteristics were also collected as were responses to open-ended questions which were analysed using content analysis. Results: In total 853 students participated and completed the survey (83% response rate). Participants’ characteristics were associated with some but not all aspects of research and pharmacy practice research. It appeared that positive attitudes and perspectives were influenced strongly by exposure to the ‘research’ process through projects, friends or mentors, previous degrees or having future intentions to pursue a research degree. Results from both the quantitative and qualitative analyses suggest positive attitudes and perceptions of research can be nurtured through the formal inclusion in research processes, particularly the utility of practice research in clinical practice across the four years of study. Participants indicated there was a lack of awareness of the needs, benefits and career opportunities associated with pharmacy practice research and voiced clear impediments in their career path with respect to the choice of practice research-related careers. Conclusions: Future research should investigate changes in perceptions and attitudes in a single cohort over the four-year degree, other factors influencing students’ perceptions and attitudes, and evaluate the effectiveness of research promoting strategies and programs (AU)

Objetivos: (1) Investigar la relación entre las características de los estudiantes y su (a) percepción de la investigación en general, (b) actitudes hacia la investigación en farmacia práctica, (2) identificar las estrategias que podrían ser usadas por los educadores de farmacia para promover el interés en la investigación en farmacia práctica; y (3) identificar las barreras percibidas para elegir o completar un grado en investigación en farmacia práctica. Métodos: Se administró un cuestionario a todos los estudiantes matriculados en cada año de los cuatro años del programa de grado de farmacia de la Universidad de Sídney, Australia. Se midieron las percepciones de la investigación en general usando 4 ítems de una escala semántica-diferencial de 5 puntos, y se midieron las actitudes hacia la investigación en farmacia práctica usando una escala de Likert de 5 puntos con 16 ítems. También se recogieron las características de los estudiantes en respuestas abiertas que fueron analizadas mediante un análisis de contenido. Resultados: En total 853 estudiantes participaron y completaron el cuestionario (83% tasa de respuesta). Las características de los participantes se pudieron asocial con algunos, pero no con todos, los aspectos de la investigación y de la investigación en farmacia práctica. Resultó que las actitudes y las perspectivas positivas estaban fuertemente influenciadas por la exposición al proceso de ‘investigación’ a través de proyectos, amigos o mentores, graduaciones previas o intenciones futuras de iniciar un grado de investigación. Los resultados de los análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos sugirieron que las actitudes y las percepciones positivas pueden ser alimentadas a través de la inclusión formal en procesos de investigación, particularmente la utilidad de la investigación práctica en la práctica clínica durante los cuatro años de estudios. Los participantes indicaron que había una falta de consciencia de las necesidades, beneficios y oportunidades de carrera asociadas a la investigación de farmacia práctica, y enunciaban impedimentos claros en su carrera de progreso en relación a la elección de carreras de investigación en farmacia práctica. Conclusión: Futuras investigaciones deberían analizar los cambios en percepciones y actitudes en una cohorte durante los cuatro años de estudios, otros factores que influyen las percepciones y actitudes de los estudiantes, y evaluar la efectividad de estrategias y programas de promoción de la investigación (AU)

The role of community pharmacists in screening and subsequent management of chronic respiratory diseases: a systematic review / Papel de los farmacéuticos comunitarios en rastreo y posterior manejo de enfermedades crónicas respiratorias: revisión sistemática

Objective: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the role of community pharmacists in provision of screening with/without subsequent management of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and uncontrolled asthma. Methods: An extensive literature search using four databases (ie. Medline, PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) and Scopus) with search terms pharmacy, screening, asthma or COPD was conducted. Searches were limited to the years 2003-2013, those in English and those reporting research with humans. Data retrieval, analysis and result presentation employed a scoping review method. Results: Seventeen articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, of which fifteen studies were based on people with asthma and two were based on people with COPD. Only seven asthma studies and one COPD study involved screening followed by subsequent management. More than half of the people screened were found to be poorly controlled and up to 62% of people were identified at high risk for COPD by community pharmacists. The studies varied in the method and type of asthma control assessment/screening, the type of intervention provided and the outcomes measured. The limitations of the reviewed studies included varying definitions of asthma control, different study methodologies, and the lack of long-term follow-up. While many different methods were used for risk assessment and management services by the pharmacists, all the studies demonstrated that community pharmacists were capable of identifying people with poorly controlled asthma and undiagnosed COPD and providing them with suitable interventions. Conclusion: The literature review identified that community pharmacists can play an effective role in screening of people with poorly controlled asthma and undiagnosed COPD along with delivering management interventions. However, there is very little literature available on screening for these chronic respiratory conditions. Future research should focus on development of patient care delivery model incorporating a screening protocol followed by targeted management interventions delivered by the community pharmacist (AU)

Objetivo: El propósito de esta revisión fue evaluar el papel de los farmacéuticos comunitarios en la provisión de rastreos con/sin posterior manejo de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) no diagnosticada y asma no controlada. Métodos: Se realizó una extensiva búsqueda bibliográfica usando cuatro bases de datos (ie. Medline, PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) and Scopus) con términos de búsqueda farmacia, rastreo, asma o EPOC. Las búsquedas se limitaron a los años 2003-2013, a las escritas en inglés, y a las que comunicaban investigación en seres humanos. La recuperación, y análisis de datos y la presentación de resultados se realizaron mediante un método de determinación del alcance. Resultados: 17 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión/exclusión, de los cuales, 15 eran de personas con asma y 2 con EPOC. Sólo 7 de los estudios de asma y uno de los de EPOC envolvían rastreos seguidos del consiguiente manejo. Más de la mitad de las personas rastreadas estaban pobremente controladas y hasta un 62% de las personas fueron identificadas como en alto riesgo de EPOC por los farmacéuticos. Los estudios variaban en el método y tipo de evaluación/rastreo del control de asma, el tipo de intervención realizada y los resultados medidos. Las limitaciones de los estudios revisados incluyeron la diversidad de definiciones de control de asma, las diferentes metodologías de estudio, y la falta de seguimiento a largo plazo. Aunque se utilizaron muchos métodos diferentes de evaluación del riesgo y de servicios de manejo de la enfermedad por los farmacéuticos, todos los estudios demostraron que los farmacéuticos comunitarios eran capaces de identificar personas con asma pobremente controlada y EPOC no diagnosticada y de realizar con ellos las intervenciones apropiadas. Conclusión: La revisión de la literatura identifico que los farmacéuticos comunitarios pueden jugar un papel efectivo en el rastreo de personas con asma pobremente controlado y EPOC no diagnosticada así como realizarles las intervenciones de manejo. Sin embargo, hay muy poca literatura disponible sobre el rastreo de estas enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. La investigación futura debería centrarse en el desarrollo de modelos de atención a pacientes que incorporen un protocolo de rastreo seguido de intervenciones de manejo de la enfermedad proporcionadas por los farmacéuticos comunitarios (AU)