Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis-Like Skin Changes Induced by the Application of Absorbent Pads Containing Bacteria and Artificial Urine in Rats.

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is one of the most serious complications in older people with incontinence. Controlling urine property in absorbent pads could be effective for preventing IAD caused by bacterial urine. However, no animal model has been established to evaluate their effectiveness. This study aimed to induce IAD-like skin changes using absorbent pads containing bacterial urine and to confirm their pathophysiology in rats. Hairless Wistar Yagi rats were divided into the bacteria-containing urine (BU) and the bacteria-free urine (U) groups. A 10-h-attachment of absorbent pads containing artificial urine with/without bacteria to the skin pretreated with sodium lauryl sulfate was performed repeatedly for 5 days. Macroscopic findings and skin barrier function were examined every day, and histological changes, inflammatory responses and bacterial quantification in tissue samples were examined on Day 5. The BU group exhibited significant skin redness from Day 3, significant elevation of transepidermal water loss from Day 1, and histological changes, including significantly thickened epidermis, abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and erythrocyte leakage. Inflammation, confirmed by higher myeloperoxidase-positive cells, elevated tumour necrosis factor-α expression, and vascular endothelial damage, indicated by CD31 and pentraxin 3-positive cells, were observed in the BU group. The bacterial quantification showed no significant difference between the groups. IAD-like skin changes including histological changes and inflammation were suggested to be caused by urine properties altered by bacteria. This study proposed a new animal model for evaluating the effectiveness of absorbent pads in controlling the urine properties of bacterial urine on preventing IAD.

Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of diabetic foot ulcer management by wound care specialists in Indonesia.

Diabetic foot ulcers affect quality of life and economically burden patients and the Indonesian healthcare system. The comparative cost-effectiveness of wound care specialists in private practices (e.g., wound clinics) and wound care nurses in national hospitals remains unknown. Thus, we used a decision tree to compare the cost and healing rates for patients after 12 weeks of wound care. Uncertainty was addressed using one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Among 89 participants (42 in the national hospital and 47 in the private practice), no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of sex, age, education level, smoking status, duration of diabetes, Wagner wound classification, glycated haemoglobin levels, neuropathy status, ankle-brachial index, baseline characteristics, quality of life, DMIST (depth, maceration, inflammation/infection, size, tissue type of the wound bed, type of wound edge, and tunnelling/undermining) score and wound location (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed for days from first visit/assessment until complete healing, mean quality of life (p ≤ 0.001) and wound size (p = 0.047). Wound care specialists in private practices had a significantly lower cost of 2,804,423.3 Indonesian rupiah compared to 6,483,493.4 Indonesian rupiah for wound care nurses in national hospitals. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was -165,723.9. Therefore, wound care specialists in private practices are more cost-effective for managing diabetic foot ulcers. Probability sensitivity analysis confirmed that 80%-90% of the scenarios were cost-effective. These findings may inform healthcare resource allocation in Indonesia. Additionally, evidence-based cost-effectiveness measures were strengthened in private practices and national hospitals.

Pelvic floor muscle contraction automatic evaluation algorithm for pelvic floor muscle training biofeedback using self-performed ultrasound.

INTRODUCTION: Non-invasive biofeedback of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is required for continuous training in home care. Therefore, we considered self-performed ultrasound (US) in adult women with a handheld US device applied to the bladder. However, US images are difficult to read and require assistance when using US at home. In this study, we aimed to develop an algorithm for the automatic evaluation of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contraction using self-performed bladder US videos to verify whether it is possible to automatically determine PFM contraction from US videos. METHODS: Women aged ≥ 20 years were recruited from the outpatient Urology and Gynecology departments of a general hospital or through snowball sampling. The researcher supported the participants in their self-performed bladder US and videos were obtained several times during PFMT. The US videos obtained were used to develop an automatic evaluation algorithm. Supervised machine learning was then performed using expert PFM contraction classifications as ground truth data. Time-series features were generated from the x- and y-coordinate values of the bladder area including the bladder base. The final model was evaluated for accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), recall, precision, and F1. The contribution of each feature variable to the classification ability of the model was estimated. RESULTS: The 1144 videos obtained from 56 participants were analyzed. We split the data into training and test sets with 7894 time series features. A light gradient boosting machine model (Light GBM) was selected, and the final model resulted in an accuracy of 0.73, AUC = 0.91, recall = 0.66, precision = 0.73, and F1 = 0.73. Movement of the y-coordinate of the bladder base was shown as the most important. CONCLUSION: This study showed that automated classification of PFM contraction from self-performed US videos is possible with high accuracy.

Relationship Between Dysbiotic Wound Microbiota and Critical Colonization: Involvement of FOXP3-Positive Cells in Rats.

INTRODUCTION: Detection of critical colonization is gaining importance in wound management, but its pathophysiology remains unclear. We previously clarified that a dysbiotic wound microbiota differing from skin commensal microbiota may be involved in critical colonization and that such wounds contain fewer Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3)-positive cells in the tissue. However, it is not clear whether FOXP3-positive cells contribute to the development of critical colonization. Here, we examined whether inhibition of FOXP3-positive cell could induce critical colonization when the commensal microbiota was present in the wounds. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were administered FK506 or vehicle to inhibit differentiation into FOXP3-positive cells. Full-thickness wounds were made on the dorsal skin and inoculated with bacterial solution (dysbiosis group) or Luria-Bertani medium (commensal group). A bacterial solution was prepared by anaerobically culturing bacteria from the skin of donor rats on an artificial dermis in Luria-Bertani medium for 72 hours. Tissues were collected on day 4 postwounding for histological evaluation. RESULTS: After microbiota transplantation, excessive inflammation occurred in the FK506 + commensal group. In contrast, wounds with transplanted dysbiotic microbiota showed the same level of neutrophil infiltration, regardless of FK506 administration. Furthermore, the wound area was larger in the FK506 + commensal group than in the vehicle + commensal group on day 4 postwounding ( P = 0.01). This area was also significantly larger in both the vehicle + dysbiosis ( P = 0.01) and FK506 + dysbiosis groups ( P = 0.03) than in the vehicle + commensal group. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that dysbiosis may be at least related to developing critical colonization, and the results suggest that FOXP3-positive cells are involved in this process. Our study may contribute to establishing new interventions that prevent critical colonization by correcting wound microbiota.

A multidisciplinary approach to managing lymphorroea in primary lymphoedema: a case study.

This case study describes the successful management of a patient with primary lymphoedema, who was experiencing lymphorrhoea and epidermolysis, using a multidisciplinary approach. The patient had Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. The multidisciplinary team, in an outpatient clinic in Japan, included a certified lymphoedema therapist, plastic surgeons, and a wound, ostomy and continence nurse. The team performed complex physical therapy and lymphaticovenular anastomosis, which promoted the resolution of the lymphorrhoea. This resulted in improvements in skin condition, the prevention of recurrent cellulitis, and no increase in limb circumferences during the 1-year follow-up period. This report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to lymphoedema management, including lymphorrhoea control that fitted in with the patient's daily life. It is hoped that this article will contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of patients with lymphoedema.

Potential biomarker proteins for aspiration pneumonia detected by shotgun proteomics using buccal mucosa samples: a cross-sectional case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Aspiration pneumonia (AP), which is a major cause of death in the elderly, does present with typical symptoms in the early stages of onset, thus it is difficult to detect and treat at an early stage. In this study, we identified biomarkers that are useful for the detection of AP and focused on salivary proteins, which may be collected non-invasively. Because expectorating saliva is often difficult for elderly people, we collected salivary proteins from the buccal mucosa. METHODS: We collected samples from the buccal mucosa of six patients with AP and six control patients (no AP) in an acute-care hospital. Following protein precipitation using trichloroacetic acid and washing with acetone, the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We also determined the levels of cytokines and chemokines in non-precipitated samples from buccal mucosa. RESULTS: Comparative quantitative analysis of LC-MS/MS spectra revealed 55 highly (P values < 0.10) abundant proteins with high FDR confidence (q values < 0.01) and high coverage (> 50%) in the AP group compared with the control group. Among the 55 proteins, the protein abundances of four proteins (protein S100-A7A, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1, Serpin B4, and peptidoglycan recognition protein 1) in the AP group showed a negative correlation with the time post-onset; these proteins are promising AP biomarker candidates. In addition, the abundance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in oral samples was highly correlated with serum CRP levels, suggesting that oral CRP levels may be used as a surrogate to predict serum CRP in AP patients. A multiplex cytokine/chemokine assay revealed that MCP-1 tended to be low, indicating unresponsiveness of MCP-1 and its downstream immune pathways in AP. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that oral salivary proteins, which are obtained non-invasively, can be utilized for the detection of AP.

A method for harvesting viable cells from wound dressings.

Wound fluid has been well studied for exploring protein biomarkers contained in it. However, cells in wound fluid have not received much attention due to the difficulty in their collection. Our study aimed to establish a method for collecting viable cells from discarded wound dressings. A protocol was designed to wash out nonadherent cells and detach adherent cells from silicone-faced foam wound dressings using trypsin-EDTA. The optimal concentration and incubation time of trypsin-EDTA for collecting equivalent proportions of different cell types to the original cell population were determined in vitro. Cell composition and gene expression changes in monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts and keratinocytes were confirmed using immunocytochemistry and RNA-sequencing ex vivo. Full-thickness wounds were created on 9-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. Wound fluid was collected, and half of it was applied to the wound dressings. The original cell population in the wound fluid and the cell population collected from wound dressings were compared. In the in vitro study, 0.25% trypsin-EDTA and 2.5-min incubation time were considered optimal for collecting adherent cells from wound dressings. In the ex vivo study, among all cell types, only CD3+ lymphocytes showed a significantly higher cell proportion in the collected group. The relative gene expression of the five selected cells showed no significant changes (p-value >0.05, |log2 fold change| < 1.5, differential gene expression analysis). Viable nonadherent and adherent cells were collected from wound dressings without altering gene expression and could be used in future studies for cellular analysis of wound fluid.

Efficacy of wearable vibration dressings on full-thickness wound healing in a hyperglycemic rat model.

Local low-frequency vibration promotes blood flow and wound healing in hard-to-heal diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). However, vibration treatment is challenging in patients with DFUs due to wound management difficulties and low adherence. Consequently, developing wearable self-care devices becomes imperative for effective wound healing. This study introduces a wearable vibration dressing and assesses its impact on wound healing in hyperglycemic rats. Low-frequency vibration at 52 Hz was applied to the wound for 40 min/day in awake rats. Relative wound areas on post-wounding days (PWDs) 4-7 were significantly smaller and the wound closure rate was significantly higher in the vibration group than in the control group (p < 0.05, respectively). The total haemoglobin at baseline and after vibration on post-wounding day 7 was significantly larger in the vibration group than in the control group (p < 0.05). On PWD 7, the thickness of the granulation tissue was significantly higher in the vibration group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the number of blood vessels at the wound site and vascular endothelial growth factor A protein expression were significantly higher in the vibration group than in the control group (p < 0.05, respectively). The ratio of (CD68+ /iNOS+ )/(CD163+ ) macrophages in the vibration group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicate the potential of wearable vibration dressings as new self-care devices that can promote angiogenesis and blood flow, improve inflammation, and enhance wound healing in DFUs.

Introduction of augmented reality to the remote wound care nursing consultation system.

OBJECTIVE: We implemented augmented reality (AR) in remote consultations for enhanced pressure injury (PI) care in homecare nursing and improved the efficiency of on-site technical education for homecare nurses. The study aimed to depict expert techniques using AR technology to improve PI healing time in a male patient. METHOD: We developed and implemented a new system that combines a transparent hand with an image and gives an output as a video image in the existing remote consultation software. The system was used to support remote care of PIs by nurses. RESULTS: We succeeded in superimposing the expert nurse's nonverbal hand gestures onto the patient's wound in real time. The visiting nurse's understanding of the system had improved and there was an improvement in the patient's PI healing. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that remote consultation using AR is effective to observe precise wound care demonstrations of the steps of the PI treatment and provide effective treatment.

Relationship between healing status and microbial dissimilarity in wound and peri-wound skin in pressure injuries.

AIM: Wound infection is the most serious cause of delayed healing for patients with pressure injuries. The wound microbiota, which plays a crucial role in delayed healing, forms by bacterial dissemination from the peri-wound skin. To manage the bioburden, wound and peri-wound skin care has been implemented; however, how the microbiota at these sites contribute to delayed healing is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between healing status and microbial dissimilarity in wound and peri-wound skin. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted at a long-term care hospital. The outcome was healing status assessed using the DESIGN-R® tool, a wound assessment tool to monitor the wound healing process. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the wound and peri-wound swabs, and microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene analysis. To evaluate microbial similarity, the weighted UniFrac dissimilarity index between wound and peri-wound microbiota was calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-two pressure injuries (7 deep and 15 superficial wounds) were included in the study. For deep wounds, the predominant bacteria in wound and peri-wound skin were the same in the healing wounds, whereas they were different in all cases of hard-to-heal wounds. Analysis based on the weighted UniFrac dissimilarity index, there was no significant difference for healing wounds (p = 0.639), while a significant difference was found for hard-to-heal wounds (p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed healing is possibly associated with formation of wound microbiota that is different in composition from that of the skin commensal microbiota. This study provides a new perspective for assessing wound bioburden.

Relationship between items of DMIST and healing of diabetic foot ulcers.

A monitoring tool for the wound-healing process of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) was developed. It comprises seven domains, namely, depth, maceration, inflammation/infection, size, tissue type of the wound bed, type of wound edge, and tunnelling/undermining. It was named "DMIST" based on the initials of its domains. Although DMIST is useful for assessing wound-healing processes, the monitoring items related to wound healing remain unclear, thereby making the selection of optimal care based on the assessment difficult. We identified the relationship between the DMIST items and wound healing. This study was a secondary analysis of five previous investigations and was conducted using DMIST based on the diabetic foot ulcer assessment scale score and DFU images. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) after simultaneously controlling for potential confounders. The examined DFU healing status revealed that some DFUs healed at 4 weeks from baseline, whereas some DFUs did not. Variables considered in the models were the scores of each DMIST domain. The study population comprised 146 Indonesian patients and 33 Japanese patients. Depth, maceration, and size were associated with DFU healing at 4 weeks from baseline [depth: OR = 0.317 (95% CI: 0.145-0.693, P = 0.004); maceration: OR = 0.445 (95% CI: 0.221-0.896, P = 0.023); size: OR = 0.623 (95% CI: 0.451-0.862, P = 0.004)]. Our findings suggest that appropriate management of maceration promotes DFU healing.

An in vivo critically colonised wound model with dysbiotic wound microbiota.

In critically colonised wounds, many of the signs of infection are often absent, and delayed healing may be the only clinical sign. The prevention of critical colonisation is important, but its pathophysiology has not yet been elucidated. We have previously reported that dysbiotic microbiota dissimilar to the peri-wound skin microbiota may develop in critically colonised wounds. To investigate the role of dysbiotic microbiota, this study aimed to develop a critically colonised wound model by transplantation of dysbiotic microbiota. To transplant microbiota, a bacterial solution (dysbiosis group) or with Luria-Bertani medium (commensal group) was inoculated to full-thickness wounds of rats. The bacterial solution was prepared by anaerobically culturing bacteria from donor rats on an artificial dermis in Luria-Bertani medium for 72 hours. As a result, the degree of the change in the microbial similarity between pre- and post-transplantation of microbiota was significantly higher in the dysbiosis group (P < .001). No signs of infection were observed in any rat in either group. The wound area in the dysbiosis group was significantly larger (P < .001), and there was a significant infiltration of neutrophils (P < .001). All rats of the dysbiosis group represented the clinical features of critically colonised wounds. Furthermore, there were significantly fewer regulatory T cells in the wounds of the dysbiosis group. This is the first study to develop a novel animal model that represents the clinical features of critically colonised wounds and will be useful in investigating the pathogenesis of critical colonisation via regulatory T cells.

Development of a method to identify persistent and blanchable redness by skin blotting in mice.

Persistent and blanchable redness (PBR) is not currently included in category I pressure injury (PI), which is defined as non-blanchable redness (NBR). However, PBR progresses to PI in a clinical setting. Therefore, it should be clinically managed as category I PI, and a method to distinctly identify PBR is needed. This study aimed to examine whether PI-related biomarkers can distinguish PRB from transient redness (TR) and NBR using skin blotting. TR, PBR, and NBR models were established by the different conditions of dorsal skin compression. Redness observation and skin blotting were performed, and the skin tissue samples were subjected to histological and molecular biological analyses. The vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) b, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90aa1, tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (Il) 1b, and Il6 messenger ribonucleic acid levels were significantly different between the three models. The VEGF-A, VEGF-B, IL-1ß, and IL-6 protein levels were different between the three models. Although the results of skin blot examinations were inconsistent with those of the expression analysis of tissue, HSP90α and IL-1ß are suggested to be potential markers to distinguish PBR from TR and NBR.

Expression levels of NPPB, ITGB6, CPNE4, EML5, and ITSN1 in fresh exudates swabbed from critically colonised and infected full-thickness wounds in rats.

Pressure injury management requires reliable identification of critical colonisation due to lack of infection signs. Our research group previously proposed the mRNAs natriuretic peptide B (Nppb), integrin subunit beta 6 (Itgb6), copine 4 (Cpne4), echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 5, and intersectin 1 as candidate markers in pooled exudates of critically colonised wounds. However, it is unclear whether mRNAs or proteins of the candidate genes would be suitable as biomarkers in fresh exudate. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the validity of the mRNAs and proteins as fresh exudate markers for critical colonisation. Three wound models of normal healing, critical colonisation, and infection were created in rats. Fresh swab-collected exudates were collected, and mRNA and protein expression levels were measured. In the fresh wound exudates, the detection frequency of Itgb6 tended to decrease in the critically colonised and infected wounds (P = .067), and those of Cpne4 and Nppb tended to be lower in the infected wounds than in the normal healing and critically colonised wounds (P = .006 and .067, respectively). In contrast, there was no difference in protein expression in the exudates. This study suggests that Itgb6 mRNA in fresh exudates is a promising biomarker for critical colonisation.

Bacterial invasion into the epidermis of rats with sodium lauryl sulphate-irritated skin increases damage and induces incontinence-associated dermatitis.

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is caused by prolonged exposure to urine/liquid stool. It is a common and often painful skin condition in older incontinent adults because of poor prevention. Patients with urinary infections are at risk of developing IAD, and to guide the development of novel prevention strategies, we aimed to develop an animal model of IAD by urine and bacteria. First, contralateral sites on the dorsal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats were compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), simulating frequent cleansing with soap/water. Filter discs were then placed inside ring-shaped chambers on foam dressings, inoculated with or without Pseudomonas aeruginosa, covered with agarose gels immersed in cultured filtrated urine, and secured in place with an occlusive dressing for 3 days. Untreated and SLS-compromised sites served as controls. The IAD was developed at bacteria-inoculated sites, characterised by severe IAD-like redness that persisted for up to 3 days post-exposure and higher disruption of the skin barrier function compared with non-inoculated sites. Pathological changes included epidermal thickening, partial skin loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, accumulation of red blood cells, and invasion of bacteria into the epidermis. This novel, clinically relevant IAD rat model can serve for future prevention developments.

Evaluation of foot ulcer incidence in diabetic patients at a diabetic foot ulcer prevention clinic over a 10-year period.

The present study aimed to evaluate diabetes patients over a 10-year period that visited our outpatient clinic for prevention of diabetic foot ulcers and then investigate the incidence and aetiology of diabetic foot ulcers. The Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases of a university hospital was in charge of the clinic that provided diabetes patients with individual education via the use of visualisation techniques. In this prospective cohort study, a total of 942 diabetes patients who visited the clinic were evaluated for neuropathy, angiopathy and medical history between November 2006 and March 2017. Using the patients' medical records, diabetic foot ulcer development was evaluated between the day of the first visit and December 31, 2018, with 20 out of 942 participants developing these ulcers. Over a period of 12, 60 and 120 months, the diabetic foot ulcer cumulative incidence was 0.2%, 2.4% and 5.8%, respectively. A history of diabetic foot ulcers and the male sex were shown by a Cox regression analysis to be correlated with diabetic foot ulcer development (Hazard Ratio [HR] 11.55, 95%CI 4.600-29.004, p < 0.001; and HR 3.55, 95%CI 1.031-12.196, p = 0.045, respectively). However, only five out of 20 participants with ulceration returned to the clinic for re-examination. In conclusion, a 12-month evaluation showed there was a low incidence of diabetic foot ulcers. These results might suggest that patients with a diabetic foot ulcer history need to undergo at least an annual follow-up in order to further reduce diabetic foot ulcer incidence, although studies involving control groups needs to be conducted, in presenting these as evidence.

Incidence of and risk factors for self-load-related and medical device-related pressure injuries in critically ill patients: A prospective observational cohort study.

There are two types of pressure injuries: self-load-related pressure injuries (PIs) and medical device-related pressure injuries (MDRPIs), but the differences in risk factors between PIs and MDRPIs have not yet been clarified. If risk factors for PIs and MDRPIs differ, preventive interventions should take this into account. This is a prospective cohort study aimed to determine the cumulative incidence of PIs and MDRPIs in critically ill patients and to identify corresponding risk factors. The study included 1418 patients who were admitted to the critical care medical center of a single university hospital in Tokyo, Japan, between 1 December 2019 and 31 August 2020. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative incidence of PIs and MDRPIs. Furthermore, the Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyse the predictors in both the PI and MDRPI incidence and non-incidence groups. Predictors were based on data from the 0th disease day. The cumulative incidence of PIs and MDRPIs was 4.6/1000 person-days and 3.6/1000 person-days, respectively. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that common risk factors for the occurrence of PIs and MDRPIs were possession of PI on admission, higher blood lactate, blood purification therapy, and positional restriction. The risk factors for PIs only were diabetes mellitus, septic shock, and a lower serum albumin level, while the risk factors for MDRPIs only were the D-dimer level and extracorporeal membranous oxygenation treatment. Therefore, prophylactic interventions need to consider these different risk factors.

Development and validation of an infant facial skin assessment tool: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Severe infant eczema on the face should be treated early because it may lead to allergic diseases in the future. However, caregivers find it difficult to assess. A visual tool for caregivers is needed to easily determine infants' facial skin condition severity based on the tool's scores. We developed an infant facial skin assessment tool (IFSAT) and evaluated its reliability and validity. METHODS: The IFSAT draft was developed based on results of a previous literature review and qualitative sketch. Panels including medical professionals and a caregiver checked the draft's content and face validity, and the IFSAT was finalized. To test the IFSAT's reliability and validity, caregivers and one-month-old infants were recruited. Two scoring methods were additionally created based on the relation between the items and cure period. The relationships between scores and cure period, and the ability to predict whether the infant needed medical treatment were examined by each scoring method. For the predictive validity, scores for infants requiring medical treatment and those for infants who did not were also compared. For the intra-examiner reliability analysis, two pediatricians rated the scores separately twice using photographs. Inter-rater reliabilities were analyzed among pediatricians, nurses, and caregivers. RESULTS: Altogether, 113 infant-caregiver pairs participated in the testing phase. Of the two scoring methods created (versions 1 and 2), pediatricians' and caregivers' scores using versions 1 and 2 were related to the cure period. These scores predict whether the infant needed medical treatment. We then selected version 2 based on the medical professionals' opinions. The scores of caregivers of infants requiring medical treatment were higher than those of caregivers of infants not requiring treatment (p < 0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of intra-examiner reliability was 0.87. The ICC of inter-rater reliabilities between pediatricians' and caregivers' scores and between nurses' and caregivers' scores were 0.66, and 0.66, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed IFSAT may be used to assess whether infants need medical treatment and whether to extend the cure period. The tool's reliability and validity were confirmed.

Ultrasonographic features of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: Osteomyelitis is a limb-threatening complication of diabetic foot ulcers. Early identification of the disease is key to ensuring successful prognosis. In this study, we describe ultrasonographic features for the identification of osteomyelitis. METHOD: Patients were screened through clinical, ultrasonographic and probe-to-bone tests. RESULTS: Ultrasonographic features in three patients that could be used to identify diabetic foot osteomyelitis included periosteal reaction, periosteal elevation, cortical erosions and presence of sequestrum, all of which were confirmed by a plain X-ray. CONCLUSION: An ultrasonographic examination could be used for the early detection of osteomyelitis, which could help clinicians devise prompt treatment strategies.

Nationwide time-series surveys of pressure ulcer prevalence in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: The Japanese Society of Pressure Ulcers (JSPU) has two purposes: first, to improve knowledge and skills among health professionals related to preventing and managing pressure ulcers (PUs); and second, to represent those in the field managing PUs, including with government and health authorities. Since 2006, JSPU has conducted fact-finding surveys about every four years to identify PU prevalence in Japan (2006, 2010, 2013 and 2016). Based on the prevalence identified by these surveys, an attempt was made to validate the achievements of JSPU's activities. METHOD: Information from one-day surveys of hospitals, long-term care health facilities, long-term care welfare facilities, and home visit nursing care stations was analysed. We used generalised estimating equations to estimate the proportions of PUs and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each survey. RESULTS: A total of 662,419 patients in 2631 facilities participated in the surveys. The estimated proportions for all facilities (95% CI) in chronological order, from the first to the fourth survey, were: 2.67% (2.52-2.83); 2.61% (2.43-2.80); 1.99% (1.83-2.17); and 1.79% (1.65-1.94), respectively. In all facility types, the proportion of PUs was lower in the fourth survey than the first survey. CONCLUSION: The proportion of PUs showed a decreasing trend and was low according to global standards, demonstrating the efficacy of JSPU's activities.