Photostimulation of Japanese quail.

To adapt commercial poultry production to a new scenario of energy savings and to develop specific practices for quail production aimed at reducing costs while maintaining or improving productivity, four experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, birds were allocated to four treatments (photoperiod duration): T1: 14 L:10 D; T2: 15 L:9 D; T3: 16 L:8 D; and T4: 17 L:7 D. In the second experiment, birds were subjected to four levels of brightness: T1: 5 lux; T2: 10 lux; T3:15 lux; and T4: 22 lux (control). In the third experiment, four types of lamps were evaluated: T1: compact fluorescent lamp (color temperature: 6,500 K); T2: compact fluorescent lamp (color temperature: 2,700 K); T3: incandescent lamp; and T4: yellow LED. In the last experiment, four lighting programs were compared: T1: continuous program (control), in which there was a single photoperiod of 15 h; the other treatments consisted of intermittent lighting programs, as follows: T2: 1 h of light provided 1 h after dusk; T3: 1 h of light provided 2 h before dawn; T4: half an hour of light provided 1 h after dusk and half an hour of light provided 1.5 h before dawn. In each experiment, 1,296 Japanese quail were evaluated for four 28-d cycles, totaling 112 experimental days. A completely randomized experimental design of 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 27 birds each was applied in all trials. Performance and egg quality were evaluated in each experiment. Higher egg production and adequate egg quality, as well as energy savings, can be obtained with Japanese quail using compact fluorescent lamps or LEDs and a photoperiod of 15 h/d supplied using an intermittent lighting program, with 1 h of artificial light 2 h before dawn at a brightness of 5 lux.

Gene expression of coffee seed oxidation and germination processes during drying.

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seeds are sensitive to desiccation and oxidative stress during drying processes. We investigated the effect of drying and moisture levels on germination-related gene expressions associated with enzymatic systems that prevent oxidative stress in coffee seeds. Coffee seeds collected at physiological maturity were subjected to slow and quick drying to 40, 30, 20, and 12% moisture levels (wet basis), and as the control, seeds without drying were used. The seeds' physiological quality was calculated as percentage of normal seedlings at 15 and 30 days, normal vigorous seedlings at 30 days, and cotyledonary leaves at 45 days. The isoenzymes esterase, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and endo-ß-mannanase expressions were electrophoretically analyzed. CAT and POX expressions were analyzed using RT-qPCR with specific primers constructed from the target gene sequences from the Brazilian Coffee Genome Database. Slow drying showed better physiological quality for seeds at 40 and 12% moisture levels, while quick drying was the most effective for seeds with 20% moisture. Sensitivity to water loss was confirmed by quick drying and activation of enzymes. CAT and POX transcriptions reduced during drying. RT-qPCR revealed a complex gene-expression pattern during the oxidative process, with high gene expression in wet seeds.

Clinical evaluation of ceramic inlays and onlays fabricated with two systems: five-year follow-up.

This study evaluated the five-year clinical performance of ceramic inlays and onlays made with two systems: sintered Duceram (Dentsply-Degussa) and pressable IPS Empress (Ivoclar Vivadent). Eighty-six restorations were placed by a single operator in 35 patients with a median age of 33 years. The restorations were cemented with dual-cured resin cement (Variolink II, Ivoclar Vivadent) and Syntac Classic adhesive under rubber dam. The evaluations were conducted by two independent investigators at baseline, and at one, two, three, and five years using the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. At the five-year recall, 26 patients were evaluated (74.28%), totalling 62 (72.09%) restorations. Four IPS restorations were fractured, two restorations presented secondary caries (one from IPS and one from Duceram), and two restorations showed unacceptable defects at the restoration margin and needed replacement (one restoration from each ceramic system). A general success rate of 87% was recorded. The Fisher exact test revealed no significant difference between Duceram and IPS Empress ceramic systems for all aspects evaluated at different recall appointments (p>0.05). The McNemar chi-square test showed significant differences in relation to marginal discoloration, marginal integrity, and surface texture between the baseline and five-year recall for both systems (p<0.001), with an increased percentage of Bravo scores. However, few Charlie or Delta scores were attributed to these restorations. In conclusion, these two types of ceramic materials demonstrated acceptable clinical performance after five years.

Bioremediation of direct dyes in simulated textile effluents by a paramorphogenic form of Aspergillus oryzae.

Azo dyes are extensively used for coloring textiles, paper, food, leather, drinks, pharmaceutical products, cosmetics and inks. The textile industry consumes the largest amount of azo dyes, and it is estimated that approximately 10-15% of dyes used for coloring textiles may be lost in waste streams. Almost all azo dyes are synthetic and resist biodegradation, however, they can readily be reduced by a number of chemical and biological reducing systems. Biological treatment has advantages over physical and chemical methods due to lower costs and minimal environmental effect. This research focuses on the utilization of Aspergillus oryzae to remove some types of azo dyes from aqueous solutions. The fungus, physically induced in its paramorphogenic form (called 'pellets'), was used in the dye biosorption studies with both non-autoclaved and autoclaved hyphae, at different pH values. The goals were the removal of dyes by biosorption and the decrease of their toxicity. The dyes used were Direct Red 23 and Direct Violet 51. Their spectral stability (325-700 nm) was analyzed at different pH values (2.50, 4.50 and 6.50). The best biosorptive pH value and the toxicity limit, (which is given by the lethal concentration (LC(100)), were then determined. Each dye showed the same spectrum at different pH values. The best biosorptive pH was 2.50, for both non- autoclaved and autoclaved hyphae of A. oryzae. The toxicity level of the dyes was determined using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method, with Daphnia similis in all bioassays. The Direct Violet 51 (LC(100) 400 mg · mL(-1)) was found to be the most toxic dye, followed by the Direct Red 23 (LC(100) 900 mg · mL(-1)). The toxicity bioassays for each dye have shown that it is possible to decrease the toxicity level to zero by adding a small quantity of biomass from A. oryzae in its paramorphogenic form. The autoclaved biomass had a higher biosorptive capacity for the dye than the non-autoclaved biomass. The results show that bioremediation occurs with A. oryzae in its paramorphogenic form, and it can be used as a biosorptive substrate for treatment of industrial waste water containing azo dyes.

Effect of dentin-cleaning techniques on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin luting cement to dentin.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study evaluated the influence of different cleansing techniques on the bond strength of self-adhesive cement to dentin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 33 noncarious human molars were sectioned mesiodistally and embedded in chemically cured resin with the buccal or lingual surfaces facing upward. Superficial dentin was exposed and resin disk provisional restorations were cemented to the dentin surfaces with noneugenol provisional cement and were stored in distilled water at 37°C. After seven days, the provisional restorations were removed and 13 specimens were randomly assigned to each of the five groups (n=13), according to the following cleansing treatments: G1-excavator (control); G2-0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate; G3-40% polyacrylic acid; G4-mixture of flour pumice and water; and G5-sandblasting with 50 µm aluminum oxide particles at a pressure of 87 psi. Resin composite disks (Filtek Supreme Plus, 3M ESPE Dental Products, St Paul, MN, USA) 4.7 (±0.1) mm in diameter and 3.0 (±0.5) mm in height were cemented with self-adhesive cement (RelyX Unicem, 3M ESPE), photocured, and stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. Shear bond strength testing was conducted using a universal test machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. RESULTS: Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-B rank order test. Sandblasting with aluminum oxide (11.32 ± 1.70 MPa) produced significantly higher shear bond strength values compared with any other treatment groups (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between G1-control (7.74 ± 1.72 MPa), G2-chlorhexidine (6.37 ± 1.47 MPa), and G4-pumice (7.33 ± 2.85 MPa) (p<0.05).

Expression analysis of transcription factors from the interaction between cacao and Moniliophthora perniciosa (Tricholomataceae).

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is one of the most important tropical crops; however, production is threatened by numerous pathogens, including the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes witches' broom disease. To understand the mechanisms that lead to the development of this disease in cacao, we focused our attention on cacao transcription factors (TFs), which act as master regulators of cellular processes and are important for the fine-tuning of plant defense responses. We developed a macroarray with 88 TF cDNA from previously obtained cacao-M. perniciosa interaction libraries. Seventy-two TFs were found differentially expressed between the susceptible (Catongo) and resistant (TSH1188) genotypes and/or during the disease time course--from 24 h to 30 days after infection. Most of the differentially expressed TFs belonged to the bZIP, MYB and WRKY families and presented opposite expression patterns in susceptible and resistant cacao-M. perniciosa interactions (i.e., up-regulated in Catongo and down-regulated in TSH1188). The results of the macroarray were confirmed for bZIP and WRKY TFs by real-time PCR. These differentially expressed TFs are good candidates for subsequent functional analysis as well as for plant engineering. Some of these TFs could also be localized on the cacao reference map related to witches' broom resistance, facilitating the breeding and selection of resistant cacao trees.

Influence of the Fabrication Technique on the Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Ceramic Onlays.

This study aimed to evaluate the marginal and internal adaptation of partial coverage crowns (ceramic onlays) fabricated with Press, CEREC BlueCam, and CEREC OmniCam systems, using two preparation designs and evaluating the internal discrepancies at different locations. Two phantom maxillary premolars (master teeth) received different preparation designs, with (BX) and without (NB) a modified occlusal box with round internal angles. Sixty IPS e-max ceramic restorations were fabricated with three systems: Press (n=20), CEREC BlueCam (n=20), and CEREC OmniCam (n=20). Both marginal and internal discrepancy width were measured by using a stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification. The data were evaluated statistically using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test (α=0.05). The ceramic restorations fabricated with the Press system presented significantly smaller marginal and internal disadaptations than the BlueCam and OmniCam CEREC systems (p<0.0001). Regarding the preparation designs, preparation BX presented the smallest marginal discrepancies for all fabrication systems and larger internal discrepancies than for restorations fabricated with the Press system. The occlusal location presented a larger internal discrepancy compared with the axial locations. Although the three systems resulted in the fabrication of restorations within a clinically acceptable adaptation with marginal discrepancies below 100 µm, the Press system presented the smallest marginal and internal discrepancies. An improved marginal adaptation was observed in the preparation design with a modified occlusal box with rounded internal angles.

Metabolomics as a promising tool for early osteoarthritis diagnosis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the main cause of disability worldwide, due to progressive articular cartilage loss and degeneration. According to recent research, OA is more than just a degenerative disease due to some metabolic components associated to its pathogenesis. However, no biomarker has been identified to detect this disease at early stages or to track its development. Metabolomics is an emerging field and has the potential to detect many metabolites in a single spectrum using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques or mass spectrometry (MS). NMR is a reproducible and reliable non-destructive analytical method. On the other hand, MS has a lower detection limit and is more destructive, but it is more sensitive. NMR and MS are useful for biological fluids, such as urine, blood plasma, serum, or synovial fluid, and have been used for metabolic profiling in dogs, mice, sheep, and humans. Thus, many metabolites have been listed as possibly associated to OA pathogenesis. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the studies in animal models and humans, regarding the use of metabolomics as a tool for early osteoarthritis diagnosis. The concept of osteoarthritis as a metabolic disease and the importance of detecting a biomarker for its early diagnosis are highlighted. Then, some studies in plasma and synovial tissues are shown, and finally the application of metabolomics in the evaluation of synovial fluid is described.

Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Vitamin D-induced Decrease in Polyol Pathway and Subtle Modulation of Glycolysis in HEK293T Cells.

We combined 1H NMR metabolomics with functional and molecular biochemical assays to describe the metabolic changes elicited by vitamin D in HEK293T, an embryonic proliferative cell line adapted to high-glucose concentrations. Activation of the polyol pathway, was the most important consequence of cell exposure to high glucose concentration, resembling cells exposed to hyperglycemia. Vitamin D induced alterations in HEK293T cells metabolism, including a decrease in sorbitol, glycine, glutamate, guanine. Vitamin D modulated glycolysis by increasing phosphoglycerate mutase and decreasing enolase activities, changing carbon fate without changing glucose consumption, lactate export and Krebs cycle. The decrease in sorbitol intracellular concentration seems to be related to vitamin D regulated redox homeostasis and protection against oxidative stress, and helped maintaining the high proliferative phenotype, supported by the decrease in glycine and guanine and orotate concentration and increase in choline and phosphocholine concentration. The decrease in orotate and guanine indicated an increased biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidines. Vitamin D elicited metabolic alteration without changing cellular proliferation and mitochondrial respiration, but reclaiming reductive power. Our study may contribute to the understanding of the metabolic mechanism of vitamin D upon exposure to hyperglycemia, suggesting a role of protection against oxidative stress.

Brazilian medical publications: citation patterns for Brazilian-edited and non-Brazilian literature.

Today, the quality of a scientific article depends on the periodical in which it is published and on the number of times the article is cited in the literature. In Brazil, the criteria for the evaluation of this scientific production are improving. However, there is still some resistance, with authors arguing that Brazilian publications must be preferentially addressed to the national readers and, therefore, they should ideally be written in Portuguese. In order to determine the kind of scientific journals cited in the reference lists of articles published in medical periodicals edited in Brazil, in the present study we determine the rate of Portuguese/English citations. Three issues of 43 periodicals (19 indexed in SciELO, 10 in PubMed, 10 in LILACS, and 4 in the ISI-Thompson base) of different medical specialties were analyzed, and the number of both Portuguese and English citations in the reference list of each article was recorded. The results showed that in Brazilian-edited journals the mean number of citations/article was 20.9 +/- 6.9 and the percentage of citations of international non-Brazilian periodicals was 86.0 +/- 11.2%. Of the latter, 94.4 +/- 7.0 are indexed by ISI-Thompson. Therefore, we conclude that Brazilian medical scientists cite the international non-Brazilian periodicals more than the national journals, and most of the cited papers are indexed by ISI-Thompson.

Inducing mutations in the mouse genome with the chemical mutagen ethylnitrosourea.

When compared to other model organisms whose genome is sequenced, the number of mutations identified in the mouse appears extremely reduced and this situation seriously hampers our understanding of mammalian gene function(s). Another important consequence of this shortage is that a majority of human genetic diseases still await an animal model. To improve the situation, two strategies are currently used: the first makes use of embryonic stem cells, in which one can induce knockout mutations almost at will; the second consists of a genome-wide random chemical mutagenesis, followed by screening for mutant phenotypes and subsequent identification of the genetic alteration(s). Several projects are now in progress making use of one or the other of these strategies. Here, we report an original effort where we mutagenized BALB/c males, with the mutagen ethylnitrosourea. Offspring of these males were screened for dominant mutations and a three-generation breeding protocol was set to recover recessive mutations. Eleven mutations were identified (one dominant and ten recessives). Three of these mutations are new alleles (Otop1mlh, Foxn1sepe and probably rodador) at loci where mutations have already been reported, while 4 are new and original alleles (carc, eqlb, frqz, and Sacc). This result indicates that the mouse genome, as expected, is far from being saturated with mutations. More mutations would certainly be discovered using more sophisticated phenotyping protocols. Seven of the 11 new mutant alleles induced in our experiment have been localized on the genetic map as a first step towards positional cloning.

Effect of bixin on DNA damage and cell death induced by doxorubicin in HL60 cell line.

Bixin is a natural red pigment extracted from annatto. Although it is widely used as a coloring agent in food, there are few studies about the effect of this carotenoid on DNA. This study aimed to investigate the effects of bixin on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in HL60 cells. At concentrations above 0.3 µg/mL, bixin demonstrated cytotoxic effects in HL60 cells. Furthermore, this carotenoid was neither mutagenic nor genotoxic to HL60 cells and reduced the DNA damage induced by doxorubicin. Bixin and doxorubicin showed no apoptotic effect in HL60 cells, but the simultaneous combined treatments showed an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells. In conclusion, our results showed that bixin modulates the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin via induction of apoptosis. The results of this study provide more knowledge about the toxic effects of anticancer treatments and how the natural compounds can be useful on these therapeutic approaches.

Antigen retrieval methods and estrogen receptor immunoexpression using 1D5 antibody: a comparative study.

Long-term formalin tissue fixation results in antigen masking, probably through aldehydic linkage between proteins and fixative molecules. Immunohistochemistry results depend on the type of the detection procedure and the type of antibody used for the reaction. Considering the difficulty in working with estrogen receptor (ER) antibodies and the lack of standardization of the antigen retrieval methods, we quantified the immunoexpression of ER using the 1D5 antibody and a standard streptavidin-biotin detection procedure retrieving with microwave oven, steamer, pressure cooker, and water bath in a set of SBR grade 2 invasive breast carcinomas. Pressure-cooking provided the best results. No significant differences were observed in using the other methods. Pressure-cooking should be recommended as the method of choice for standardization of the ER immunohistochemical reaction.

First record of the genus Lumahyphes Molineri, 2004 (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Brazil with description of a new species.

The genus Lumahyphes Molineri, 2004 (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) currently is comprised of three species. Lumahyphes cocal sp. nov. is described based on material from the state of Roraima in northern Brazil. The new species differs from the other described species by having the following combination of characteristics: greyish wing membrane; terga base color whitish and terga I-III & VIII-X washed completely with gray; dorsal structure of penes rounded; spines of penes S-shaped in lateral view; and apex of spines directed anteriorly.

Use of sugar cane to feed lactating dairy goats / [Uso da cana-de-açúcar na alimentação de cabras leiteiras em lactação]

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of replacing corn silage with sugarcane in the diet of lactating Saanen goats and to determine their intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, milk yield and composition. The experimental diets were composed of increasing levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of substitution in dry matter (DM). Twelve multiparous Saanen goats, with an average body weight of 45.2kg, average milk yield of 3.0kg day-1, distributed in a triple latin square experimental design (4 × 4) were used. The dry matter intake (DMI) and other nutrients were estimated through the difference between the total nutrient in the food offered and its total in the leftovers. The DMI, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients were not influenced, but the apparent digestibility of DM and NDF decreased. Feeding time and feeding efficiency were not influenced, the rumination and total chewing times increased, and the leisure time decreased, both linearly. Milk yield was not influenced by substitution levels, but corrected milk yield to 3.5% fat decreased. Sugar cane represents a dietary alternative for goats with medium milk yield in critical periods of forage, since it does not change the consumption of DM and milk yield, even with the apparent declining digestibility of some nutrients, influencing the ingestive behavior of the animals.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição da silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar na dieta de cabras Saanen em lactação e determinar a ingestão e a digestibilidade de nutrientes, o comportamento ingestivo, a produção e a composição do leite. As dietas experimentais foram compostas de níveis crescentes (0, 33, 66 e 100%) de substituição na matéria seca (MS). Doze cabras Saanen multíparas, com peso corporal médio de 45,2kg, produção média de leite de 3,0kg dia-1, foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental triplo quadrado latino (4 × 4). A ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e de outros nutrientes foi estimada por meio da diferença entre o total de nutrientes nos alimentos oferecidos e o total nas sobras. A IMS, a proteína bruta, a fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e os nutrientes digestíveis totais não foram influenciados, mas a digestibilidade aparente da MS e da FDN diminuiu. A produção de leite não foi influenciada pelos níveis de substituição, mas a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura diminuiu. A cana-de-açúcar representa uma alternativa alimentar para cabras com produção média de leite em períodos críticos de forragem, pois não altera o consumo de MS e a produção de leite, mesmo diminuindo a digestibilidade aparente de alguns nutrientes e influenciando o comportamento ingestivo dos animais.(AU)

Selective inhibitory effects of niflumic acid on 5-HT-induced contraction of the rat isolated stomach fundus.

The effects of niflumic acid (NFA), an inhibitor of calcium-activated chloride currents I(Cl(Ca)), were compared with the actions of the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) blocker nifedipine on 5-hydroxtryptamine (5-HT)- and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions of the rat isolated fundus. NFA (1 - 30 microM) elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of contractions induced by 5-HT (10 microM) with a reduction to 15. 5+/-6.0% of the control value at 30 microM. 1 microM nifedipine reduced 5-HT-induced contraction to 15.2+/-4.9% of the control, an effect not greater in the additional presence of 30 microM NFA. In contrast, the contractile response to ACh (10 microM) was not inhibited by NFA in concentrations /=10 microM. Our results show that NFA can exert selective inhibitory effects on the chloride-dependent 5-HT-induced contractions of the rat fundus. The data support the hypothesis that activation of Cl((Ca)) channels leading to calcium entry via VDCCs is a mechanism utilized by 5-HT, but not by ACh, to elicit contraction of the rat fundus.

Myenteric neuron number after acute and chronic denervation of the proximal jejunum induced by benzalkonium chloride.

The effects of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on the number of myenteric neurons after acute (until 10 days after BAC application) and chronic (30 and 60 days after BAC application) denervation of the proximal jejunum were determined in rats. There was a significant reduction in the number of myenteric neurons of all segments treated with BAC. The extent of denervation varied with time, and it was reduced in the denervated segments of the chronic group in comparison with the acute group. This may be due to the neuroplasticity phenomenon appearing during the chronic phase.

Accumulation of brown adipose tissue and nutritional status. A prospective study of 366 consecutive autopsies.

Increased amounts of brown adipose tissue have been reported to occur in association with several diseases. The objective of the present study was to determine whether brown adipose tissue accumulation is related to nutritional status. Histologic sections of periadrenal tissue prospectively obtained at consecutive autopsies from 366 adults were examined. The cases were separated into three groups: malnourished (101 autopsies), normotrophic (128 autopsies), and obese (137 autopsies), according to the Quetelet index. Of these patients, 89 had brown adipose tissue accumulation, 35 were malnourished, 32 were normotrophic, and 22 were obese. The results showed a correlation between brown adipose tissue and patient nutritional status and a higher brown adipose tissue accumulation in malnourished patients. Cardiovascular disease was the most common type of illness present in the cases with brown adipose tissue accumulation.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemistry of soft-tissue extramedullary plasma-cell neoplasms.

This study presents 19 patients with extramedullary plasma-cell tumors diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology together with immunocytochemistry. Eight patients had primary extramedullary plasmacytoma, while 11 patients had tumors secondary to myeloma. The most common localization was soft tissue (9 cases), followed by lymph nodes (5), scalp (3), and oral and nasal mucosa (2). All FNA smears were cellular, and 12 cases showed dissociated monomorphic plasma cells. Seven cases showed a dominance of immature bare nuclei, which made then difficult to diagnose conclusively using cytomorphology only. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated monoclonal expression of light immunoglobulin chains in all cases which, together with demonstration of CD 38 positivity and cytomorphology, allowed a conclusive diagnosis of plasmacytoma.

Immunocytochemical study of malignant lymphoma in serous effusions.

OBJECTIVE: To cytologically evaluate a large series of serous effusions associated with malignant lymphoma (ML), identify the immunoreaction patterns of the cells from selected positive cases and to investigate the correlation of cytomorphology with tissue section diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: From 1966 to 1990, a review of the files of the Department of Anatomic Pathology, A. C. Camargo Hospital, disclosed 4,297 cases of serous effusions, 256 of which were associated with ML. Cytopathologically positive cases were selected for immunocytochemical study. All paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin were reviewed to confirm the malignancy of the cases. Immunostaining was performed on both cytocentrifuge slides previously stained with Papanicolaou stain and new sections of the biopsy samples using the immunoperoxidase method and avidin-biotin complex with monoclonal mouse antihuman B-cell marker L-26 and monoclonal (mouse) antihuman T-cell marker UCHL-1. RESULTS: Immunocytochemical reactions were performed in 54 cases: 22 were pan-B positive and 10 pan-T positive; 24 cases showed no reactivity for either monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed in 24 available cases: 15 were pan-B positive and pan-T positive; 3 cases showed no reactivity for either monoclonal antibody. Cytohistoimmunoreactions were similar in 11 pan-B positive cases and 2 pan-T positive cases. Three cases were negative for both markers, 4 cases were pan-T positive in tissue samples and negative in cytocentrifuge smears, 3 cases were pan-B positive in tissue and negative on cytology and 3 cases were negative for both markers in both tissue and cytologic specimens. CONCLUSION: Cytology is an effective method of evaluating serous effusions associated with malignant lymphoma: no false positive diagnosis was observed in this series. Immunophenotyping of lymphoid cells is useful to classify and confirm the cytologic diagnosis.