SwissBioisostere: a database of molecular replacements for ligand design.

The SwissBioisostere database (http://www.swissbioisostere.ch) contains information on molecular replacements and their performance in biochemical assays. It is meant to provide researchers in drug discovery projects with ideas for bioisosteric modifications of their current lead molecule, as well as to give interested scientists access to the details on particular molecular replacements. As of August 2012, the database contains 21,293,355 datapoints corresponding to 5,586,462 unique replacements that have been measured in 35,039 assays against 1948 molecular targets representing 30 target classes. The accessible data were created through detection of matched molecular pairs and mining bioactivity data in the ChEMBL database. The SwissBioisostere database is hosted by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and available via a web-based interface.

Enantioselective synthesis and physicochemical properties of libraries of 3-amino- and 3-amidofluoropiperidines.

The enantioselective syntheses of 3-amino-5-fluoropiperidines and 3-amino-5,5-difluoropiperidines were developed using the ring enlargement of prolinols to access libraries of 3-amino- and 3-amidofluoropiperidines. The study of the physicochemical properties revealed that fluorine atom(s) decrease(s) the pKa and modulate(s) the lipophilicity of 3-aminopiperidines. The relative stereochemistry of the fluorine atoms with the amino groups at C3 on the piperidine core has a small effect on the pKa due to conformationnal modifications induced by fluorine atom(s). In the protonated forms, the C-F bond is in an axial position due to a dipole-dipole interaction between the N-H(+) and C-F bonds. Predictions of the physicochemical properties using common software appeared to be limited to determine correct values of pKa and/or differences of pKa between cis- and trans-3-amino-5-fluoropiperidines.

Protein pocket and ligand shape comparison and its application in virtual screening.

Understanding molecular recognition is one major requirement for drug discovery and design. Physicochemical and shape complementarity between two binding partners is the driving force during complex formation. In this study, the impact of shape within this process is analyzed. Protein binding pockets and co-crystallized ligands are represented by normalized principal moments of inertia ratios (NPRs). The corresponding descriptor space is triangular, with its corners occupied by spherical, discoid, and elongated shapes. An analysis of a selected set of sc-PDB complexes suggests that pockets and bound ligands avoid spherical shapes, which are, however, prevalent in small unoccupied pockets. Furthermore, a direct shape comparison confirms previous studies that on average only one third of a pocket is filled by its bound ligand, supplemented by a 50 % subpocket coverage. In this study, we found that shape complementary is expressed by low pairwise shape distances in NPR space, short distances between the centers-of-mass, and small deviations in the angle between the first principal ellipsoid axes. Furthermore, it is assessed how different binding pocket parameters are related to bioactivity and binding efficiency of the co-crystallized ligand. In addition, the performance of different shape and size parameters of pockets and ligands is evaluated in a virtual screening scenario performed on four representative targets.

Discovery of a novel series of potent S1P1 agonists.

The discovery of a novel series of S1P1 agonists is described. Starting from a micromolar HTS positive, iterative optimization gave rise to several single-digit nanomolar S1P1 agonists. The compounds were able to induce internalization of the S1P1 receptor, and a selected compound was shown to be able to induce lymphopenia in mice after oral dosing.

A microfluidics-based mobility shift assay to discover new tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors.

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play key roles in regulating tyrosine phosphorylation levels in cells. Since the discovery of PTP1B as a major drug target for diabetes and obesity, PTPs have emerged as a new and promising class of signaling targets for drug development in a variety of therapeutic areas. The routine use of generic substrate 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (DiFMUP) in our hands led to the discovery of very similar and often not very selective molecules. Therefore, to increase the chances to discover novel chemical scaffolds, a side-by-side comparison between the DiFMUP assay and a chip-based mobility shift assay with a specific phosphopeptide was performed, on 1 PTP, using a focused set of compounds. Assay robustness and sensitivity were comparable for both the DiFMUP and mobility shift assays. The off-chip mobility shift assay required a longer development time because of identification, synthesis, and characterization of a specific peptide, and its cost per point was higher. However, although most potent scaffolds found with the DiFMUP assay were confirmed in the mobility shift format, the off-chip mobility shift assay led to the identification of previously unidentified chemical scaffolds with improved druglike properties.

Pharmacophore-based design of novel oxadiazoles as selective sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists with in vivo efficacy.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists have shown promise as therapeutic agents for multiple sclerosis (MS) due to their regulatory roles within the immune, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Here, the design and optimization of novel [1,2,4]oxadiazole derivatives as selective S1P receptor agonists are described. The structure-activity relationship exploration was carried out on the three dominant segments of the series: modification of the polar head group (P), replacement of the oxadiazole linker (L) with different five-membered heterocycles, and the use of diverse 2,2'-disubstituted biphenyl moieties as the hydrophobic tail (H). All three segments have a significant impact on potency, S1P receptor subtype selectivity, physicochemical properties, and in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) profile of the compounds. From these optimization studies, a selective S1P1 agonist, N-methyl-N-(4-{5-[2-methyl-2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}benzyl)glycine (45), and a dual S1P1,5 agonist, N-methyl-N-(3-{5-[2'-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}benzyl)glycine (49), emerged as frontrunners. These compounds distribute predominantly in lymph nodes and brain over plasma and induce long lasting decreases in lymphocyte count after oral administration. When evaluated head-to-head in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model, together with the marketed drug fingolimod, a pan-S1P receptor agonist, S1P1,5 agonist 49 demonstrated comparable efficacy while S1P1 -selective agonist 45 was less potent. Compound 49 is not a prodrug, and its improved property profile should translate into a safer treatment of relapsing forms of MS.

Design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel, potent, and selective (benzoylaminomethyl)thiophene sulfonamide inhibitors of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase.

Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) play a critical role in a wide range of disease states including cell death (apoptosis)-related and inflammatory disorders (epilepsy, brain, heart and renal ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel syndrome). The screening of a compound collection led to the identification of a 2-(benzoylaminomethyl)thiophene sulfonamide (AS004509, compound I) as a potent and selective JNK inhibitor. Chemistry and structure--activity relationship (SAR) studies performed around this novel kinase-inhibiting motif indicated that the left and central parts of the molecule were instrumental to maintaining potency at the enzyme. Accordingly, we investigated the JNK-inhibiting properties of a number of variants of the right-hand moiety of the molecule, which led to the identification of 2-(benzoylaminomethyl)thiophene sulfonamide benzotriazole (AS600292, compound 50a), the first potent and selective JNK inhibitor of this class which demonstrates a protective action against neuronal cell death induced by growth factor and serum deprivation.

Bioactive Molecules: Perfectly Shaped for Their Target?

In this study, we examined target subsets extracted from the MDL Drug Data Report (MDDR)1 to identify specific molecular shape profiles that are representative for compounds active on those targets. Normalized Principal Moments of Inertia Ratios (NPRs)2 have been used to describe molecular shape of small molecules in a finite triangular descriptor space. The clustering behavior of the MDDR target subsets in a cell-based triangular system shows a significant difference compared to randomly sampled datasets and proves the capability of the NPR descriptor to provide information. For some of the target subsets, certain parts of the descriptor space are unlikely to be occupied by bioactive compounds. All analyzed datasets show a generally biased distribution of molecular shapes: the majority of their compounds exhibit a rod-like character. The influence of the employed 3D conformer generators on this distribution has been assessed as well as the capability of multiple conformations of compounds to increase the shape space covered.

Molecular shape diversity of combinatorial libraries: a prerequisite for broad bioactivity.

A computational method to rapidly assess and visualize the diversity in molecular shape associated with a given compound set has been developed. Normalized ratios of principal moments of inertia are plotted into two-dimensional triangular graphs and then used to compare the shape space covered by different compound sets, such as combinatorial libraries of varying size and composition. We have further developed a computational method to analyze interset similarity in terms of shape space coverage, which allows the shape redundancy between the different subsets of a given compound collection to be analyzed in a quantitative way. The shape space coverage has been found to originate mainly from the nature and the 3D-geometry (but not the size) of the central scaffold, while the number and nature of the peripheral substituents and conformational aspects were shown to be of minor importance. Substantial shape space coverage has been correlated with broad biological activity by applying the same shape analysis to collections of known bioactive compounds, such as MDDR and the GOLD-set. The aggregate of our results corroborates the intuitive notion that molecular shape is intimately linked to biological activity and that a high degree of shape (hence scaffold) diversity in screening collections will increase the odds of addressing a broad range of biological targets.