What Predicts the Physical Activity Intention-Behavior Gap? A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Intention is theorized as the proximal determinant of behavior in many leading theories and yet intention-behavior discordance is prevalent. PURPOSE: To theme and appraise the variables that have been evaluated as potential moderators of the intention-physical activity (I-PA) relationship using the capability-opportunity-motivation- behavior model as an organizational frame. METHODS: Literature searches were concluded in August 2020 using seven common databases. Eligible studies were selected from English language peer-reviewed journals and had to report an empirical test of moderation of I-PA with a third variable. Findings were grouped by the moderator variable for the main analysis, and population sample, study design, type of PA, and study quality were explored in subanalyses. RESULTS: The search yielded 1,197 hits, which was reduced to 129 independent studies (138 independent samples) of primarily moderate quality after screening for eligibility criteria. Moderators of the I-PA relationship were present among select variables within sociodemographic (employment status) and personality (conscientiousness) categories. Physical capability, and social and environmental opportunity did not show evidence of interacting with I-PA relations, while psychological capability had inconclusive findings. By contrast, key factors underlying reflective (intention stability, intention commitment, low goal conflict, affective attitude, anticipated regret, perceived behavioral control/self-efficacy) and automatic (identity) motivation were moderators of I-PA relations. Findings were generally invariant to study characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional intention theories may need to better account for key I-PA moderators. Action control theories that include these moderators may identify individuals at risk for not realizing their PA intentions. Prospero # CRD42020142629.

Comparing the effects of 30 minutes exergaming versus brisk walking on physiological and psychological measurements of older adults.

BACKGROUND: Active video games can make physical activity more appealing and enjoyable for older people. This study compared the effects of 30 min of Exergaming versus walking on the physiological and psychological measures of asymptomatic older adults. METHODS: Forty eligible participants (mean age = 69.60 ± 4.16 y/o) were randomly divided into two groups of 20 in a crossover design, who either performed Brisk Walking or Exergaming, one week apart. Before each session, each participant's blood pressure was measured, and the subjects were encouraged to play/walk continuously for 30 min using a self-selected intensity. During both sessions, average and peak heart rate, time spent in each of the heart rate zones, blood pressure, and double product were assessed through a Polar H10 heart rate monitor. Participants also filled out the modified Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) questionnaire and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. RESULTS: Findings indicated a significantly higher average (P = 0.003) and peak heart rate (P < 0.001) and double product (P = 0.002) during Exergaming compared to Brisk Walking. Also, the RPE score was significantly lower and PACES score was significantly higher (P < 0.001) during the Exergaming session. The analyses of blood pressure showed significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures following each session, while no statistically significant difference was reported between the two exercise modalities (P = 0.012 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study showed that Exergaming can be a good alternative to traditional exercises like walking for older adults, providing physiological benefits while being less exhausting and more enjoyable.

Screening for depression in hospitalized pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: In chronically ill children who are hospitalized, many mood changes occur. For example, in children with cancer or renal failure, prolonged hospitalization and chemotherapy can lead to depression. With the improved survival of childhood malignancies, the effect of treatment on child's psychosocial well-being becomes increasingly relevant. In this study, we examined the prevalence of depression in hospitalized children with chronic and acute conditions in Dr Sheikh Pediatrics Hospital in Mashhad. MATERIALS & METHODS: After receiving the approval from the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, we did this cross-sectional descriptive study, from April to June 2012 in Dr Sheikh Pediatric Hospital in Mashhad. Ninety children, between 8 to 16 years, were screened for depression. The sampling method was census. Children with a history of depressive or other mental disorders were excluded. Three groups of children (children with chronic renal disease, malignancy, and acute disease) were evaluated for depression using standard Children Depression Inventory Questionnaire (CDI). Two specifically trained nurses filled out the questionnaires at patients' bedside under the supervision of a psychiatrist. Depression scores were then analyzed by SPSS software. RESULTS: Of 90 children, 43(47.7%) were male and 47(52.2%) were female. The Children's mean age was 11±2.3 years, and the mean length of hospitalization was 8±5.3 days. Depression was detected in various degrees in 63% of patients (N=57), and 36.6% of children (N=32) had no symptoms of depression. Severe depression was not seen in any of the patients with acute illness. More than half of patients with cancer and chronic kidney disease had moderate to severe depression. There was a significant statistical relationship between the duration of illness and severity of depression. There was also a significant correlation between severity of depression and frequency of hospitalization. Children who had been hospitalized more than 3 times in the previous year, experienced more severe levels of depression. We also found a significant correlation between pubertal age and severity of depression in patients with cancers and chronic renal failure. CONCLUSION: Children who are hospitalized due to chronic conditions are at a higher risk for mood disorders in comparison with the ones with acute conditions. It is therefore advisable to consider more practical plans to improve the care for hospitalized children's mental health.

Propofol is Effective to Depress Fentanyl-Induced Cough during Induction of Anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Various attempts have been made to reduce the incidence of fentanyl-induced cough during anesthesia induction. We hypothesized that an appropriate dose of propofol might suppress fentanyl-induced cough. OBJECTIVES: A study had been designed to observe the effects of propofol on a fentanyl-induced cough during anesthesia induction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the effect of the pre-emptive use of minimal dose intravenous propofol (20 mg) on the incidence of cough caused by a larger bolus of intravenous fentanyl. Group 1 patients were given fentanyl at a dosage of 4 µg/kg. Group 2 received 4µg/kg fentanyl and 20 mg propofol. The two groups were evaluated in 0, 5 and 10 second intervals following the injection of fentanyl. RESULTS: Mean age, weight, and, height was 35 ± 10.45, 67.99 ± 10.92, and 165.33 ± 31.84 respectively. The incidence of fentanyl induced cough was 29 (74.4%) in placebo group compared with 10 (25.6%) in the propofol group. There was a significant difference in the incidence and severity of cough between group 1 and 2 (P < 0.0001). This study also showed that propofol could decrease cough incidence in patients who smoke. CONCLUSIONS: Priming dose of propofol (20mg) one minute prior to fentanyl injection was effective in suppressing a fentanyl-induced cough.