Microbial rhodopsins on leaf surfaces of terrestrial plants.

The above-ground surfaces of terrestrial plants, the phyllosphere, comprise the main interface between the terrestrial biosphere and solar radiation. It is estimated to host up to 10(26) microbial cells that may intercept part of the photon flux impinging on the leaves. Based on 454-pyrosequencing-generated metagenome data, we report on the existence of diverse microbial rhodopsins in five distinct phyllospheres from tamarisk (Tamarix nilotica), soybean (Glycine max), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), clover (Trifolium repens) and rice (Oryza sativa). Our findings, for the first time describing microbial rhodopsins from non-aquatic habitats, point towards the potential coexistence of microbial rhodopsin-based phototrophy and plant chlorophyll-based photosynthesis, with the different pigments absorbing non-overlapping fractions of the light spectrum.

Quality-monitoring program for bar-code-assisted medication administration.

PURPOSE: The implementation of a quality-monitoring program that identifies and corrects problems associated with using a bar-code-assisted medication administration (BCMA) system is described. SUMMARY: In November 2004, the Bar Code Resource Office assembled a work group to develop a quality program to improve machine-readable, bar-coded medications. The project scope involved the development of a pharmacy-based quality program for unit-dose packaging and bar-code labeling to improve the scanning success rate of bar-coded medications at the point-of-care. Data were collected from facility-based BCMA coordinators at each medical center regarding specific reasons for bedside scanning circumvention, as well as successful scan rates in the pharmacy and at the bedside. The pharmacy and bedside scanning data were aggregated and the baseline of successful scans was determined to be 95%. The reported reasons for scanning circumvention were grouped into six categories: bar-code labeling, missing doses, labels not scanning, error messages, mispackaged medications, and mislabeled medications. The work group developed strategies to mitigate problems in each of the areas. As a result of this effort, the Department of Veterans Affairs created a directive that outlined the best practices for unit-dose packaging and labeling, as well as requirements for ongoing data collection and reporting. CONCLUSION: A quality-monitoring program that identified and provided best-practice recommendations corrected problems associated with using a BCMA system and improved bar-code labeling processes.